Testing a Model of Disclosure, Perceived Support Quality, and Well-Being in the College Student Mental Illness Context: A Weekly Diary Study

References

• Abdulaziz, S., & Sveilich, C. (2013). But you look just fine: Unmasking depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and seasonal affective disorder. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah, T., & Brown, T. L. (2011). Mental illness stigma and ethnocultural beliefs, values, and norms: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(6), 934–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afifi, T. D., & Steuber, K. (2009). The revelation risk model (RRM): Factors that predict the revelation of secrets and the strategies used to reveal them. Communication Monographs, 76(2), 144–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750902828412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. (2020). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment III: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo, A., Curran, T., & Ruppel, E. K. (2022). Direct and indirect associations among self-disclosure skills, social support, and psychosocial outcomes during the transition to college. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(3), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211036741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbee, A. P., & Cunningham, M. R. (1995). An experimental approach to social support communications: Interactive coping in close relationships. Annals of the International Communication Association, 18(1), 381–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1995.11678921
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, D. J., Preacher, K. J., & Gil, K. M. (2006). Conceptualizing and testing random indirect effects and moderated mediation in multilevel models: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 11(2), 142–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, K. P., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2009). Stigma management and well-being: The role of perceived social support, emotional processing, and suppression. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(7), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209334783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. A., Queen, T., Butner, J. E., Turner, S. L., Hughes Lansing, A., Main, A., Anderson, J. H., Thoma, B. C., Winnick, J. B., & Wiebe, D. J. (2017). Adolescent disclosure to parents and daily management of type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 42(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsw056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. A., Wiebe, D. J., Lee Tracy, E., Kelly, C. S., Mello, D., Turner, S. L., Butner, J. E., Munion, A. K., Mansfield, J. H., White, P. C., & Murray, M. (2019). Parental involvement and executive function in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44(8), 970–979. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewick, B., Koutsopoulou, G., Miles, J., Slaa, E., & Barkham, M. (2010). Changes in undergraduate students’ psychological well‐being as they progress through university. Studies in Higher Education, 35(6), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903216643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (1985). The production of comforting messages: Social-Cognitive foundations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4(3–4), 253–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X8543006
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2002). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal communication (3rd ed., pp. 374–424). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (2010). Explaining recipient responses to support messages: Development and tests of a dual-process theory. In S. W. Smith & S. R. Wilson (Eds.), New directions in interpersonal communication (pp. 159–179). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Caron, J., Lecomte, Y., Stip, E., & Renaud, S. (2005). Predictors of quality of life in schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal, 41(4), 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-5077-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Learn about mental health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chaudoir, S. R., & Fisher, J. D. (2010). The disclosure processes model: Understanding disclosure decision making and postdisclosure outcomes among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudoir, S. R., & Quinn, D. M. (2010). Revealing concealable stigmatized identities: The impact of disclosure motivations and positive first‐disclosure experiences on fear of disclosure and well‐being. The Journal of Social Issues, 66(3), 570–584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01663.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checton, M. G., & Greene, K. (2012). Beyond initial disclosure: The role of prognosis and symptom uncertainty in patterns of disclosure in relationships. Health Communication, 27(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.571755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chronister, J., Chou, C. C., Kwan, K. L. K., Lawton, M., & Silver, K. (2015). The meaning of social support for persons with serious mental illness. Rehabilitation Psychology, 60(3), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (2000). Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, N. L., & Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-Disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan, P. W., & Phelan, S. M. (2004). Social support and recovery in people with serious mental illnesses. Community Mental Health Journal, 40(6), 513–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-004-6125-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey, R. M. (2010). Testing components of confirmation: How acceptance and challenge from mothers, fathers, and siblings are related to adolescent self-concept. Communication Monographs, 77(4), 592–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2010.499366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L., & Brekke, J. (2014). Social support and functional outcome in severe mental illness: The mediating role of proactive coping. Psychiatry Research, 215(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca, S., Yan, Y., Lytle, M., & Brownson, C. (2014). The associations of race/ethnicity and suicidal ideation among college students: A latent class analysis examining precipitating events and disclosure patterns. Suicide and Life‐threatening Behavior, 44(4), 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derlega, V. J., Metts, S., Petronio, S., & Margulis, S. T. (1993). Self-Disclosure. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Derlega, V. J., Winstead, B. A., Greene, K., Serovich, J., & Elwood, W. N. (2002). Perceived HIV-related stigma and HIV disclosure to relationship partners after finding out about the seropositive diagnosis. Journal of Health Psychology, 7(4), 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105302007004330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, E. E., Thompson, C. M., LeFebvre, L., & Tollison, A. C. (2017). Emerging adult confidants’ judgments of parental openness: Disclosure quality and post-disclosure relational closeness. Communication Monographs, 84(2), 179–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1119867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, D., Speer, N., & Hunt, J. B. (2012). Attitudes and beliefs about treatment among college students with untreated mental health problems. Psychiatric Services, 63(7), 711–713. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Wesselmann, E. D., Zarit, S., Furstenberg, F., & Birditt, K. S. (2012). Helicopter parents and landing pad kids: Intense parental support of grown children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(4), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00987.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerman, K. L., Cheng, Y. P., Kim, K., Fung, H. H., Han, G., Lang, F. R., Lee, W., & Wagner, J. (2016). Parental involvement with college students in Germany, Hong Kong, Korea, and the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 37(10), 1384–1411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14541444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, A. J., Scarapicchia, T. M., McDonough, M. H., Wrosch, C., & Sabiston, C. M. (2016). Changes in social support predict emotional well‐being in breast cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology, 26(5), 664–671. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J. (2004). Communicating social support. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, K., Derlega, V. J., Yep, G. A., & Petronio, S. (2003). Privacy and disclosure of HIV in interpersonal relationships: A sourcebook for researchers and practitioners. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, K., Derlega, V. J., & Mathews, A. (2006). Self-Disclosure in personal relationships. In A. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 1268–1328).Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, K. (2009). An integrated model of health disclosure decision-making. In T. D. Afifi & W. A. Afifi (Eds.), Uncertainty and information regulation in interpersonal contexts: Theories and applications (pp. 226–253). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, K., Magsamen-Conrad, K., Venetis, M. K., Checton, M. G., Bagdasarov, Z., & Banerjee, S. C. (2012). Assessing health diagnosis disclosure decisions in relationships: Testing the disclosure decision-making model. Health Communication, 27(4), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.586988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, K., Carpenter, A., Catona, D., & Magsamen-Conrad, K. (2013). The brief disclosure intervention (BDI): Facilitating African Americans’ disclosure of HIV. The Journal of Communication, 63(1), 138–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwell, M. R. (2019). Memorable messages from family members about mental health: Young adult perceptions of relational closeness, message satisfaction, and clinical help-seeking attitudes. Health Communication, 34(6), 652–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1431021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey-Knowles, J. A. (2017). Verbal person-centered support provision quality following an exploratory supportive skills intervention. Western Journal of Communication, 82(1), 75–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2017.1308004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey-Knowles, J. A., & Faw, M. H. (2018). Caregiver social support quality when interacting with cancer survivors: Advancing the dual-process model of supportive communication. Supportive Care in Cancer, 26(4), 1281–1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3951-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High, A. C., & Steuber, K. R. (2014). An examination of support (in)adequacy: Types, sources, and consequences of social support among infertile women. Communication Monographs, 81(2), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.878868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, S. M., & Bodie, G. D. (2014). Supportive communication. In C. R. Berger (Ed.), Handbooks of communication science: Interpersonal communication (Vol. 6, pp. 371–394). De Gruyter Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Kam, J. A., Merolla, A. J., & High, A. C. (2020). Latinx immigrant youth’s indirect and direct disclosures about their family-undocumented experiences, received emotional support, and depressive symptoms. Communication Research, 47(4), 599–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219851424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartalova O’Doherty, Y., Stevenson, C., & Higgins, A. (2012). Reconnecting with life: A grounded theory study of mental health recovery in Ireland. Journal of Mental Health, 21(2), 135–143. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.621467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, C. S., Berg, C. A., Lansing, A. H., Turner, S. L., Munion, A. K., Tracy, E. L., & Wiebe, D. J. (2019). Keeping parents connected in early emerging adulthood: Diabetes-Related disclosure and solicitation. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(7), 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., Korchmaros, J. D., & Bolger, N. (2003). Lower level mediation in multilevel models. Psychological Methods, 8(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.8.2.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kudva, K. G., El Hayek, S., Gupta, A. K., Kurokawa, S., Bangshan, L., Armas‐villavicencio, M. V. C., Oishi, K., Mishra, S., & Sartorius, N. (2020). Stigma in mental illness: Perspective from eight Asian nations. Asia‐Pacific Psychiatry, 12(2), e12380. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, R. (2011). Missing data imputation versus full information maximum likelihood with second-level dependencies. Structural Equation Modeling, 18(4), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.607721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(6), 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindell, A. K., & Campione-Barr, N. (2017). Continuity and change in the family system across the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Marriage & Family Review, 53(4), 388–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1184212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magsamen-Conrad, K., Venetis, M. K., Checton, M. G., & Greene, K. (2019). The role of response perceptions in couples’ ongoing cancer-related disclosure. Health Communication, 34(9), 999–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1452091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, E. A., Ongur, D., Cohen, B. M., & Lewandowski, K. E. (2015). Social functioning and age across affective and nonaffective psychoses. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, M. (2011). Underlying circuits of social support for bullied victims: An appraisal-based perspective on supportive communication and post-bullying adjustment. Human Communication Research, 37(2), 174–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01398.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClay, M. M., Brausch, A. M., & O’Connor, S. S. (2020). Social support mediates the association between disclosure of suicide attempt and depression, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness. Suicide and Life‐threatening Behavior, 50(4), 884–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12622
