Lay Perspectives on Empathy in Patient-Physician Communication: An Online Experimental Study

References

• Anderson, M., Cohen, J., Hallock, J., Kassebaum, D., Turnbull, J., & Whitcomb, M. (1998). Learning objectives for medical student education: Guidelines for medical schools (Report No. 1). Association of American Medical Colleges. https://www.aamc.org/system/files/c/2/492708-learningobjectivesformedicalstudenteducation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Aring, C. D. (1958). Sympathy and empathy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 167(4), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1958.02990210034008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett Lennard, G. T. (1981). The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.2.91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3–15). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262012973.003.0002
   Google Scholar
• Beck, R. S., Daughtridge, R., & Sloane, P. D. (2002). Physician-patient communication in the primary care office: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 15(1), 25–38. https://www.jabfm.org/content/15/1/25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bloom, P. (2016). Against empathy: The case for rational compassion. Ecco.
   Google Scholar
• Blystad, M. H., & Hansen, S. (2022). Empathy or not empathy, that’s the question: A pragmatic behavior analytical approach. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice, 22(2), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/bar0000242
   Google Scholar
• Bylund, C. L., & Makoul, G. (2002). Empathic communication and gender in the physician-patient encounter. Patient Education and Counseling, 48(3), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00173-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coke, J. S., Batson, C. D., & McDavis, K. (1978). Empathic mediation of helping: A two-stage model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(7), 752–766. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, R. A., & Tauber, A. I. (2005). New physicians for a new century. Academic Medicine, 80(12), 1086–1088. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200512000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulehan, J. L., Platt, F. W., Egener, B., Frankel, R., Lin, C. -T., Lown, B., & Salazar, W. H. (2001). “Let me see if I have this right … ”: Words that help build empathy. Annals of Internal Medicine, 135(3), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-3-200108070-00022. PMID: 11487497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety, J. (2020). Empathy in medicine: What it is, and how much we really need it. The American Journal of Medicine, 133(5), 561–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2006). A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(2), 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00406.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, S. A., Goodson, B. M., & Pearson, C. A. (2020). Online worker fraud and evolving threats to the integrity of MTurk data: A discussion of virtual private servers and the limitations of IP-based screening procedures. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 32(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria-18-044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derksen, F., Bensing, J., & Lagro-Janssen, A. (2013). Effectiveness of empathy in general practice: A systematic review. British Journal of General Practice, 63(606), e76–e84. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp13X660814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. -G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A., Schwartz, R., & Duong, F. (2021). How do laypeople define empathy? The Journal of Social Psychology, 161(1), 5–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1796567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. A., Schwartz, R., Duong, F., Niu, Y., Dubey, M., DeSteno, D., & Sanders, J. J. (2021). What is clinical empathy? Perspectives of community members, university students, cancer patients, and physicians. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(5), 1237–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern, J. (2001). From detached concern to empathy: Humanizing medical practice. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195111194.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, J. (2003). What is clinical empathy? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(8), 670–674. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21017.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser, D. J., Ellsworth, P. C., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Are manipulation checks necessary? Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 998. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hojat, M., Gonnella, J. S., Nasca, T. J., Mangione, S., Vergare, M., & Magee, M. (2002). Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1563–1569. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, L. C., Leibowitz, K. A., & Crum, A. J. (2019). When your doctor “Gets It” and “Gets You”: The critical role of competence and warmth in the patient–provider interaction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, Article 475. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howick, J., Steinkopf, L., Ulyte, A., Roberts, N., & Meissner, K. (2017). How empathic is your healthcare practitioner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient surveys. BMC Medical Education, 17(1), Article 136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0967-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeffrey, D. (2016). Clarifying empathy: The first step to more humane clinical care. British Journal of General Practice, 66(643), e143–e145. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X683761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., & Goetz, J. L. (2007). Compassion. In R. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 159–161). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412956253
   Google Scholar
• Kidd, R. F. (1976). Manipulation checks: Advantage or disadvantage? Representative Research in Social Psychology, 7(2), 160–165.
   Google Scholar
• Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2013). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L., & Sato, S. (1988). Emotional empathy and associated individual differences. Current Psychology, 7(3), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02686670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer, S. W., & Reynolds, W. J. (2002). Empathy and quality of care. British Journal of General Practice, 52(Suppl), S9–S12. https://bjgp.org/content/52/supplement/S9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, K., Nolan, M. B., Rajjo, T., Shah, N. D., Prokop, L. J., Varkey, P., & Murad, M. H. (2016). Creating a patient-centered health care delivery system: A systematic review of health care quality from the patient perspective. American Journal of Medical Quality, 31(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1062860614545124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, M., Bensing, J., Mercer, S., Ernstmann, N., Ommen, O., & Pfaff, H. (2009). Analyzing the “nature” and “specific effectiveness” of clinical empathy: A theoretical overview and contribution towards a theory-based research agenda. Patient Education and Counseling, 74(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peabody, F. W. (1927). The care of the patient. Journal of the American Medical Association, 88(12), 877–882. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1927.02680380001001
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, R. (2009). Empirical research on empathy in medicine: A critical review. Patient Education and Counseling, 76(3), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.06.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Bret, E., Altisent, R., & Rocafort, J. (2016). Definition of compassion in healthcare: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 22(12), 599–606. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2016.22.12.599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preckel, K., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2018). On the interaction of social affect and cognition: Empathy, compassion and theory of mind. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrooten, I., & de Jong, M. D. (2017). If you could read my mind: The role of healthcare providers’ empathic and communicative competencies in clients’ satisfaction with consultations. Health Communication, 32(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1110002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 132(3), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt, T. D., West, C., Zhao, X., Novotny, P., Kolars, J., Habermann, T., & Sloan, J. (2005). Relationship between increased personal well-being and enhanced empathy among internal medicine residents. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(7), 559–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-005-0102-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, T., & Klimecki, O. M. (2014). Empathy and compassion. Current Biology, 24(18), R875–R878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006). Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others. Nature, 439(7075), 466–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. The Psychological Record, 56(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M. (2001). Towards a global definition of patient centred care: The patient should be the judge of patient centred care. The BMJ, 322(7284), 444–445. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7284.444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirioux, B., Birault, F., & Jaafari, N. (2016). Empathy is a protective factor of burnout in physicians: New neuro-phenomenological hypotheses regarding empathy and sympathy in care relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanzer, M. B., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Gruber, K. (2004). Perceptions of health care providers’ communication: Relationships between patient-centered communication and satisfaction. Health Communication, 16(3), 363–384. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327027HC1603_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, M. A., & Tangney, J. P. (2022). Too good to be true: Bots and bad data from Mechanical Turk. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 174569162211200. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/174569162211200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1993). Doctor-patient interaction and communication ( Document No. WHO/MNH/PSF/93.11). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/60263
   Google Scholar