Nostalgia, Social Media, and Subjective Wellbeing: The Dualistic and Conditional Effects of Nostalgia During the COVID-19 Pandemic

References

• Batcho, K. I. (1995). Nostalgia: A psychological perspective. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80(1), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batcho, K. I. (2007). Nostalgia and the emotional tone and content of song lyrics. The American Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.2307/20445410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, J. B., Ellison, N. B., Schoenebeck, S. Y., & Falk, E. B. (2016). Sharing the small moments: Ephemeral social interaction on Snapchat. Information, Communication & Society, 19(7), 956–977. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1084349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belk, R. (2013). Extended self and the digital world. Current Opinion in Psychology, 10, 50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.11.003
   Google Scholar
• Boase, J. (2008). Personal networks and the personal communication system: Using multiple media to connect. Information, Communication & Society, 11(4), 490–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180801999001
   Google Scholar
• Bonus, J. A. (2021). Who I am is not who I was: Temporal comparisons mediate the effect of listening to nostalgic music on well-being. Communication Research, 48(8), 1091–1109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218793806
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, D. (2011). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A networked self (pp. 39–58). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boym, S. (2008). The future of nostalgia. Basic books.
   Google Scholar
• Cauberghe, V., Van Wesenbeeck, I., De Jans, S., Hudders, L., & Ponnet, K. (2021). How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 24(4), 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, M. (2015). Multimodal connectedness and quality of life: Examining the influences of technology adoption and interpersonal communication on well-being across the life span. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, M. J., Lalonde, C. E., Sokol, B. W., Hallett, D., & Marcia, J. E. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide: A study of native and non-native North American adolescents. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68(2), 1–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5834.00246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, K. (2020). Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Academy of Medical Sciences. https://acmedsci.ac.uk/file-download/99436893
   Google Scholar
• Cox, C. R., Kersten, M., Routledge, C., Brown, E. M., & Van Enkevort, E. A. (2015). When past meets present: The relationship between website-induced nostalgia and wellbeing. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(5), 282–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Choudhury, M., & Counts, S. (2012). The nature of emotional expression in social media: Measurement, inference and utility. Human Computer Interaction Consortium (HCIC) Workshop.
   Google Scholar
• Del Líbano, M., Corbí, M., Gutiérrez-García, A., & Alonso-Centeno, A. (2021). Psychological well-being and home conditions during COVID-19 confinement. Internet addiction and nostalgia as mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas Diener, R. (2010). New wellbeing measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, S. (2022). Social media use during COVID-19 worldwide - Statistics & facts. Statistita. https://www.statista.com/topics/7863/social-media-use-during-coronavirus-covid-19-worldwide/#topicHeader__wrapper
   Google Scholar
• Drouin, M., McDaniel, B. T., Pater, J., & Toscos, T. (2020). How parents and their children used social media and technology at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(11), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social media update 2014. Pew Research Center, 19, 1–2. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
   Google Scholar
• Faul, L., & De Brigard, F. (2022). The moderating effects of nostalgia on mood and optimism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Memory, 30(9), 1103–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2022.2082481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2015). The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, H., & Egermann, H. (2021). Music-evoked nostalgia and wellbeing during the United Kingdom COVID-19 pandemic: Content, subjective effects, and function. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good, A., Sambhantham, A., & Panjganj, V. (2013, July). Looking back at Facebook content and the positive impact upon wellbeing: Exploring reminiscing as a tool for self soothing. In International Conference on Online Communities and Social Computing (pp. 278–286). Springer. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1302.5495
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Robertson, S., & Routledge, C. D. (2021). Time capsule: Nostalgia shields psychological wellbeing from limited time horizons. Emotion, 21(3), 644–664. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbert, R. L., & Park, E. (2020). Conceptualizing, organizing, and positing moderation in communication research. Communication Theory, 30(3), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtz006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, S. A., & Alhabash, S. (2021). Nostalgic emotional valence and its effects on help-seeking in depression. An application of the theory of planned behavior. Health Communication, 36(13), 1731–1742. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1794549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer, A., & Jetten, J. (2011). What’s left behind: Identity continuity moderates the effect of nostalgia on wellbeing and life choices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, B. N., & Beer, D. (2021). Quantified nostalgia: Social media, metrics, and memory. Social Media + Society, 7(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211008822
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, H. M., Hsieh, P. J., & Zhang, R. C. (2019). Understanding adolescent students’ use of Facebook and their subjective wellbeing: A gender-based comparison. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(5), 533–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1543452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Choi, J., & Britt, R. K. (2021). Social media as risk-attenuation and misinformation-amplification station: How social media interaction affects misperceptions about COVID-19. Health Communication, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1996920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Hoffman, B. L., Giles, L. M., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisitsa, E., Benjamin, K. S., Chun, S. K., Skalisky, J., Hammond, L. E., & Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Loneliness among young adults during Covid-19 pandemic: The mediational roles of social media use and social support seeking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 39(8), 708–726. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.8.708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchetti, M., Lee, J. H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J. E., Terracciano, A., & Sutin, A. R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. The American Psychologist, 75(7), 897–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A. H., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(4), 474–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201274008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, W. H. (1941). Nostalgia: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 38(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057354
   Google Scholar
• Meier, A., & Reinecke, L. (2021). Computer-mediated communication, social media, and mental health: A conceptual and empirical meta-review. Communication Research, 48(8), 1182–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220958224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migowski, A. L., & Fernandes Araújo, W. (2019). “Looking back” at personal memories on Facebook: Co-constituitive agencies in contemporary remembrance practices. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, 11(sup1), 1644130. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004214.2019.1644130
   Google Scholar
• Muscanell, N. L., & Guadagno, R. E. (2012). Make new friends or keep the old: Gender and personality differences in social networking use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, D. B., & Sachs, M. E. (2020). The negative interactive effects of nostalgia and loneliness on affect in daily life. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, D. B., Sachs, M. E., Stone, A. A., & Schwarz, N. (2020). Nostalgia and wellbeing in daily life: An ecological validity perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(2), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngien, A., & Jiang, S. (2022). The effect of social media on stress among young adults during COVID-19 pandemic: Taking into account fatalism and social media exhaustion. Health Communication, 37(10), 1337–1344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1888438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeyer, K. (2014). Media and nostalgia. Yearning for the past, present and future. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, M. R. (2011). Boundary conditions for the application of three theories of computer-mediated communication to MySpace. The Journal of Communication, 61(4), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01569.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. (2003). The social, linguistic and health consequences of emotional disclosure. In J. Suls & K. Wallston (Eds.), Social psychological foundations of health and illness (pp. 288–313). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Pennington, N. (2021). Communication outside of the home through social media during COVID-19. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rettie, H., & Daniels, J. (2021). Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: Predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 76(3), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, G. (1975). Nostalgia: A ‘forgotten’ psychological disorder. Psychological Medicine, 5(4), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170005697X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Hepper, E. G., Baldursson, E., & Pedersen, B. (2018). Nostalgia motivates pursuit of important goals by increasing meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2020). The motivational potency of nostalgia: The future is called yesterday. Advances in Motivation Science, 7, 75–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2019.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W. Y., Routledge, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., Vali, K., Zhou, X., Brackstone, K., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2016). Nostalgia fosters self-continuity: Uncovering the mechanism (social connectedness) and consequence (eudaimonic well-being). Emotion, 16(4), 524–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015). Nostalgia counteracts self-discontinuity and restores self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol, Y., & Serper, M. (2019). Experimentally increasing self-continuity improves subjective well-being and protects against self-esteem deterioration from an ego-deflating task. Identity, 19(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2019.1604350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista (2022). U.S. Facebook users 2022, by gender. https://www.statista.com/statistics/266879/facebook-users-in-the-us-by-gender/#:~:text=Facebook%20is%20the%20most%20popular,the%20final%20quarter%20of%202021.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, E., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Zhou, X., He, W., Routledge, C., Cheung, W., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2014). The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation. Emotion, 14(3), 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock, S. (1995). Nostalgia critique. Cultural Studies, 9(3), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389500490511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treem, J. W., & Leonardi, P. M. (2012). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Communication Yearbook, 36(1), 143–189. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2129853
   Google Scholar
• Van Tilburg, W. A. P., Bruder, M., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Göritz, A. S. (2019). An appraisal profile of nostalgia. Emotion, 19(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Tilburg, W. A. P., Igou, E. R., & Sedikides, C. (2013). In search of meaningfulness: Nostalgia as an antidote to boredom. Emotion, 13(3), 450–461. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vess, M., Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Nostalgia as a resource for the self. Self and Identity, 11(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2010.521452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2021). Psychology and nostalgia: Towards a functional approach. In M. H. Jacobsen (Ed.), Perspectives on nostalgia (pp. 110–128). Bristol University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, T., Breuer, J. S., & Schmitt, J. B. (2022). Escaping the pandemic present: The relationship between nostalgic media use, escapism, and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology of Popular Media, 11(3), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000357
   Google Scholar
• Xia, L., Wang, J. F., & Santana, S. (2021). Nostalgia: Triggers and its role on new product purchase intentions. Journal of Business Research, 135, 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C. C., Tsai, J. Y., & Pan, S. (2020). Discrimination and well-being among Asians/Asian Americans during COVID-19: The role of social media. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 23(12), 865–870. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, T. Y. C. (2020). Did the COVID-19 pandemic trigger nostalgia? Evidence of music consumption on Spotify. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3678606
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Mo, T., Li, W., Hong, E. K., & Wildschut, T. (2022). The restorative power of nostalgia: Thwarting loneliness by raising happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(4), 803–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211041830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Gao, D. G. (2008). Counteracting loneliness: On the restorative function of nostalgia. Psychological Science, 19(10), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar