Mindfulness and Burnout in Elite Junior Athletes: The Mediating Role of Experiential Avoidance

REFERENCES

• Biglan, A., Gau, J.M., Jones, L.B., Hinds, E., Rusby, J.C., Cody, C., & Sprague, J. (2015). The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between family conflict and depression among early adolescents. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 30–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglan, A., Hayes, S.C., & Pistorello, J. (2008). Acceptance and commitment: Implications for prevention science. Prevention Science, 9, 139–152. doi: 10.1007/s11121-008-0099-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, S.R. (2002). What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction?. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 71–83. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200201000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, F.W., Hayes, S.C., Baer, R.A., Carpenter, K.M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H.K., … Zettle, R.D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire—II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42, 676–688. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkborg, H., Michanek, J., Hesser, H., & Berglund, G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of stress among social workers: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 389–398. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K.W., & Ryan, R.M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 822–848. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, N. (2010). What are randomised controlled trials good for?. Philosophical Studies, 147, 59–70. doi: 10.1007/s11098-009-9450-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 871–890. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G.W., & Rensvold, R.B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, P.K., Si, G.Y., Liu, J.D., & Zhang, C.-Q. (2013). Validation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in Chinese athletes. Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 1105–1111. ( in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J.D., & Lindsay, E.K. (2014). How does mindfulness training affect health? A mindfulness stress buffering account. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 401–407. doi: 10.1177/0963721414547415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, T., Appleton, P.R., Hill, A.P., & Hall, H.K. (2011). Passion and burnout in elite junior soccer players: The mediating role of self-determined motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 655–661. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Y.Q., Li, S., Tang, Y.Y., Zhu, L.H., Ryan, R., & Brown, K. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese translation of the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). Mindfulness, 3, 10–14. doi: 10.1007/s12671-011-0074-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov, D.M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43, 121–149. doi: 10.1177/0748175610373459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eades, A. (1990). An investigation of burnout in intercollegiate athletes: The development of the Eades Athlete Burnout Inventory (Unpublished master's thesis). University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Enders, C.K., & Bandalos, D.L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8, 430–457. doi: 10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, L., & Hayes, S.C. (2005). Relational frame theory, acceptance and commitment therapy, and a functional analytic definition of mindfulness. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23, 315–336. doi: 10.1007/s10942-005-0017-7
   Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 9, 645–662. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz, M.S., & MacKinnon, D.P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233–239. doi:
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, F.L., & Moore, Z.E. (2007). The psychology of enhancing human performance: The mindfulness-acceptance-commitment approach. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, F.L., & Moore, Z.E. (2012). Mindfulness and acceptance models in sport psychology: A decade of basic and applied scientific advancements. Canadian Psychology, 53, 309–318. doi: 10.1037/a0030220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick, D.M., Millstein, D.J., & Orsillo, S.M. (2014). A preliminary investigation of the role of psychological inflexibility in academic procrastination. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.04.002
   Google Scholar
• Goodger, K., Gorely, T., Harwood, C., & Lavallee, D. (2007). Burnout in sport: A systematic review. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 127–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, H., Davis, P., Skoog, T., Kenttä, G., & Harberl, P. (2015). Mindfulness and its relationship with perceived stress, affect, and burnout in elite junior athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 9, 263–281. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, H., Kentta, G., Hassmén, P., & Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in competitive adolescent athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 21–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, H., Skoog, T., Podlog, L., Lundqvist, C., & Wagnsson, S. (2013). Hope and athlete burnout: Stress and affect as mediators. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 640–649. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A.F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408–420. doi:
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S.C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639–665. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80013-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S.C., Bissett, R., Roget, N., Padilla, M., Kohlenberg, B.S., Fisher, G., … Niccolls, R. (2004). The impact of acceptance and commitment training and multicultural training on the stigmatizing attitudes and professional burnout of substance abuse counselors. Behavior Therapy, 35, 821–835. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80022-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K.G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S.C., Strosahl, K.D., & Wilson, K.G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S.C., Wilson, K.G., Gifford, E.V., Follette, V.M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays, J. (2008). Olympic training in China. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat12/sub79/item1008.html
   Google Scholar
• Hill, A.P., Hall, H.K., & Appleton, P.R. (2010). Perfectionism and athlete burnout in junior elite athletes: The mediating role of coping tendencies. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 23, 415–430. doi: 10.1080/10615800903330966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., & Ng, J.Y. (2008). Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 835–844. doi: 10.1080/02640410701784525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe-Martin, L.S., Murrell, A.R., & Guarnaccia, C.A. (2012). Repetitive nonsuicidal self-injury as experiential avoidance among a community sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68, 809–828. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglesias, M.E. L., de Bengoa Vallejo, R.B., & Fuentes, P.S. (2010). The relationship between experiential avoidance and burnout syndrome in critical care nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 30–37. doi:
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouper, J., & Gustafsson, H. (2013). Mindful recovery: A case study of a burned out elite shooter. The Sport Psychologist, 27, 92–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York, NY: Delacorte.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, R.S., & Cheung, G.W. (2012). Estimating and comparing specific mediation effects in complex latent variable models. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 3–16. doi: 10.1177/1094428110391673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, R.J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenthal, K.M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales (2nd ed.). London, UK: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Rose, E. (2009). Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 785–795. doi: 10.1080/02640410902929366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H.W., Hau, K.-T., & Grayson, D. (2005). Goodness of fit evaluation in structural equation modeling. In A. Maydeu-Olivares & J. McArdle (Eds.), Psychometrics. A festschrift for Roderick P. McDonald (pp. 275–340). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Mackenzie, C.S., Poulin, P.A., & Seidman-Carlson, R. (2006). A brief mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for nurses and nurse aides. Applied Nursing Research, 19, 105–109. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2005.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, N.K., Sass, D.A., & Schmitt, T.A. (2012). Teacher efficacy in student engagement, instructional management, student stressors, and burnout: A theoretical model using in-class variables to predict teachers' intent-to-leave. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 546–559. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2011.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen, F., Federici, R.A., & Abrahamsen, F. (2015). Examining possible relationships between mindfulness, stress, school and sport performances and athlete burnout. International Journal of Coaching Science, 9, 3–19.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998–2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Purvanova, R.K., & Muros, J.P. (2010). Gender differences in burnout: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 168–185. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raedeke, T.D., & Smith, A.L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 281–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raedeke, T.D., & Smith, A.L. (2004). Coping resources and athlete burnout: An examination of stress mediated and moderation hypotheses. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 525–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov, T. (1997). Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21, 173–184. doi: 10.1177/01466216970212006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeser, R.W., Schonert-Reichl, K.A., Jha, A., Cullen, M., Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., … Harrison, J. (2013). Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 787–804. doi: 10.1037/a0032093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si, G., Duan, Y., Li, H.Y., & Jiang, X. (2011). An exploration into socio-cultural meridians of Chinese athletes' psychological training. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5, 325–338.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R.E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 36–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumathipala, A., & Murray, J. (2000). New approach to translating instruments for cross-cultural research: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach for translation and consensus generation. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 9, 87–95. doi: 10.1002/mpr.83
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, A.B., MacKinnon, D.P., & Tein, J.-Y. (2008). Tests of the three-path mediated effect. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 241–269. doi: 10.1177/1094428107300344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilardaga, R., Luoma, J.B., Hayes, S.C., Pistorello, J., Levin, M.E., Hildebrandt, M.J., … Bond, F. (2011). Burnout among the addiction counseling workforce: The differential roles of mindfulness and values-based processes and work-site factors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 40, 323–335. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2010.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S.P. (2013). Mindfulness and burnout among competitive adolescent tennis players: Original research. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 25, 105–108. doi:
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Structural equation modeling: Application using Mplus. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, C.-Q., Chung, P.-K., Si, G., & Liu, J.D. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II for Chinese college students and elite Chinese athletes. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47, 256–270. doi: 10.1177/0748175614538064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C.-Q., Si, G., Chung, P.K., Du, M., & Terry, P.C. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Brunel Mood Scale in Chinese adolescents and adults. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32, 1465–1476. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2014.898184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C.-Q., Si, G., Duan, Y., Lyu, Y., Keatley, D.A., & Chan, D.K. C. (2016). The effects of mindfulness training on beginners’ skill acquisition in dart throwing: A randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 279–285. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar