Physical Activity Message Framing and Ethnicity Before and During COVID-19

References

• Ala, A., Edge, C., Zumla, A., & Shafi, S. (2021). Specific COVID-19 messaging targeting ethnic minority communities. EClinicalMedicine, 35, 100862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100862
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anson, S., Bertel, D., & Edwards, J. (2021). Inclusive communication to influence behavior change during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining intersecting vulnerabilities. In I. Linkov, J. M. Keenan & B. D. Trump (Eds.), COVID-19: Systemic risk and resilience (pp. 213–234). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71587-8
   Google Scholar
• Bernet, P. (2021). COVID-19 infections and mortality in Florida counties: Roles of race, ethnicity, segregation, and 2020 election results. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01135-z
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar, P., Townsend, N., Shaw, A., & Foster, C. (2016). The physical activity profiles of South Asian ethnic groups in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(6), 602–608. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuiyan, J., Jonkman, L., Connor, S., & Giannetti, V. (2017). Qualitative evaluation of perceptions of smoking cessation among clients at an alcohol and other drug treatment program. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(6), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.10.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, R. A. (2020). COVID-19 ’ICU’ risk. British Medical Journal, 369. https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1548/rr-6
   Google Scholar
• Bujang, M. A., Sa'at, N., Sidik, T. M. I. T. A. B., & Joo, L. C. (2018). Sample size guidelines for logistic regression from observational studies with large population: Emphasis on the accuracy between statistics and parameters based on real life clinical data. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS, 25(4), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunglawala, Z. (2019). Please, don’t call me BAME or BME! - Civil Service. https://civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2019/07/08/please-dont-call-me-bame-or-bme/
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, T., Woon, D. K., & Lynes, J. K. (2011). The use of message framing in the promotion of environmentally sustainable behaviors. Social Marketing Quarterly, 17(2), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15245004.2011.570859
   Google Scholar
• Cho, H., & Salmon, C. T. (2006). Fear appeals for individuals in different stages of change: Intended and unintended effects and implications on public health campaigns. Health Communication, 20(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc2001_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornacchione, J., & Smith, S. W. (2012). The effects of message framing within the stages of change on smoking cessation intentions and behaviors. Health Communication, 27(6), 612–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.619252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronan, T. A., Conway, T. L., Davis, K., & Vasserman-Stokes, E. A. (2011). Effects of ethnicity and message framing on colorectal cancer screening. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 9(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v9i1.2060
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-Determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, D. T., Singham, A. T., Ompad, D. C., & Goodman, M. S. (2021). Race, ethnicity, and COVID-19: The persistence of Black–White disparities in the United States. In G. J. Andrews, V. A. Crooks, J. R. Pearce, & J. P. Messina (Eds.), COVID-19 and similar futures: Pandemic geographies (pp. 331–340). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70179-6_44
   Google Scholar
• Egli, T., Bland, H., Melton, B., & Czech, D. (2011). Influence of age, sex, and race on college students’ exercise motivation of physical activity. Journal of American College Health: Journal of ACH, 59(5), 399–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.513074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Dakhs, D. A. S., Altarriba, J., & Masrai, A. (2021). COVID-19 health communication: Key moderators of message framing. Psycholinguistics, 29(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2021-29-1-30-58
   Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantiva, C., Jiménez-Leal, W., & Urriago-Rayo, J. (2021). Framing messages to deal with the COVID-19 crisis: The role of loss/gain frames and content. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568212
   Google Scholar
• Godinho, C., Alvarez, M.-J., & Lima, M. (2015). Emphasizing the losses or the gains: Comparing situational and individual moderators of framed messages to promote fruit and vegetable intake. Appetite, 96, 416–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GOV.UK. (2020). Analysis of the health, economic and social effects of COVID-19 and the approach to tiering. 48. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health-and-social-care
   Google Scholar
• Guan, M., & Monahan, J. L. (2017, May 24). Positive affect related to health and risk messaging. In J. F. Nussbaum (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.268
   Google Scholar
• Heesch, K. C., Brown, D. R., & Blanton, C. J. (2000). Perceived barriers to exercise and stage of exercise adoption in older women of different racial/ethnic groups. Women & Health, 30(4), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v30n04_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, J. D., Ratcliff, C. L., Yale, R. N., Krakow, M., Scherr, C. L., & Yeo, S. K. (2018). Persuasive impact of loss and gain frames on intentions to exercise: A test of six moderators. Communication Monographs, 85(2), 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1353699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, B. J., & Hornik, R. C. (2016). Effects of framing health messages in terms of benefits to loved ones or others: An experimental study. Health Communication, 31(10), 1284–1290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1062976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, T. (2020). Evidence mounts on the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 on ethnic minorities. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(6), 547–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30228-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krebs, P., Norcross, J. C., Nicholson, J. M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2018). Stages of change and psychotherapy outcomes: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1964–1979. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassale, C., Gaye, B., Hamer, M., Gale, C. R., & Batty, G. D. (2020). Ethnic disparities in hospitalization for COVID-19 in England: The role of socioeconomic factors, mental health, and inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors in a community-based cohort study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y.-M. (2004). Process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to stages of change in exercise behaviors in middle aged women. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi, 34(2), 362–371. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2004.34.2.362
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lo, C.-H., Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Warner, E. T., Joshi, A. D., Graham, M. S., Anyane-Yeboa, A., Shebl, F. M., Astley, C. M., Figueiredo, J. C., Guo, C.-G., Ma, W., Mehta, R. S., Kwon, S., Song, M., Davies, R., Capdevila, J., Sudre, C. H., Wolf, J., Cozier, Y. C., & Chan, A. T. (2021). Race, ethnicity, community-level socioeconomic factors, and risk of COVID-19 in the United States and the United Kingdom. EClinicalMedicine, 38, 101029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101029
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lucas, T., Hayman, L., Blessman, J., Asabigi, K., & Novak, J. (2015). Gain versus loss-framed messaging and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans: A preliminary examination of perceived racism and culturally targeted dual messaging. British Journal of Health Psychology, 21(2), 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the behavioral regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26(2), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, H., Potts, H. W., & Fisher, A. (2021). Physical activity behavior before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions: Longitudinal smartphone-tracking study of adults in the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e23701. https://doi.org/10.2196/23701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy, M. (2002). Resistance to exercise: A social analysis of inactivity. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Memon, A., Taylor, K., Mohebati, L. M., Sundin, J., Cooper, M., Scanlon, T., & Visser, R. D. (2016). Perceived barriers to accessing mental health services among Black and minority ethnic (BME) communities: A qualitative study in Southeast England. BMJ Open, 6(11), e012337. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, L. S., & Gramzow, R. H. (2016). A self-determination theory and motivational interviewing intervention to decrease racial/ethnic disparities in physical activity: Rationale and design. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 768. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3413-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mullan, E., & Markland, D. (1997). Variations in self-determination across the stages of change for exercise in adults. Motivation and Emotion, 21(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024436423492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., Krebs, P. M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2011). Stages of change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census. https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census
   Google Scholar
• Park, J.-H., Yoo, E., Kim, Y., & Lee, J.-M. (2021). What happened pre- and during COVID-19 in South Korea? Comparing physical activity, sleep time, and body weight status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115863
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paschal, A. M., Lewis-Moss, R. K., Sly, J., & White, B. J. (2010). Addressing health disparities among African Americans: Using the stages of change model to document attitudes and decisions about nutrition and physical activity. Journal of Community Health, 35(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-009-9197-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelletier, L. G., & Sharp, E. (2008). Persuasive communication and pro-environmental behaviors: How message tailoring and message framing can improve the integration of behaviors through self-determined motivation. Canadian Psychology/psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prolific | Online participant recruitment for surveys and market research. (2021). https://prolific.co/
   Google Scholar
• Qureshi, A. I., Baskett, W. I., Huang, W., Shyu, D., Myers, D., Lobanova, I., Naqvi, S. H., Thompson, V. S., & Shyu, C.-R. (2021). Effect of race and ethnicity on in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-2019. Ethnicity & Disease, 31(3), 389–398. h ttps://d oi.org/1 0.18865%2Fed.31.3.389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh, V., & Holmes, J. (2021, September 17). The health of people from ethnic minority groups in England. The King’s Fund. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/health-people-ethnic-minority-groups-england
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, E., Boyland, E., Chisholm, A., Harrold, J., Maloney, N. G., Marty, L., Mead, B. R., Noonan, R., & Hardman, C. A. (2021). Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: A study of UK adults. Appetite, 156, 104853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronda, G., Van Assema, P., & Brug, J. (2001). Stages of change, psychological factors and awareness of physical activity levels in the Netherlands. Health Promotion International, 16(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/16.4.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa, D., Sabiston, C. M., Kuzmocha-Wilks, D., Cairney, J., & Darnell, S. C. (2021). Group differences and associations among stress, emotional well-being, and physical activity in international and domestic university students. Journal of American College Health, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1889564
   Google Scholar
• Saffer, H., Dave, D., Grossman, M., & Ann Leung, L. (2013). Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in physical activity. Journal of Human Capital, 7(4), 378–410. https://doi.org/10.1086/671200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, R., Young, D. R., Tartof, S. Y., Sallis, J. F., Sall, J., Li, Q., Smith, G. N., & Cohen, D. A. (2021). Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: A study in 48 440 adult patients. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(19), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel, L. J., Gaskin, D. J., Antonio, J. T., Szanton, S. L., Samuel, A., & Slade, E. (2021). Race, ethnicity, poverty and the social determinants of the coronavirus divide: US county-level disparities and risk factors. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11205-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, T. R., Salovey, P., Apanovitch, A. M., Pizarro, J., McCarthy, D., Zullo, J., & Rothman, A. J. (2001). The effects of message framing and ethnic targeting on mammography use among low-income women. Health Psychology, 20(4), 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.20.4.256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies. (2020). SPI-B: Consensus on BAME communication, 22 July 2020. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spi-b-consensus-on-bame-communication-22-july-2020
   Google Scholar
• Sewell, T. (2021). Foreword, introduction, and full recommendations—commission on race and ethnic disparities. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-report-of-the-commission-on-race-and-ethnic-disparities/foreword-introduction-and-full-recommendations
   Google Scholar
• Smedley, A., & Smedley, B. D. (2005). Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. The American Psychologist, 60(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. C., Woerner, J., Perera, R., Haeny, A. M., & Cox, J. M. (2021). An investigation of associations between race, ethnicity, and past experiences of discrimination with medical mistrust and COVID-19 protective strategies. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01080-x
   Google Scholar
• Spence, P. R., Lachlan, K. A., & Burke, J. A. (2011). Differences in crisis knowledge across age, race, and socioeconomic status during hurricane Ike: A field test and extension of the knowledge gap hypothesis. Communication Theory, 21(3), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01385.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sport England. (2020). Activity habits in early weeks of lockdown revealed. Sport England. https://www.sportengland.org/news/activity-habits-early-weeks-lockdown-revealed
   Google Scholar
• Suminski, R. R., & Petosa, R. (2002). Stages of change among ethnically diverse college students. Journal of American College Health, 51(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480209596324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sze, S., Pan, D., Nevill, C. R., Gray, L. J., Martin, C. A., Nazareth, J., Minhas, J. S., Divall, P., Khunti, K., & Abrams, K. R., Nellums, L. B., & Pareek, M. (2020). Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 29-30, 100630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100630
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S., Saul, L., Jacobs, S., Wilson, K., & Albarracin, D. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorlu-Bangura, Z., Manisty, C., & Banerjee, A. (2021). Understanding race and ethnicity in cancer and cv disease: COVID-19 and a roadmap for change. American College of Cardiology Foundation Washington DC, 3(2), 335–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.02.008
   Google Scholar
• Toll, B. A., O’Malley, S. S., Katulak, N. A., Wu, R., Dubin, J. A., Latimer, A., Meandzija, B., George, T. P., Jatlow, P., Cooney, J. L., & Salovey, P. (2007). Comparing gain- and loss-framed messages for smoking cessation with sustained-release bupropion: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valles, S. A. (2021). Why race and ethnicity are not like other risk factors. Philosophy of Medicine, 2(1), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.5195/philmed.2021.52
   Google Scholar
• Velasco, F., Yang, D. M., Zhang, M., Nelson, T., Sheffield, T., Keller, T., Wang, Y., Walker, C., Katterapalli, C., Zimmerman, K., Masica, A., Lehmann, C. U., Xie, Y., & Hollingsworth, J. W. (2021). Association of healthcare access with intensive care unit utilization and mortality in patients of Hispanic ethnicity hospitalized with COVID-19. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 16(11), 659–666. https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3717
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verdini, N., LeClair, J., Quinn, E., & El-Haddad, A. (2021). Social determinants of health amplify the association between ethnicity and COVID19: A retrospective-cohort study. International Journal of Medical Students, 9(4), 282–287. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2021.1125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vergouwe, Y., Steyerberg, E. W., Eijkemans, M. J. C., & Habbema, J. D. F. (2005). Substantial effective sample sizes were required for external validation studies of predictive logistic regression models. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 58(5), 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wansink, B., & Pope, L. (2015). When do gain-framed health messages work better than fear appeals? Nutrition Reviews, 73(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuu010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 27(5), 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhead, C., Onwumere, J., Rhead, R., Bora-White, M., Chui, Z., Clifford, N., Connor, L., Gunasinghe, C., Harwood, H., Meriez, P., Mir, G., Jones Nielsen, J., Rafferty, A. M., Stanley, N., Peprah, D., & Hatch, S. L. (2021). Race, ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccination: A qualitative study of UK healthcare staff. Ethnicity & Health, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2021.1936464
   Google Scholar
• Ye, W., Li, Q., & Yu, S. (2021). Persuasive effects of message framing and narrative format on promoting COVID-19 vaccination: A study on Chinese college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatorska, A., Konar, N., Saha, P., Moseley, A., Denman, J., Hatahintwali, F., Ali, R., & Chakravorty, I. (2020). Exploring ethnicity in hospital patients with COVID-19 in South London. The Physician, 6(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.38192/1.6.2.16
   Google Scholar