1,169
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Exploring the Relationship Between Trust-Building Strategies and Public Engagement on Social Media During the COVID-19 Outbreak

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • M. Allen (Ed.). (2017). The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods. SAGE Publications.
  • Babrow, A. S., Hines, S. C., & Kasch, C. R. (2000). Managing uncertainty in illness explanation: An application of problematic integration theory. In B. B. Whaley (Ed.), Explaining illness: Research, theory, and strategies (pp. 41–67). Routledge.
  • Babrow, A. S., Kasch, C. R., & Ford, L. A. (1998). The many meanings of uncertainty in illness: Toward a systematic accounting. Health Communication, 10(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1001_1
  • Bickham, S. B., Francis, D. B., & Mason, N. (2020). An exploratory study survey of students’ perceptions of university and government officials’ crises communication: Assessing Baton Rouge, Louisiana’s 2016 summer of violence and flooding. College Student Journal, 54(3), 389–399. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/prin/csj/2020/00000054/00000003/art00010
  • Bickman, S. B., & Francis, D. B. (2021). The public’s perceptions of government officials’ communication in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Creative Communications, 16(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/09732586211003856
  • Bish, A. M. (2010). Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 797–824. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910710X485826
  • Bock, A., Isermann, H., & Knieper, T. (2011). Quantitative content analysis of the visual. In E. Margolis & L. Pauwels (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of visual research methods: Quantitative content analysis of the visual (pp. 265–282). SAGE publications.
  • Boeckmann, R. J., & Tyler, T. R. (2002). Trust, respect, and the psychology of political engagement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2067–2088. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02064.x
  • Boettger, R. K., & Palmer, L. A. (2010). Quantitative content analysis: Its use in technical communication. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 53(4), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2010.2077450
  • Brashers, D. E., Neidig, J. L., Haas, S. M., Dobbs, L. K., Cardillo, L. W., & Russell, J. A. (2000). Communication in the management of uncertainty: The case of persons living with HIV or AIDS. Communication Monographs, 67(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750009376495
  • Centola, D. (2013). Social media and the science of health behavior. Circulation, 127(21), 2135–2144. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.101816
  • Chao, W. (2020). How to shoot a virus (with) a message: A study on the usage and effect of coronavirus messages on Weibo [ Master’s thesis]. Uppsala University.
  • Chau, A. M. H., Lo, E. C. M., Wong, M. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2018). Interpreting poisson regression models in dental caries studies. Caries Research, 52(4), 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486970
  • Chen, W. (2014). Taking stock, moving forward: The Internet, social networks and civic engagement in Chinese societies. Information, Communication & Society, 17(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.857425
  • Chen, Y. R. (2018). Consumer engagement in social media in China. In K. A. Johnston & M. Taylor (Eds.), The handbook of communication engagement (pp. 475–489). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Chen, Q., Min, C., Zhang, W., Wang, G., Ma, X., & Evan, R. (2020). Unpacking the black box: How to promote citizen engagement through government social media during the COVID-19 crisis. Computers in Human Behavior, 110, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106380
  • Chew, C., & Eysenbach, G. (2010). Pandemics in the age of Twitter: Content analysis of Tweets during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. PLoS One, 5(11), e14118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014118
  • Cho, M., Schweickart, T., & Haase, A. (2014). Public engagement with nonprofit organizations on Facebook. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 565–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.01.008
  • Choi, Y., & Lin, Y. H. (2009). Consumer responses to Mattel product recalls posted on online bulletin boards: Exploring two types of emotion. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802557506
  • Chung, M., & Jones-Jang, S. M. (2021). Red media, blue media, Trump briefings, and COVID-19: Examining how information sources predict risk preventive behaviors via threat and efficacy. Health Communication, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1914386
  • Chung, M., & Lim, Y. S. (2020). When health organization answers the question: Differential effects of dialogic messages in website and Twitter through social presence and psychological distance. Health Communication, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1864098
  • Coombs, W. T. (2007). Protecting organization reputations during a crisis: The development and application of Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Corporate Reputation Review, 10(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1550049
  • Cortese, A. J. (2020, May 20). Weibo reports record user growth in Q1, targets livestreaming and video content in 2020. Kr-Asia. https://kr-asia.com/weibo-reports-record-user-growth-in-q1-targets-livestream-and-video-content-in-2020
  • Criado, J. I., Sandoval-Almazan, R., & Gil-Garcia, J. R. (2013). Government innovation through social media. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.003
  • Dalmer, N. K. (2017). Questioning reliability assessments of health information on social media. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 105(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2017.108
  • Devine, D., Gaskell, J., Jennings, W., & Stoker, G. (2021). Trust and the coronavirus pandemic: What are the consequences of and for trust? An early review of the literature. Political Studies Review, 19(2), 274–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929920948684
  • Downe‐Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
  • Dutta-Bergman, M. (2003). Trusted online sources of health information: Differences in demographics, health beliefs, and health-information orientation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 5(3), e21. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.5.3.e21
  • Feng, E. (2020, April 15). Meet Dr. Zhong Nanshan, the public face of the COVID-19 fight in China. npr. https://www.npr.org/2020/04/15/835308147/meet-dr-zhong-nanshan-the-public-face-of-the-covid-19-fight-in-china
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992
  • Fridman, I., Lucas, N., Henke, D., & Zigler, C. K. (2020). Association between public knowledge about COVID-19, trust in information sources, and adherence to social distancing: Cross-sectional survey. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e22060. https://doi.org/10.2196/22060
  • Fung, C. H., Fu, K. W., Ying, Y., Hao, B. Y., Chan, C. H., & Tse, T. H. (2013). Chinese social media reaction to the MERS-CoV and Avian Influenza A(H7N9) outbreaks. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2(31), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-2-31
  • Goodwin, R., & Sun, S. (2014). Early responses to H7N9 in southern mainland China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(8), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-8
  • Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., Porumbescu, G., Hong, B., & Im, T. (2013). The effect of transparency on trust in government: A cross-national comparative experiment. Public Administration Review, 73(4), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12047
  • Grimmelikhuijsen, S. G., & Welch, E. W. (2012). Developing and testing a theoretical framework for computer‐mediated transparency of local governments. Public Administration Review, 72(4), 562–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02532.x
  • Guidry, J. P. D., Jin, Y., Orr, C. A., Messner, M., & Meganck, S. (2017). Ebola on Instagram and Twitter: How health organizations address the health crisis in their social media engagement. Public Relations Review, 43(3), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.04.009
  • Gurland, J. (1959). Some applications of the negative binomial and other contagious distributions. American Journal of Public Health, 49(10), 1388–1399. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.49.10.1388
  • Halachmi, A., & Greiling, D. (2013). Transparency, e-government, and accountability: Some issues and considerations. Public Performance & Management Review, 36(4), 562–584. https://doi.org/10.2753/PMR1530-9576360404
  • Hall, K., & Wolf, M. (2019). Whose crisis? Pandemic flu, ‘communication disasters’ and the struggle for hegemony. Health, 25(3), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459319886112
  • Han, R., & Xu, J. (2020). A comparative study of the role of interpersonal communication, traditional media and social media in pro-environmental behavior: A China-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 1883–1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061883
  • Herbison, P., Robertson, M. C., & McKenzie, J. E. (2015). Do alternative methods for analysing count data produce similar estimates? Implications for Meta-Analyses. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-015-0144-x
  • Herovic, E., Sellnow, T. L., & Sellnow, D. D. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for pre-crisis emergency risk communication: Lessons learned from the earthquake community. Journal of Risk Research, 23(3), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2019.1569097
  • Heymann, D. (2020). COVID-19: What is next for public health? The Lancet, 395(10224), 542–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30374-3
  • Ho, K. (2014). Harnessing the social web for health and wellness: Issues for research and knowledge translation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(2), e34. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2969
  • Hou, J., & Shim, M. (2010). The role of provider–patient communication and trust in online sources in Internet use for health-related activities. Journal of Health Communication, 15(3), 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2010.522691
  • Hummer, J. F., & Davison, G. C. (2016). Examining the role of source credibility and reference group proximity on personalized normative feedback interventions for college student alcohol use: A randomized laboratory experiment. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(13), 1701–1715. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2016.1197258
  • Huo, C., Zhang, M., & Ma, F. (2018). Factors influencing people’s health knowledge adoption in social media. Library Hi Tech, 36(1), 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-04-2017-0074
  • Jackson, D. N., Peterson, E. B., Blake, K. D., Coa, K., & Chou, W. Y. S. (2019). Americans’ trust in health information sources: Trends and sociodemographic predictors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(8), 1187–1193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119861280
  • Jiang, J., Huang, Y. H., Wu, F., Choy, H. Y., & Lin, D. (2015). At the crossroads of inclusion and distance: Organizational crisis communication during celebrity-endorsement crises in China. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.11.003
  • Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2004). Wag the blog: How reliance on traditional media and the Internet influence credibility perceptions of weblogs among blog users. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(3), 622–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900408100310
  • Johnston, K. A., & Lane, A. (2018). Building relational capital: The contribution of episodic and relational community engagement. Public Relations Review, 44(5), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10.006
  • Kang, M. (2014). Understanding public engagement: Conceptualizing and measuring its influence on supportive behavioral intentions. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(5), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.956107
  • Kaye, B. K. (2005). It’s a blog, blog, blog world: Users and uses of weblogs. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13(2), 73–95. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15456889ajc1302_2
  • Kinateder, M. T., Kuligowski, E. D., Reneke, P. A., & Peacock, R. D. (2015). Risk perception in fire evacuation behavior revisited: Definitions, related concepts, and empirical evidence. Fire Science Reviews, 4(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40038-014-0005-z
  • Koinig, I. (2021). On the influence of message/audience specifics and message appeal type on message empowerment: The Austrian case of COVID-19 health risk messages. Health Communication, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1913822
  • Kostagiolas, P., Korfiatis, N., Kourouthanasis, P., & Alexias, G. (2014). Work-Related factors influencing doctors search behaviors and trust toward medical information resources. International Journal of Information Management, 34(2), 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.11.009
  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. SAGE publications.
  • Landi, S., Costantini, A., Fasan, M., & Bonazzi, M. (2021). Public engagement and dialogic accounting through social media during COVID-19 crisis: A missed opportunity? Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 35(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-08-2020-4884
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lee, K. (2009). How the Hong Kong government lost the public trust in SARS: Insights for governmental communication in health crisis. Public Relations Review, 35(1), 74–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2008.06.003
  • Lee, G., & Kwak, Y. H. (2012). An open government maturity model for social media-based public engagement. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 492–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.06.001
  • Li, H. (2020). Communication for coproduction: Increasing information credibility to fight the coronavirus. The American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 692–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020942104
  • Li, R., Xie, R., Yang, C., & Frost, M. (2016). Perceptions on the risk communication strategy during the 2013 avian influenza A/H7N9 outbreak in humans in China: A focus group study. Western Pacific Surveillance Response Journal, 7(3), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2016.7.1.005
  • Li, J., Xu, Q., Cuomo, R., Purushothaman, V., & Mackey, T. (2020). Data mining and content analysis of the Chinese social media platform Weibo during the early COVID-19 outbreak: Retrospective observational infoveillance study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18700. https://doi.org/10.2196/18700
  • Liao, Q., Yuan, J., Dong, M., Yang, L., Fielding, R., & Lam, W. T. K. (2020). Public engagement and government responsiveness in the communications about COVID-19 during the early epidemic stage in China: Infodemiology study on social media data. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5). http://www.jmir.org/2020/5/e18796/
  • Liu, B. F., & Kim, S. (2011). How organizations framed the 2009 H1N1 pandemic via social and traditional media: Implications for US health communicators. Public Relations Review, 37(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.03.005
  • Lohiniva, A., Sane, J., Sibenberg, K., Puumalainen, T., & Salminen, M. (2020). Understanding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risk perceptions among the public to enhance risk communication efforts: A practical approach for outbreaks. Eurosurveillance, 25(13). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000317
  • Lu, L., Liu, J., Yuan, Y. C., Burns, K. S., Lu, E., & Li, D. (2021). Source trust and COVID-19 information sharing: The mediating roles of emotions and beliefs about sharing. Health Education & Behavior, 48(2), 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1090198120984760
  • Men, L. R., Tsai, W. H. S., Chen, Z. F., & Ji, Y. G. (2018). Social presence and digital dialogic communication: Engagement lessons from top social CEOs. Journal of Public Relations Research, 30(3), 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2018.1498341
  • Mergel, I. (2013). A framework for interpreting social media interactions in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.015
  • Metzger, M. J., & Flanagin, A. J. (2011). Using Web 2.0 technologies to enhance evidence-based medical information. Journal of Health Communication, 16(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.589881
  • Mishel, M. H. (1990). Reconceptualization of the uncertainty in illness theory. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(4), 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1990.tb00225.x
  • National Cancer Institute. (2019, May). HINTS Brief 39: Trust in health information sources among American adults. https://hints.cancer.gov/docs/Briefs/HINTS_Brief_39.pdf
  • Ngai, C. S. B., & Jin, Y. (2016). Examining the effectiveness of crisis communication strategies on Sina Weibo in relation to the acceptance of the strategies by the Chinese publics. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 30(4), 451–494. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F1050651916651907
  • Ngai, C. S. B., Singh, R. G., Lu, W., & Koon, A. C. (2020). Grappling with the COVID-19 health crisis: Analysis of communication strategies and their effects on public engagement on social media. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e21360. https://doi.org/10.2196/21360
  • Paek, H. J., Hilyard, K., Freimuth, V. S., Barge, J. K., & Mindlin, M. (2008). Public support for government actions during a flu pandemic: Lessons learned from a statewide survey. Health Promotion Practice, 9(4), 60–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908322114
  • Park, H., Reber, B. H., & Chon, M. G. (2016). Tweeting as health communication: Health organizations’ use of Twitter for health promotion and public engagement. Journal of Health Communication, 21(2), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1058435
  • Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2018). Media bias in China. The American Economic Review, 108(9), 2442–2476. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170947
  • Sandell, T., Sebar, B., & Harris, N. (2013). Framing risk: Communication messages in the Australian and Swedish print media surrounding the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 41(8), 860–865. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494813498158
  • SCIO. (2020a, January 21). The State Council Information Office The People’s Republic of China. Xi orders resolute efforts to curb virus spread. http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2020-01/21/content_75635065.htm
  • SCIO. (2020b, January 21). The State Council Information Office The People’s Republic of China. China to curb spread of new coronavirus-related pneumonia. http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2020-01/21/content_75635465.htm
  • Sillence, E., Briggs, P., Harris, P. R., & Fishwick, L. (2007). How do patients evaluate and make use of online health information? Social Science & Medicine, 64(9), 1853–1862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.012
  • Song, C., & Lee, J. (2016). Citizens’ use of social media in government, perceived transparency, and trust in government. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(2), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1108798
  • Sroka, C. J., & Nagaraja, H. N. (2018). Odds ratios from logistic, geometric, Poisson, and negative binomial regression models. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 112–122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0568-9
  • Stephens, K. K., & Malone, P. C. (2009). If the organizations won’t give us information … : The use of multiple new media for crisis technical translation and dialogue. Journal of Public Relations Research, 21(2), 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/10627260802557605
  • Thaker, J., Howe, P., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2019). Perceived collective efficacy and trust in government influence public engagement with climate change-water conservation policies. Environmental Communication, 13(5), 681–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2018.1438302
  • Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Mobbs, D., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
  • Vaughan, E., & Tinker, T. (2009). Effective health risk communication about pandemic influenza for vulnerable populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99(2), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162537
  • World Health Organization. (2005a). Effective media communication during public health emergencies: A WHO handbook. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43477/WHO_CDS_2005.31a_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • World Health Organization. (2005b). WHO Outbreak communication guidelines https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_2005_28en.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2020, March 13). WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
  • Worldometer. (2022, February 15). Coronavirus cases. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
  • Xinhuanet. (2019, August 20). Weibo reports robust Q2 user growth. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/20/c_138323288.htm
  • Xu, K., Liu, Y., Zhao, X., & Dong, X. (2013, April 30). Trust them or not? A study on media credibility of newspapers accounts on Sina Weibo. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2258551
  • Xu, Q., Shen, Z., Shah, N., Cuomo, R., Cai, M., Brown, M., Li, J., & Mackey, T. (2020). Characterizing Weibo social media posts from Wuhan, China during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative content analysis. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(4), e24125. https://doi.org/10.2196/24125
  • Yang, F., Wendorf Muhamad, J., & Yang, Q. (2019). Exploring environmental health on Weibo: A textual analysis of framing haze-related stories on Chinese social media. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2374–2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132374
  • Zhao, Y., Cheng, S., Yu, X., & Xu, H. (2020b). Chinese public’s attention to the COVID-19 epidemic on social media: Observational descriptive study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e18825. https://doi.org/10.2196/18825
  • Zhao, E., Wu, Q., Crimmins, E. M., & Ailshire, J. A. (2020a). Media trust and infection mitigating behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. BMJ Global Health, 5(10), e003323. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003323
  • Zhu, H., Huberman, B., & Luon, Y. (2012). To switch or not to switch: Understanding social influence in online choices. In J. A. Konstan; E. H. Chi & K. Höök (Eds.), Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2257–2266). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2207676.2208383

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.