Self-Regulation of Practice Behavior Among Elite Youth Soccer Players: An Exploratory Observation Study

REFERENCES

• Abernethy , B. , Maxwell , J. P. , Masters , R. S. W. , Van der Kamp , J. and Jackson , R. C. 2007 . “ Attentional processes in skill learning and expert performance ” . In Handbook of Sport Psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Tenenbaum , G. and Eklund , R. C. 245 – 263 . Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , M. B. , McCullagh , P. and Wilson , G. J. 2007 . But what do the numbers really tell us?: Arbitrary metrics and effect size reporting in sport psychology research . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 29 : 664 – 672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association (APA) . 2010 . How does the APA define “psychology”? Retrieved February 2, 2010 from American Psychological Association website: http://www.apa.org/support/about/apa/psychology.aspx#answer
   Google Scholar
• Anshel , M. H. and Porter , A. 1996 . Self-regulatory characteristics of competitive swimmers as a function of skill level and gender . Journal of Sport Behavior , 19 : 91 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1997 . Self-efficacy: The exercise of control , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. 2005 . The cultural animal: Human nature, meaning, and social life , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. and Vohs , K. D. 2004 . Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. , Vohs , K. and Funder , D. C. 2007 . Psychology as the science of self-reports and finger movements: Whatever happened to actual behavior? . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 2 : 396 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boekaerts , M. , Pintrich , P. R. and Zeidner , M. 2005 . Handbook of self-regulation , Burlington, MA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , D. and Singer , R. N. 1992 . Self-regulation and cognitive strategies in sport participation . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 23 : 277 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary , T. J. and Zimmerman , B. J. 2001 . Self-regulation differences during athletic practice by experts, non-experts, and novices . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 13 : 185 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. 1971 . Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 18 : 105 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles , D. W. and Tenenbaum , G. 2007 . “ A social-cognitive view on team functioning in sport ” . In Handbook of Sport Psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Tenenbaum , G. and Eklund , R. C. 264 – 283 . Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. , Krampe , R. T. and Tesch-Römer , C. 1993 . The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance . Psychological Review , 100 : 363 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertmer , P. A. and Newby , T. J. 1996 . The expert learner: Strategic, self-regulated, and reflective . Instructional Science , 24 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , P. R. , Ward , P. , Hodges , N. J. and Williams , A. M. 2009 . The role of deliberate practice and play in career progression in sport: the early engagement hypothesis . High Ability Studies , 20 : 65 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen , W. F. , Starkes , J. L. and Hodges , N. J. 1998 . Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 20 : 12 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt , N. L. and Dunn , J. G. H. 2004 . Toward a grounded theory of the psychosocial competencies and environmental conditions associated with soccer success . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 16 : 199 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen , R. G. , Wiertz , L. F. , Meyer , E. S. and Noldus , L. P. J. J. 2003 . Reliability analysis of observational data: Problems, solutions, and software implementation . Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers , 35 : 391 – 399 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordet , G. 2005 . Perceptual training in soccer: An imagery intervention study with elite players . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 17 : 140 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordet , G. 2009a . When superstars flop: Public status and “choking under pressure” in international soccer penalty shootouts . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 21 : 125 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordet , G. 2009b . Why do English players fail in soccer penalty shootouts? A study of team status, self-regulation, and choking under pressure . Journal of Sports Sciences , 27 : 97 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabenick , S. A. and Knapp , J. R. 1991 . Relationship of academic help-seeking to the use of learning strategies and other instrumental achievement behavior in college students . Journal Educational Psychology , 83 : 221 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabenick , S. A. and Newman , R. S. 2009 . “ Seeking help: Generalizable self-regulatory process and social-cultural barometer ” . In Contemporary motivation research: From global to local perspectives , Edited by: Wosnitza , M. , Karabenick , S. A. , Efklides , A. and Nenninger , P. 25 – 48 . Ashland, OH : Hogrefe Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Kirschenbaum , D. S. , Ordman , A. M. , Tomarken , A. J. and Holtzbauer , R. 1982 . Effects of differential self-monitoring and level of mastery of sports performance: Brain power bowling . Cognitive therapy and Research , 6 : 335 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitsantas , A. , Winsler , A. and Huie , F. 2008 . Self-regulation and ability predictors of academic success during college: A predictive validity study . Journal of Advanced Academics , 20 : 42 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitsantas , A. and Zimmerman , B. J. 2002 . Comparing Self-Regulatory Processes Among Novice, Non-Expert, and Expert Volleyball Players: A Microanalytic Study . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 14 : 91 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitsantas , A. , Zimmerman , B. J. and Cleary , T. 2000 . The role of observation and emulation in the development of athletic self-regulation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 811 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic Inquiry , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Noldus Information Technology . 2009 . “ The Observer XT (version 8.0) [Computer software] ” . Wageningen, The Netherlands : Noldus Information Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Oliver , E. J. , Hardy , J. and Markland , D. 2010 . Identifying important practice behaviors for the development of high-level youth athletes: Exploring the perspectives of elite coaches . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 11 : 433 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P. R. and De Groot , E. V. 1990 . Motivational and self-regulated components of classroom academic performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 82 : 33 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintrich , P. R. and Schunk , D. H. 2002 . Motivation in education: Theory, research and applications , 2nd ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Schunk , D. H. 2001 . “ Social–cognitive theory and self-regulated learning ” . In Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theoretical perspectives , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Zimmerman , B. and Schunk , D. H. 125 – 151 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Siebelink , J. 2008 . De voetbalbelofte: achter de schermen van de jeugdopleiding. , [The soccer promise: Behind the scenes of the youth academy] Amersfoort, The Netherlands : De Vrije .
   Google Scholar
• Stratton , G. , Reilly , T. , Williams , A. M. and Richardson , D. 2004 . Youth soccer: From science to performance , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Toering , T. T. , Elferink-Gemser , M. T. , Jonker , L. , Van Heuvelen , M. J. G. and Visscher , C. in press . Measuring self-regulation in a learning context: Reliability and validity of the Self-Regulation Scale (SRS) . International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ,
   Google Scholar
• Toering , T. T. , Elferink-Gemser , M. T. , Jordet , G. and Visscher , C. 2009a . Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players . Journal of Sports Sciences , 27 : 1509 – 1517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toering , T. T. , Elferink-Gemser , M. T. , Jordet , G. and Visscher , C. Abstract, ISSP 12th World Congress of Sport Psychology: Meeting new challenges and bridging cultural gaps in sport and exercise psychology? [CD] . Self-regulation and performance level in top-level youth soccer: International versus national level players , Marrakech, , Morocco : International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. 2007 . “ Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: A review and a look at the future ” . In Handbook of Sport Psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Tenenbaum , G. and Eklund , R. C. 59 – 83 . Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Young , B. W. and Starkes , J. L. 2006a . Coaches’ perception of non-regulated training behaviours in competitive swimmers . International Journal of Sport Science & Coaching , 1 : 53 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , B. W. and Starkes , J. L. 2006b . Measuring outcomes of swimmers’ non-regulation during practice: Relationships between self-report, coaches’ judgement, and video-observation . International Journal of Sport Science & Coaching , 1 : 131 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , A. M. , Davids , K. and Williams , J. G. 1999 . Visual perception and action in sport , London : Spon .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , A. M. and Ward , P. 2007 . “ Anticipation and Decision Making: Exploring new horizons ” . In Handbook of Sport Psychology , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Tenenbaum , G. and Eklund , R. C. 203 – 223 . Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , E. H. and Bridges , L. J. 1995 . A model of motivational orientation for youth sport: Some preliminary work . Adolescence , 30 : 437 – 452 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zimmerman , B. J. 1989 . A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 81 : 329 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , B. J. 2006 . “ Development and adaptation of expertise: The role of self-regulatory processes and beliefs ” . In The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance , Edited by: Ericsson , K. A. , Charness , N. , Feltovich , P. J. and Hoffman , R. R. 705 – 722 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , B. J. 2008 . Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects . American Educational Research Journal , 45 : 166 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar