A Conditional Process Analysis of the Coach-Created Mastery Climate, Task Goal Orientation, and Competence Satisfaction in Youth Soccer: The Moderating Role of Controlling Coach Behavior

REFERENCES

• Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 261–271. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260–267. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.80.3.260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton, P. R., Ntoumanis, N., Quested, E., Viladrich, C., & Duda, J. L. (2016). Initial validation of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 53–65. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins, M. R., Johnson, D. M., Force, E. C., & Petrie, T. A. (2015). Peers, parents, and coaches, oh my! The relation of the motivational climate to boys' intention to continue in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 170–180. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balish, S. M., McLaren, C. D., Rainham, D., & Blanchard, C. M. (2014). Correlates of youth sport attrition: A review and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 429–439. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2009). A review of controlling motivational strategies from a self-determination theory perspective: Implications for sports coaches. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(2), 215–233. doi:10.1080/17509840903235330
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: Development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 193–217. doi:10.1123/jsep.32.2.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle, S. J. H., Wang, J., Kavussanu, M., & Spray, C. (2003). Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research. European Journal of Sport Science, 3(5), 1–19. doi:10.1080/17461390300073504
   Google Scholar
• Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach (2nd.ed.). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cumming, S. P., Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., & Grossbard, J. R. (2007). Is winning everything? The relative contributions of motivational climate and won-lost percentage in youth sports. Journal of Applied Psychology, 19(3), 322–336. doi:10.1080/10413200701342640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J. (2001). Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings. In G. C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 129–182). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Duda, J. (2005). Motivation in sport, The relevance of competence and achievement goals. In A. J. Elliot, & J. S. Eccles (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 318–335). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duda, J. (2013). The conceptual and empirical foundations of Empowering Coaching™: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 311–318. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414
   Google Scholar
• Duda, J., & Nicholls, J. G. (1992). Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 290–299. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J., & Treasure, D. C. (2015). The motivational climate, athlete motivation, and implications for the quality of sport engagement. In J. M. Williams, & V. Krane & (Eds.), Applied sport psychology (7th.ed., pp. 57–77). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (1997). A hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 218–232. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, J. (1988). Effective schools or effective students? In R. Haskins, & D. MacRae (Eds.), Policies for America's public schools: Teacher equity indicators (pp. 89–126). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 36(3), 305–323. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(85)90002-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild, A. J., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science, 10(2), 87–99. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0109-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 18.0 update (3rd.ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gjesdal, S., Appleton, P., & Ommundsen, Y. (2017). Both the “what” and “why” of youth sports participation matter; a conditional process analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, J. (1999). In pursuit of quality: Issues for cross-national survey research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2(2), 125–140. doi:10.1080/136455799295096
   Google Scholar
• Harwood, C. G., Keegan, R. J., Smith, J. M., & Raine, A. S. (2015). A systematic review of the intrapersonal correlates of motivational climate perceptions in sport and physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 18, 9–25. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwood, C. G., Spray, C., & Keegan, R. (2008). Achievement goal theories in sport. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 157–185). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2015). An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50(1), 1–22. doi:10.1080/00273171.2014.962683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. (2013). Conditional process modeling, Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. In G. R. Hancock, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling, a second course (2nd ed., pp. 219–259). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Hershberger, S. L., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2013). The problem of equivalent structural models. In G. R. Hancock, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling, a second course (2nd ed., pp. 3–39). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, T., Ntoumanis, N., & Liukkonen, J. (2015). Motivational climate, goal orientation, perceived sport ability, and enjoyment within Finnish junior ice hockey players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26, 1–7. doi:10.1111/sms.12410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamarova, S., Chatzisarantis, N. L., Hagger, M. S., Lintunen, T., Hassandra, M., & Papaioannou, A. (2017). Effects of achievement goals on perceptions of competence in conditions of unfavourable social comparisons: The mastery goal advantage effect. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 20, 721–745. doi:10.1111/bjep.12168
   Google Scholar
• Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mageau, G., & Vallerand, R. J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivational model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(11), 883–904. doi:10.1080/0264041031000140374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslowsky, J., Jager, J., & Hemken, D. (2015). Estimating and interpreting latent variable interactions: A tutorial for applying the latent moderated structural equations method. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(1), 87–96. doi:10.1177/0165025414552301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989). Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60(1), 48–58. doi:10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. O. (1997). Latent variable modeling of longitudinal and multilevel data. Sociological methodology, 27(1), 453–480. doi:10.1111/1467-9531.271034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B. O., Muthén, L. K., & Asparouhov, T. (2016). Regression and mediation analysis using Mplus. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user's guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User's guide. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Newton, M., Duda, J., & Yin, Z. N. (2000). Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(4), 275–290. doi:10.1080/026404100365018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328–346. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ommundsen, Y., Roberts, G. C., Lemyre, P.-N., & Miller, B. W. (2005). Peer relationships in adolescent competitive soccer: Associations to perceived motivational climate, achievement goals and perfectionism. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(9), 977–989. doi:10.1080/02640410500127975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou, A., Marsh, H. W., & Theodorakis, Y. (2004). A multilevel approach to motivational climate in physical education and sport settings: An individual or a group level construct? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26(1), 90–118. doi:10.1123/jsep.26.1.90
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raykov, T. (2009). Evaluation of scale reliability for unidimensional measures using latent variable modeling. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42(3), 223–232. doi:10.1177/0748175609344096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, G. C. (2012). Motivation in sport and exercise from an achievement goal theory perspective. In G. C. Roberts, & D. C. Treasure (Eds.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (3rd.ed., pp. 5–58). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, G. C., & Treasure, D. C. (1992). Children in sport. Sport Science Review, 1(2), 46–64.
   Google Scholar
• Roeser, R. W. (2004). Competing schools of thought in achievement goal theory. Advances in motivation and achievement, 13, 265–299. doi:10.1016/S0749-7423(03)13010-5
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sardeshmukh, S. R., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2016). Integrating moderation and mediation, A structural equation modeling approach. Organizational Research Methods. doi:10.1177/1094428115621609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N., Tessier, D., Tzioumakis, Y., Fabra, P., Quested, E., Appleton, P., … Duda, J. (2015). The relationship between observed and perceived assessments of the coach-created motivational environment and links to athlete motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 51–63. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., & Cumming, S. P. (2007). Effects of a motivational climate intervention for coaches on changes in young athletes' achievement goal orientations. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1(1), 23–46. doi:10.1123/jcsp.1.1.23
   Google Scholar
• Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. (2003). Potential problems with“ well fitting” models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 578–598. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23(3), 263–280. doi:10.1037/a0032359
   Google Scholar