Body-Positive Instagram Exposure and Young Women’s Body Image: The Mediating Role of Appearance Comparison and Broadly Conceptualizing Beauty

References

• Alleva, J. M., Martijn, C., Veldhuis, J., & Tylka, T. L. (2016). A Dutch translation and validation of the body appreciation scale-2: An investigation with female university students in the Netherlands. Body Image, 19, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avalos, L. C., & Tylka, T. L. (2006). Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 486–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2(3), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 6, 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60024-6
   Google Scholar
• Boepple, L., & Thompson, J. K. (2016). A content analytic comparison of fitspiration and thinspiration websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 49(1), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, K., Lindsay, J., & Curtis, J. (2021). When news media and social media meet: How Facebook users reacted to news stories about a supermarket plastic bag ban. New Media & Society, 23(12), 3574–3592. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820956681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calogero, R. M., Davis, W. N., & Thompson, J. K. (2005). The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles, 52(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-1192-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T. F. (2005). The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: Searching for constructs. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 12(4), 438–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpi055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, R., Fardouly, J., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019). # Body-positive on Instagram: An experimental investigation of the effects of viewing body-positive content on young women’s mood and body image. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1546–1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819826530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, R., Irwin, L., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2019). #bodypositivity: A content analysis of body-positive accounts on Instagram. Body Image, 29, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, R., Newton-John, T., & Slater, A. (2021). The case for body positivity on social media: Perspectives on current advances and future directions. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(13), 2365–2373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320912450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and social order. Charles Scribner’s Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Daye, C. A., Webb, J. B., & Jafari, N. (2014). Exploring self-compassion as a refuge against recalling the body-related shaming of caregiver eating messages on dimensions of objectified body consciousness in college women. Body Image, 11(4), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lenne, O., Vanhoffelen, G., & Vandenbosch, L. (2022). # BeautyInspo: Unraveling the relationships between nonidealized content on different media platforms, inspiration, and a broad conceptualization of beauty. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(8), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2022.0016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Valle, M. K., Gallego-García, M., Williamson, P., & Wade, T. D. (2021). Social media, body image, and the question of causation: Meta-analyses of experimental and longitudinal evidence. Body Image, 39, 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignard, N. A., & Jarry, J. L. (2021). The “Little Red Riding Hood effect:” Fitspiration is just as bad as thinspiration for women’s body satisfaction. Body Image, 36, 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drtilová, H., Šmahel, D., & Šmahelová, M. (2022). Advantages and disadvantages of internet use: The perspective of women with eating disorders experience. Health Communication, 37(7), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1868076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evens, O., Stutterheim, S. E., & Alleva, J. M. (2021). Protective filtering: A qualitative study on the cognitive strategies young women use to promote positive body image in the face of beauty-ideal imagery on Instagram. Body Image, 39, 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardouly, J., Slater, A., Parnell, J., & Diedrichs, P. C. (2023). Can following body-positive or appearance neutral Facebook pages improve young women’s body image and mood? Testing novel social media micro-interventions. Body Image, 44, 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardouly, J., Willburger, B. K., & Vartanian, L. R. (2018). Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways. New Media & Society, 20(4), 1380–1395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817694499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltman, C. E., & Szymanski, D. M. (2018). Instagram use and self-objectification: The roles of internalization, comparison, appearance commentary, and feminism. Sex Roles, 78(5), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0796-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fioravanti, G., Bocci Benucci, S., Ceragioli, G., & Casale, S. (2022). How the exposure to beauty ideals on social networking sites influences body image: A systematic review of experimental studies. Adolescent Research Review, 7(3), 419–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00179-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fioravanti, G., Svicher, A., Ceragioli, G., Bruni, V., & Casale, S. (2021). Examining the impact of daily exposure to body-positive and fitspiration Instagram content on young women’s mood and body image: An intensive longitudinal study. New Media & Society, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211038904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber, J. P., Wheeler, L., & Suls, J. (2018). A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on. Psychological Bulletin, 144(2), 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, S., & Stefanovski, A. (2019). Thinspiration and fitspiration in everyday life: An experience sampling study. Body Image, 30, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hendrickse, J., Clayton, R. B., Ray, E. C., Ridgway, J. L., & Secharan, R. (2021). Experimental effects of viewing thin and plus-size models in objectifying and empowering contexts on Instagram. Health Communication, 36(11), 1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1761077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(4), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016). A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image, 17, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homan, K. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2018). Development and exploration of the gratitude model of body appreciation in women. Body Image, 25, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll, J., Matthes, J., & Heiss, R. (2020). The social media political participation model: A goal systems theory perspective. Convergence, 26(1), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517750366
   Google Scholar
• Krug, I., Selvaraja, P., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Hughes, E. K., Slater, A., Griffiths, S., Yee, Z. W., Richardson, B., & Blake, K. (2020). The effects of fitspiration images on body attributes, mood and eating behaviors: An experimental ecological momentary assessment study in females. Body Image, 35, 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurz, M., Rosendahl, J., Rodeck, J., Muehleck, J., & Berger, U. (2021). School-based interventions improve body image and media literacy in youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 43(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-021-00660-11
   Google Scholar
• Lazuka, R. F., Wick, M. R., Keel, P. K., & Harriger, J. A. (2020). Are we there yet? Progress in depicting diverse images of beauty in Instagram’s body positivity movement. Body Image, 34, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, S. M., Hyde, J. S., & McKinley, N. M. (2006). A measure of objectified body consciousness for preadolescent and adolescent youth. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luong, K. T., Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Frampton, J. (2021). Temporal self impacts on media exposure & effects: A test of the Selective Exposure Self-and Affect-Management (SESAM) model. Media Psychology, 24(1), 48–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2019.1657898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, T. M., & Mulgrew, K. E. (2022). Broad conceptualisations of beauty do not moderate women’s responses to body-positive content on Instagram. Body Image, 40, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martijn, C., Vanderlinden, M., Roefs, A., Huijding, J., & Jansen, A. (2010). Increasing body satisfaction of body concerned women through evaluative conditioning using social stimuli. Health Psychology, 29(5), 514. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, A., & Schäfer, S. (2018). The positive side of social comparison on social network sites: How envy can drive inspiration on Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(7), 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mink, D. B., & Szymanski, D. M. (2022). TikTok use and body dissatisfaction: Examining direct, indirect, and moderated relations. Body Image, 43, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi, R. L., Huskey, R., Nicholls, S. B., Keblusek, L., & Reed, M. (2019). When audiences become advocates: Self-induced behavior change through health message posting in social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 99, 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, K. S., Caputi, P., Minto, R., Peoples, G., Hooper, C., Kell, S., & Sawley, E. (2009). Upward and downward physical appearance comparisons: Development of scales and examination of predictive qualities. Body Image, 6(3), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxton, S. J., McLean, S. A., & Rodgers, R. F. (2022). “My critical filter buffers your app filter”: Social media literacy as a protective factor for body image. Body Image, 40, 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research Center, P. (2021). Social media use in 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/social-media-use-in-2021/
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, R., Paxton, S., & Wertheim, E. (2021). #Take idealized bodies out of the picture: A scoping review of social media content aiming to protect and promote positive body image. Body Image, 38, 10–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers, R. F., Wertheim, E. H., Paxton, S. J., Tylka, T. L., & Harriger, J. A. (2022). # Body-positive: Enhancing body image through body-positive social media-evidence to date and research directions. Body Image, 41, 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, A. (2021). Adolescents’ selfie-activities and idealized online self-presentation: An application of the sociocultural model. Body Image, 36, 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, A. (2022). The role of task relevance and information credibility in adolescents’ internalization of and reliance on social media ideals. New Media & Society, Advance online publication. 146144482210740. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144482210740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau, A., & Eggermont, S. (2018). Media ideals and early adolescents’ body image: Selective avoidance or selective exposure? Body Image, 26, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, E., & Linehan, C. (2022). A qualitative exploration into personal psychological agency in Instagram use. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 6, 100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100196
   Google Scholar
• Seekis, V., Bradley, G. L., & Duffy, A. L. (2020). Appearance-related social networking sites and body image in young women: Testing an objectification-social comparison model. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(3), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320920826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, C. C., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2017). Skinny is not enough: A content analysis of fitspiration on Pinterest. Health Communication, 32(5), 560–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1140273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, A., & Griffiths, S. (2020). Body positivity (# Body-positive) in everyday life: An ecological momentary assessment study showing potential benefits to individuals’ body image and emotional wellbeing. Body Image, 35, 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandoc, E. C., Jr., Yee, A. Z. H., Ong, J., Lee, J. C. B., Xu, D., Han, Z., Matthew, C. C. H., Ng, J. S. H. Y., Lim, C. M., Cheng, L. R. J., & Cayabyab, M. Y. (2021). Developing a perceived social media literacy scale: Evidence from Singapore. International Journal of Communication, 15, 2484–2505. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Anderberg, I. (2020). Social media is not real: The effect of ‘Instagram vs reality’images on women’s social comparison and body image. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2183–2199. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144481988872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., Anderberg, I., & Brown, Z. (2020). # Loveyourbody: The effect of body-positive Instagram captions on women’s body image. Body Image, 33, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2015). “Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women’s body image. Body Image, 15, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Zaccardo, M. (2018). ‘Strong is the new skinny’: A content analysis of# fitspiration images on Instagram. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316639436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., & Iannantuono, A. C. (2016). Perceiving beauty in all women: Psychometric evaluation of the broad conceptualization of beauty scale. Body Image, 17, 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., Rodgers, R. F., Calogero, R. M., Thompson, J. K., & Harriger, J. A. (2023). Integrating social media variables as predictors, mediators, and moderators within body image frameworks: Potential mechanisms of action to consider in future research. Body Image, 44, 197–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015a). The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015b). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., Beyens, I., Meier, A., & Vanden Abeele, M. M. P. (2022). Advancing our understanding of the associations between social media use and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 47, 101357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbosch, L., Fardouly, J., & Tiggemann, M. (2022). Social media and body image: Recent trends and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R. (2012). Self-discrepancy theory and body image. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 2(1), 711–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00112-7
   Google Scholar
• Veldhuis, J., Alleva, J. M., Bij de Vaate, A. J., Keijer, M., & Konijn, E. A. (2020). Me, my selfie, and I: The relations between selfie behaviors, body image, self-objectification, and self-esteem in young women. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000206
   Google Scholar
• Vendemia, M. A., DeAndrea, D. C., & Brathwaite, K. N. (2021). Objectifying the body-positive movement: The effects of sexualizing and digitally modifying body-positive images on Instagram. Body Image, 38, 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, A., Murnen, S. K., & College, K. (2019). Gender differences in responses to thin, athletic, and hyper-muscular idealized bodies. Body Image, 30, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick, M. R., & Harriger, J. A. (2018). A content analysis of thinspiration images and text posts on Tumblr. Body Image, 24, 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollast, R., Riemer, A. R., Sarda, E., Wiernik, B. M., & Klein, O. (2020). How self-compassion moderates the relation between body surveillance and body shame among men and women. Mindfulness, 11(10), 2298–2313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01448-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar