241
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Before Omicron’s Arrival: Effects of Negative Emotions and Comparative Optimism on COVID-19 Protection and Detection Behaviors

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abadi, D., Arnaldo, I., & Fischer, A. (2021). Anxious and angry: Emotional responses to the COVID-19 threat. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676116
  • Anaki, D., & Sergay, J. (2021). Predicting health behavior in response to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Worldwide survey results from early March 2020. PLos One, 16(1), e0244534. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244534
  • Ball-Rokeach, S. J., & DeFleur, M. L. (1976). A dependency model of mass-media effects. Communication Research, 3(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101
  • Baron-Epel, O., & Azizi, E. (2003). The association between counseling, sun protection, and early detection of skin cancer in middle-aged Israelis. Cancer Detection and Prevention, 27(5), 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-090X(03)00132-6
  • Burger, J. M., & Burns, L. (1988). The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 14(2), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167288142005
  • Chang, C. (2012). News coverage of health-related issues and its impacts on perceptions: Taiwan as an example. Health Communication, 27(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.569004
  • Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., Parrish, T. B., Sadato, N., & Iidaka, T. (2010). Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21192
  • Cho, H., Lee, J. S., & Lee, S. (2013). Optimistic bias about H1N1 flu: Testing the links between risk communication, optimistic bias, and self-protection behavior. Health Communication, 28(2), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.664805
  • Cohen, E. L., & Head, K. J. (2013). Identifying knowledge-attitude-practice gaps to enhance HPV vaccine diffusion. Journal of Health Communication, 18(10), 1221–1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.778357
  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Dillard, J. P., & Nabi, R. L. (2006). The persuasive influence of emotion in cancer prevention and detection messages. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00286.x
  • Duong, H. T. (2022). Campaign message exposure, audience segmentation, and protective behaviors in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 15(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2021.2021747
  • Duong, H. T., Massey, Z. B., Churchill, V., & Popova, L. (2021). Are smokers scared by COVID-19 risk? How fear and comparative optimism influence smokers’ intentions to take measures to quit smoking. PLos One, 16(12), e0260478. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260478
  • Duong, H. T., Nguyen, T. T., & Trieu, L. T. (2022). When vaccine uncertainty prevails: Association between online social influence and COVID-19 vaccine intentions. International Journal of Communication, 16, 2345–2369. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/18673
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2009). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203838020
  • Fragkaki, I., Maciejewski, D. F., Weijman, E. L., Feltes, J., & Cima, M. (2021). Human responses to Covid-19: The role of optimism bias, perceived severity, and anxiety. Personality & Individual Differences, 176, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110781
  • Garfin, D. R., Holman, E. A., Fischhoff, B., Wong-Parodi, G., & Silver, R. C. (2022). Media exposure, risk perceptions, and fear: Americans’ behavioral responses to the Ebola public health crisis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 77, 103059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103059
  • Gassen, J., Nowak, T. J., Henderson, A. D., Weaver, S. P., Baker, E. J., & Muehlenbein, M. P. (2021). Unrealistic optimism and risk for COVID-19 disease. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647461
  • Giri, S. P., & Maurya, A. K. (2021). A neglected reality of mass media during COVID-19: Effect of pandemic news on individual’s positive and negative emotion and psychological resilience. Personality & Individual Differences, 180, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110962
  • Goodall, C., Sabo, J., Cline, R., & Egbert, N. (2012). Threat, efficacy, and uncertainty in the first 5 months of national print and electronic news coverage of the H1N1 virus. Journal of Health Communication, 17(3), 338–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.626499
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hevey, D., McGee, H. M., & Horgan, J. H. (2014). Comparative optimism among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) is associated with fewer adverse clinical events 12 months later. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 300–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9487-0
  • Hoorens, V., Scambler, S., Deschrijver, E., Coulson, N. S., Speed, E., & Asimakopoulou, K. (2022). Comparative optimism, self-superiority, egocentric impact perception and health information seeking: A COVID-19 study. Psychologica Belgica, 62(1), 152–165. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.1139
  • Jackson, S. (1992). Message effects research: Principles of design and analysis. Guilford Press.
  • Kapoor, P. S., & Singhal, V. (2021). Perceived vulnerability to COVID-19, dispositional optimism and intention to adopt preventive health behaviour: An experiment with anti-smoking advertising. Journal of Social Marketing, 11(2), 124–147. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSOCM-08-2020-0151
  • Keller, P. A., & Lehmann, D. R. (2008). Designing effective health communications: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 27(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.27.2.117
  • Kim, H. K., & Niederdeppe, J. (2013). Exploring optimistic bias and the integrative model of behavioral prediction in the context of a campus influenza outbreak. Journal of Health Communication, 18(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.688247
  • Kollamparambil, U., & Oyenubi, A. (2021). Behavioural response to the Covid-19 pandemic in South Africa. PLos One, 16(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250269
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lee, S. T., & Basnyat, I. (2013). From press release to news: Mapping the framing of the 2009 H1N1 a influenza pandemic. Health Communication, 28(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.658550
  • Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2000). Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice. Cognition & Emotion, 14(4), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300402763
  • Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, and risk. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.146
  • Lerner, J. S., & Tiedens, L. Z. (2006). Portrait of the angry decision maker: How appraisal tendencies shape anger’s influence on cognition. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19(2), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.515
  • Levine, T. R., Asada, K. J., & Carpenter, C. (2009). Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated in meta-analyses: Evidence and implications of a publication bias against nonsignificant findings. Communication Monographs, 76(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903074685
  • Lin, C. A., & Lagoe, C. (2013). Effects of news media and interpersonal interactions on H1N1 risk perception and vaccination intent. Communication Research Reports, 30(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2012.762907
  • Liu, Y., Duong, H. T., & Nguyen, H. T. (2022). Media exposure and intentions to wear face masks in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak: The mediating role of negative emotions and risk perception. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 30(5), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2021.1951733
  • Liu, Z., & Yang, J. (2023). Public support for COVID-19 responses: Cultural cognition, risk perception, and emotions. Health Communication, 38(4), 648–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1965710
  • Malecki, K. M. C., Keating, J. A., & Safdar, N. (2021). Crisis communication and public perception of COVID-19 risk in the era of social media. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(4), 697–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa758
  • McFarlane, S. J., & Morgan, S. E. (2021). Evaluating culturally-targeted fear appeal messages for HPV self-sampling among Jamaican women: A qualitative formative research study. Health Communication, 36(7), 877–890. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1723047
  • Menon, K., & Dubé, L. (2007). The effect of emotional provider support on angry versus anxious consumers. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24(3), 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.04.001
  • Nabi, R. L. (1999). A cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9(3), 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00172.x
  • Ning, L., Niu, J., Bi, X., Yang, C., Liu, Z., Wu, Q., Ning, N., Liang, L., Liu, A., Hao, Y., Gao, L., & Liu, C. (2020). The impacts of knowledge, risk perception, emotion and information on citizens’ protective behaviors during the outbreak of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y
  • Park, T., Ju, I., Ohs, J. E., & Hinsley, A. (2021). Optimistic bias and preventive behavioral engagement in the context of COVID-19. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 17(1), 1859–1866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.06.004
  • Perry, B. L., Aronson, B., Railey, A. F., & Ludema, C. (2021). If you build it, will they come? Social, economic, and psychological determinants of COVID-19 testing decisions. PLos One, 16(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252658
  • Popova, L., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2016). A longitudinal study of adolescents’ optimistic bias about risks and benefits of cigarette smoking. American Journal of Health Behavior, 40(3), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.40.3.6
  • Pulliam, J. R. C., van Schalkwyk, C., Govender, N., von Gottberg, A., Cohen, C., Groome, M. J., Dushoff, J., Mlisana, K., & Moultrie, H. (2022). Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of Omicron in South Africa. Science, 376(6593), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn4947
  • Qureshi, A., Sulaiman, S. A. S., Kumar, N., & Qureshi, P. A. A. A. (2022). Knowledge, perception, and fear among the global population towards newly evoked variant Omicron (B.1.1.529). PLos One, 17(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270761
  • Rentner, T. L., & Alsulaiman, S. A. (2022). “Not me!”: Optimistic bias and college students’ perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and self-efficacy in following COVID-19 preventive guidelines. Journal of American College Health, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2079950
  • Salgado, S., & Berntsen, D. (2021). “It won’t happen to us”: Unrealistic optimism affects COVID-19 risk assessments and attitudes regarding protective behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 10(3), 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.07.006
  • Salter, M. L., Go, V. F., Nguyen, L. M., Gregowski, A., Tran, V. H., Rudolph, A., Latkin, C., Celentano, D., & Vu, M. Q. (2010). Influence of perceived secondary stigma and family on the response to HIV infection among injection drug users in Vietnam. AIDS Education & Prevention, 22(6), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.6.558
  • Schwartz, G. E., & Weinberger, D. A. (1980). Patterns of emotional responses to affective situations: Relations among happiness, sadness, anger, fear, depression, and anxiety. Motivation and Emotion, 4(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00995197
  • Seo, M. (2021). Amplifying panic and facilitating prevention: Multifaceted effects of traditional and social media use during the 2015 MERS crisis in South Korea. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 98(1), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699019857693
  • Shepperd, J. A., Carroll, P., Grace, J., & Terry, M. (2002). Exploring the causes of comparative optimism. Psychologica Belgica, 42(1–2), 65. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.986
  • Shih, T. J., Wijaya, R., & Brossard, D. (2008). Media coverage of public health epidemics: Linking framing and issue attention cycle toward an integrated theory of print news coverage of epidemics. Mass Communication & Society, 11(2), 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430701668121
  • Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 48(4), 813–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813
  • So, J., Kuang, K., & Cho, H. (2016). Reexamining fear appeal models from cognitive appraisal theory and functional emotion theory perspectives. Communication Monographs, 83(1), 120–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2015.1044257
  • Tan, K. Y. K., Soh, A. S. E., Ong, B. W. L., Chen, M. I., & Griva, K. (2022). Determining the prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 booster vaccine hesitancy in the Singapore population following the completion of the primary vaccination series. Vaccines, 10(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071088
  • Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193
  • Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013). The differential susceptibility to media effects model. Journal of Communication, 63(2), 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12024
  • Vu, H. T., Lee, T. T., Duong, H. T., & Barnett, B. (2018). Gendering leadership in Vietnamese media: A role congruity study on news content and journalists’ perception of female and male leaders. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(3), 565–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017714224
  • Weinstein, N. D. (1989). Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science, 246(4935), 1232–1233. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2686031
  • Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. (1996). Unrealistic optimism: Present and future. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 15(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1996.15.1.1
  • Witte, K. (1998). Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 423–450). Academic Press.
  • World Health Organization (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.