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClure, M. J., Xu, J. H., Craw, J. P., Lane, S. P., Bolger, N., & Shrout, P. E. (2014). Understanding the costs of support transactions in daily life. Journal of Personality, 82(6), 563–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, R. M., Windell, D., & Manchanda, R. (2012). Examining differences in the stigma of depression and schizophrenia. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(1), 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764010387062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omarzu, J. (2000). A disclosure decision model: Determining how and when individuals will self-disclose. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswalt, S. B., Lederer, A. M., Chestnut-Steich, K., Day, C., Halbritter, A., & Ortiz, D. (2020). Trends in college students’ mental health diagnoses and utilization of services, 2009–2015. Journal of American College Health, 68(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1515748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, D. M., Williams, M. K., Quintana, F., Gaskins, J. L., Overstreet, N. M., Pishori, A., Earnshaw, V., Perez, G., & Chaudoir, S. R. (2014). Examining effects of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, internalization, and outness on psychological distress for people with concealable stigmatized identities. PloS One, 9(5), e96977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, E. E., Shannon, K. L., & Pitchford, B. (2022). Adolescents’ disclosure of mental illness to parents: Preferences and barriers. Health Communication 37(3), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1839201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.725437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter, J. P., & Raghunathan, T. E. (2007). The multiple adaptations of multiple imputation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(480), 1462–1471. https://doi.org/10.1198/016214507000000932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R., Rossetto, K., & Peterson, B. L. (2008). A meta-analysis of disclosure of one’s HIV-positive status, stigma and social support. AIDS Care, 20(10), 1266–1275. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120801926977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, D. H., & Theiss, J. A. (2008). A longitudinal test of the relational turbulence model of romantic relationship development. Personal Relationships, 15(3), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00202.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, C. H., Osborn, L. A., & Greenberg, S. C. (2016). Understanding young adults’ reports of contact with their parents in a digital world: Psychological and familial relationship factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(6), 1802–1814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0366-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuber, K. R., & High, A. (2015). Disclosure strategies, social support, and quality of life in infertile women. Human Reproduction, 30(7), 1635–1642. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dev093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabaac, A. R., Perrin, P. B., & Trujillo, M. A. (2015). Multiple mediational model of outness, social support, mental health, and wellness behavior in ethnically diverse lesbian, bisexual, and queer women. LGBT Health, 2(3), 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E. (2011). Social support: A review. In M. S. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 189–214). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Trompetter, H. R., de Kleine, E., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Why does positive mental health buffer against psychopathology? An exploratory study on self-compassion as a resilience mechanism and adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9774-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vangelisti, A. L., & Caughlin, J. P. (1997). Revealing family secrets: The influence of topic, function, and relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(5), 679–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407597145006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venetis, M. K., Chernichky-Karcher, S., & Gettings, P. E. (2017). Disclosing mental illness information to a friend: Exploring how the disclosure decision-making model informs strategy selection. Health Communication, 33(6), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1294231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyavaharkar, M., Moneyham, L., Corwin, S., Tavakoli, A., Saunders, R., & Annang, L. (2011). HIV-Disclosure, social support, and depression among HIV-infected African American women living in the rural southeastern United States. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.1.78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9082-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. L., & Mickelson, K. D. (2008). A paradox of support seeking and rejection among the stigmatized. Personal Relationships, 15(4), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00212.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, S. R., Gettings, P. E., Hall, E. D., & Pastor, R. G. (2015). Dilemmas families face in talking with returning US military service members about seeking professional help for mental health issues. Health Communication, 30(8), 772–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2014.899659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivin, K., Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., & Golberstein, E. (2009). Persistence of mental health problems and needs in a college student population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 117(3), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar