Variability in the Chemical Compositions of the Essential Oils of Five Ocimum Species from Tropical African Area

References

• Fichtl , R. and Adi , A. 1994 . Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia , Weikersheim : Margraf Verlaag .
   Google Scholar
• Iwu , M. 1993 . Handbook of African Medicinal Plants , Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Paton , A. 1992 . A synopsis of Ocimum L. (Labiatae) in Africa . Kew. Bull. , 47 : 403 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Paton , A. , Harley , M. R. and Harley , M. M. 1999 . Basil The Genus Ocimum , Edited by: Hiltunen , R. and Holm , Y. 1 – 38 . Harwood Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Raponda-Walker , A. and Sillans , R. 1995 . Les plantes utiles du Gabon, , 2nd Edn. , Fondation Raponda-Walker. Centre Culturel Français de Libreville .
   Google Scholar
• Adjanohoun , E. J. , Ahyi , A. M.R. , Aké Assi , L. , Chibon , P. , de Vecchy , H. , Duboze , E. , Eymé , J. , Gassita , J. N. , Goudoté , E. , Guinko , S. , Keita , A. , Kougogbo , B. , Le Bras , M. , Mourambou , I. , Mve , E. , Mengome , M. , Nguema , G. , Ollome , J. , Posso , B. P. and Sita , P. 1984 . Médecine traditionnelle and pharmacopée: contribution aux études ethnobotaniques et floristiques au Gabon , Paris : A.C.C.T. .
   Google Scholar
• Adjanohoun , E. J. , Ahyi , A. M.R. , Aké Assi , L. , Baniakina , J. , Chibon , P. , Cusset , G. , Doulou , V. , Enzanza , A. , Eymé , J. , Goudoté , E. , Keita , A. , Mbemba , C. , Mollet , J. , Moutsamboté , J. M. , Mpati , J. and Sita , P. 1988 . Contribution aux études ethnobotaniques et floristiques en République Populaire du Congo , Paris : A.C.C.T. .
   Google Scholar
• Bouquet , A. 1969 . Féticheurs et médecines traditionnelles du Congo (Brazzaville) Orstom
   Google Scholar
• Kheraro , J. and Bouquet , A. 1945 . Plantes Médicinales et Toxiques de la Côte d'Ivoire et de la Haute-Volta Mission d'étude de la Pharmacopée indigéne en A.O.F.J.Z. 030078
   Google Scholar
• Adjanohoun , E. J. , Ahyi , A. M.R. , Aké Assi , L. , Akpagana , K. , Chibon , P. , El-Hadji , A. , Eymé , J. , Garba , M. , Gassita , J. N. , Gbeassor , M. , Goudoté , E. , Guinko , S. , Hodouto , K.-K. , Hougnon , P. , Keita , A. , Keoula , Y. , Kluga-Ocloo , W. P. , Lo , I. , Siamevi , K. M. and Taffame , K. K. 1986 . Médecine traditionnelle et pharmacopée: contribution aux études ethnobotaniques et floristiques au Togo , Paris : A.C.C.T. .
   Google Scholar
• Sofowora , A. 1982 . Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa , Chichester : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Kerharo , J. and Adam , J. G. 1974 . La pharmacopée sénégalaise traditionnelle: plantes médicinales et toxiques , Paris : Edition Vigot Frères .
   Google Scholar
• Dalziel , J. M. 1937 . The useful plants of West Tropical Africa . Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew ,
   Google Scholar
• Amvam Zollo , P. H. , Biyiti , L. , Tchoumbougnang , F. , Menut , C. , Lamaty , G. and Bouchet , P. 1998 . Aromatic Plants of Tropical Africa XXII: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of thirteen essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon . Flavour Fragr. J. , 13 : 107 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziba , P. I. , Bass , D. and Elegbe , Y. 1999 . Pharmacological investigation of Ocimum gratissimum in Rodensa . Phytother. Res. , 13 : 427 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun-Ching , L. , Jung-Kuei , L. and Cheng-Hsing , C. 1995 . Evaluation of hepatoprotective effects of ‘Chhit-Chan6Than’ . Pharmacognosie , 33 : 139 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Aziba , P. I. , Elegbe , Y. and Obafeni , A. 1999 . Pharmacological investigation of Ocimum gratissimum in rodents . Phytother. Res. , 13 : 427 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimanga , K. , Apers , S. , de Bruyne , T. , Van Miert , S. , Hermans , N. , Totté , J. , Pieters , L. , Vlietinck , A. J. , Kambu , K. and Tona , L. 2002 . Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 14 : 382 – 385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimanga , K. , Kambu , K. , Tona , L. , Apers , S. , de Bruyne , T. , Hermans , N. , Totté , J. , Pieters , L. and Vlietinck , A. 2002 . Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aroma tic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo . J. Ethnopharmacol. , 79 : 213 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njoku , C. J. and Asuzu , I. U. 1998 . The anthelmintic effects of the leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum . Phytomedicine , 5 : 485 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orafidiya , L. O. , Oyedele , A. O. , Hittu , A. O. and Elujoba , A. A. 2001 . The formulation of an effective topical antibacterial product containing Ocimum gratissimum leaf essential oil . International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 224 : 173 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1993 . Essential Oils 1988–1991 , Carol Stream , IL : Allured Publ. Corp. .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1996 . Essential Oils 1992–1994 , Carol Stream , IL : Allured Publ. Corp. .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1992 . Labiatae oils: mother nature's chemical factor , Edited by: Lawrence , B. M. Carol Stream , IL : Allured Publ. Corp. . Essential Oils 1988–1991
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1978 . Basil oil In Progress in Essential Oils . Perfum. Flavor. , 4 ( 6 ) : 36 – 38 . 31 – 32 . (1980); 7(5): 47 (1982); 11(3): 49–52 (1986); 14(5): 45–51 (1989); 15(5): 65 (1990); 20(4): 37–37 (1995)
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1988 . “ A further examination of the variation of Ocimum basilicum L ” . In Flavors and Fragrances: A World Perspective , Edited by: Lawrence , B. M. , Mookherjee , B. D. and Willis , B. J. 161 – 170 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publ. .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1992 . “ Chemical components of Labiatae oils and their exploitation ” . In Advances in Labiatae Science , Edited by: Harley , R. M. and Reynolds , T. 399 – 436 . Kew : Royal Botanic gardens .
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , B. M. 1997 . Progress in Essential Oils: Ocimum gratissimum oil, Perfum . Flavor. , 22 ( 4 ) : 70 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalchat , J. C. , Yayi , E. and Moudachirou , M. 2000 . Les Ocimums . Traditions et usages. Riv. Ital. EPPOS , : 446 – 477 . (N° special)
   Google Scholar
• Chalchat , J. C. , Michet , A. and Pasquier , B. 2000 . Les Ocimums . Quelques variétés types, Riv. Ital. EPPOS , : 479 – 489 . (N° spécial)
   Google Scholar
• Jirovetz , L. , Buchbauer , G. , Shafi , M. and Kaniampady Molikutty , M. 2003 . Chemotaxonomical analysis of the essential oil aroma compounds of four different Ocimum species from Southern India . Europ. Food Res. Technol. , 217 ( 2 ) : 120 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Agnaniet , H. , Anguillet , J. J. , Menut , C. and Bessière , J. M. 2005 . Aromatic Plants of Tropical Central Africa XLVII: Chemical and biological investigation of essential oils of Ocimum species from Gabon . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 17 : 466 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe , G. 1999 . Chemical investigation of three Ocimum species of Ethiopia , Ph D. Thesis Addis Ababa University .
   Google Scholar
• Ntezurubanza , L. and Svensen , J. J.C.S.A.B. 1987 . Composition of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum grown in Rwanda . Planta Med. , 53 : 421 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yayi , E. , Moudachirou , M. and Chalchat , J. C. 1999 . Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum from Benin . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 11 : 529 – 531 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramesh , S. S. and Bordoloi , D. N. 1991 . Changes in the linalool and methyl cinnamate amounts in a methyl cinnamate rich clone of Ocimum basilicum at different growth stages . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 3 : 475 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Riaz , M. , Khalid , M. R. , Hanif , M. and Chaudhary , F. M. 1994 . Extraction and GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum . Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. , 37 : 362 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Ozek , T. , Beis , S. , Demircakmak , B. and Baser , K. H.C. 1995 . Composition of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. cultivated in Turkey . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 7 : 203 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Sengui , N. and Sezen , T. 2000 . Chemical components of different basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars grown in Mediterranean regions in Turkey . J. Plant Sci. , 48 : 109 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Baritaux , O. , Richard , H. , Touche , J. and Derbesy , M. 1992 . Effect of drying and storage of herbs and spices on the essential oil. Part I. Basil, Ocimum basilicum L . Flav. Fragr. J. , 7 : 267 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Grayer , R. J. , Kite , G. C. , Goldstone , F. J. , Bryan , S. E. , Paton , A. and Putievsky , E. 1996 . Intraspecific taxonomy and essential oil chemotypes in sweet basil Ocimum basilicum . Phytochemistry , 43 : 1033 – 1039 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa , Y. , Tajima , K. , Toi , N. and Sugimura , Y. 1997 . Characteristic components found in the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L . Flav. Fragr. J. , 12 : 195 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Yayi , E. , Moudachirou , M. and Chalchat , J. C. 2001 . Chemotyping of three Ocimum species from Benin O. basilicum, O. canum and O. gratissimum . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 13 : 13 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moudachirou , M. , Yayi , E. , Chalchat , J. C. and Lartigue , C. 1999 . Chemical features of some essential oils of O. basilicum L. from Benin . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 11 : 779 – 782 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalchat , J. C. , Garry , R. P. , Sidibe , L. and Harama , M. 1999 . Aromatic Plants of Mali (II): Chemical composition of essential oils of Ocimum canum L . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 11 : 473 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Chalchat , J. C. , Garry , R. P. , Sidibe , L. and Harama , M. 1999 . Aromatic Plants of Mali (II): Chemical composition of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum L . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 11 : 375 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• Kéïta , S. M. , Vincent , C. , Schmit , J. P. and Bélanger , A. 2000 . Essential oil composition of Ocimum basilicum L, O. gratissimum L. and O. suave L. in the Republic of Guinea . Flav. Fragr. J. , 15 : 339 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jirovetz , L. , Buchbauer , G. , Stomaya , A. and Balinova , A. 2001 . Analysis Chemotype and quality control of the essential oil of a new cultivated basil (O. basilicum L.) . Sci. Pharm. , 69 : 85 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Fun , C. E. and Baerheim Svendsen , A. 1990 . Composition of Ocimum basilicum var. canum Sims and O. gratissimum L. grown on Aruba . Flav. Fragr. J. , 5 : 173 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Thoppil , J. E. 1996 . Contribution to the study of essential oil biosynthesis in eight varieties of O . basilicum. Acta Pharm. , 46 : 195 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Ozcan , M. and Chalchat , J. C. 2002 . Essential oil composition of O. basilicum L. and O. minimum in Turkey . J. Food Sci. , 20 : 223 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Rabha , L. C. , Baruah , A. K.S. and Bordoloi , D. N. 1979 . Search for aroma chemicals of commercial value from plant resources of North East India . Indian Perfum. , 23 : 178 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Vieira , R. F. and Simon , J. E. 2000 . Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum spp) found in the markets and used in traditional medicine in Brazil . Econ. Bot. , 54 : 207 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jirovetz , L. , Buchbauer , G. and Ngassoum , M. B. 1998 . Aroma compounds of leaves and flower essential oils of the spice plant Ocimum gratissimum L. from Cameroon . Ernaehrung (Vienna) , 22 : 395 – 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , S. C. 1996 . Variation in herbage yield oil and major component of various Ocimum species/varieties (chemotypes) harvested at different stages of maturity . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 8 : 275 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Vieira , R. F. , Grayer , R. J. , Paton , A. and Simon , J. E. 2001 . Genetic diversity of Ocimum gratissimum L. based on volatile oil constituents, flavonoids and RAPD markers . Biochem. Syst. Ecol. , 29 : 287 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles , D. J. and Simon , J. E. 1992 . A new geraniol chemotype of O. gratissimum L . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 4 : 231 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Kishore Dubey , N. , Tiwari , T. N. , Mandin , D. , Andriamboavonjy , H. and Chaumont , J. P. 2000 . Antifungal properties of O. gratissimum essential oil (ethyl cinnamate chemotype) . Fitoterapia , 71 : 567 – 569 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Medici , D. , Pieretti , S. , Salvator , G. , Nicoletti , M. and Rasoanaivo , P. 1992 . Chemical analysis of essential oils of Malagasy medicinal plants by gas chromatography and NMR Spectroscopy . Flav. Fragr. J. , 7 : 275 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Fun , C. E. and Baerheim Svendsen , A. 1990 . Composition of Ocimum basilicum var. canum Sims and O. gratissimum L. grown on Aruba . Flav. Fragr. J. , 5 : 173 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Vostrowsky , O. , Garbe , W. , Bestmann , H. J. and Maia , J. G.S. 1990 . Essential oil of alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum from Brazilian Amazon . Zeit Naturforsch. , 45 : 1073 – 1076 . C.A., 113, 229893t (1990)
   Google Scholar
• Ali , M. E. and Shamsuzzaman , L. A.M. 1968 . Investigations on Ocimum gratissimum L. III, Constituents of the essential oil . Sci. Res. (Dacca) , 5 : 91 – 94 . in C.A., 70, 60746 c (1967)
   Google Scholar
• Hegnauer , R. 1966 . Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen , Vol. 4 , 314 Basel : Birkhauser Verlag . C.A., 66, 102603 d (1967)
   Google Scholar
• Vahirua-Lechat , I. , Menut , C. , Lamaty , G. and Bessière , J. M. 1997 . Etude chimique des huiles essentielles de quelques Labiées de Polynésie Française . Riv. Ital. EPPOS, (N° spécial) , : 704 – 711 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanda , K. , Koba , K. , Nambo , P. and Gaset , A. 1998 . Chemical investigation of Ocimum species growing in Togo . Flav. Fragr. J. , 13 : 226 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , A. P. , Salgueiro , L. R. , Vila , R. , Tomi , F. , Canigueral , S. and Casanova , J. 1999 . Composition of the essential oils of O. canum, O. gratissimum and O. minimum . Planta Med. , 65 : 187 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naithani , V. and Kakkar , P. 2002 . Ocimum gratissimum, O. americanum, O. kilimandscharicum: A review . J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci. , 24 : 441 – 455 .
   Google Scholar
• Murillo Perea , E. and Vina Patino , A. 1999 . Determination of volatile constituents of sweet basil (O.cimum spp.) by extraction methods . Revista Colomb. Quim. , 28 : 65 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Zabaras , D. and Wyllie , S. G. 2001 . The effect of mechanical wounding on the composition of essential oil from O. minimum L. leaves . Molecules , 6 ( 2 ) : 79 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares Maia , J. G. , Bichara Zoghbi , M. D.G. and de Aguiar Andrade , E. H. 2001 . Plantas aromaticas na Amazônia e seus leos essenciais , Belem-Par : Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Coleçao Adolpho Ducke .
   Google Scholar
• Soares Maia , J. G. , Ramos , L. S. , Luz , A. I.R. , Da Silva , M. L. and Bichara Zoghbi , M. D.G. 1988 . “ Uncommon Brazilian essential oils of the Labiatae and Compositae ” . In Flavors and Fragrances: A World Perspective , Edited by: Lawrence , B. M. , Mookherjee , B. D. and Willis , B. J. 177 – 188 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . Proceedings of the 10th Intern. Congress of Ess. Oils Fragr. & Flavors, Washington, DC, USA, 16–20 Nov. 1986
   Google Scholar
• Pushpangadan , P. , Sobti , S. N. and Thappa , R. K. 1979 . Genetic improvement of physicochemical evaluation of a citral type strain of Ocimum americanum . Indian Perfum. , 23 : 21 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Sarin , Y. K. , Agarwal , S. G. , Thappa , R. K. , Singh , K. and Kapahi , B. K. 1992 . A high yielding citral-rich stain of Ocimum americanum L. from India . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 4 : 515 – 519 .
   Google Scholar
• Gupta , S. C. and Sobti , S. N. 1990 . Inheritance pattern of methyl chavicol and citral in Ocimum americanum . Indian Perfum. , 34 : 253 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Mondello , L. , Zappia , G. , Contreneo , A. , Bonaccorsi , I. , Chowdhury , J. U. , Yusuf , M. and Dugo , G. 2002 . Studies on the essential oil bearing plants of Bangladesh. Part VIII. Composition of some Ocimum Oils . Flav. Fragr. J. , 17 : 335 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaz , M. , Rashid , M. , Hanif , M. , Qamar , S. and Chaudhary , F. M. 1996 . Extraction and GC/MS analysis of essential oil of O . americanum. Sci. Intl. (Lahore) , 8 : 39 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• de Vasconcelo Silva , M. G. , Dos Santos , R. N. , Matos , F. J.A. and Machado , M. I.L. 2003 . Volatile constituents from leaf, infloresence and root oils of Ocimum americanum L. grown in north-eastern Brazil . Flav. Fragr. J. , 18 : 303 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Demissew , S. 1993 . A description of some essential oil bearing plants in Ethiopia and their indegenous uses . J. Essent. Oil Res. , 5 : 465 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , R. P. 2001 . Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy , Carol Stream, IL , , USA : Allured Publ. Corp. .
   Google Scholar
• Joulain , D. and König , W. A. 1998 . The Atlas of Spectral Data of Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons , Hamburg : E.B. Verlag .
   Google Scholar