A Qualitative Exploration of Athletes' Past Experiences With Doping Prevention Education

REFERENCES

• Backhouse, S., Atkin, A., McKenna, J., & Robinson, S. (2007). International literature review: Attitudes, behaviours, knowledge and education—Drugs in sport: Past, present and future. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/social-science/international-literature-review-attitudes-behaviours-knowledge-and
   Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S., McKenna, J., & Patterson, L. (2009). Prevention through education: A review of current international social science literature. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/backhouse_prevention_through_education_final_2009.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Backhouse, S., Whitaker, L., Patterson, L., Erickson, K., & McKenna, J. (2016). Social psychology of doping in sport: A mixed studies narrative synthesis. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/literature_review_update_-_final_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brockmeier, J. (2010). After the archive: Remapping memory. Culture & Psychology, 16(1), 5–35. doi:10.1177/1354067X09353212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, S. (2016). Rethinking ‘validity’ and ‘trustworthiness’ in qualitative inquiry. In B. Smith & A. C. Sparkes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 330–339). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Candian Centre for Ethics in Sport. (2017). Candian centre for ethics in sport: Registered testing pool. Retrieved from http://cces.ca/registered-testing-pool.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, D. K. C., Hardcastle, S. J., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Donovan, R. J., Dimmock, J. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2014). Athletes' beliefs about and attitudes towards taking banned performance-enhancing substances: A qualitative study. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 3(4), 241–257. doi:10.1037/spy0000019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, L. R., Hallward, L., & Ziavras, A. (2016). A systematic examination of gain- and loss-framed content in educational resources targeting the prevention of performance enhancing substance use among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(4), 426–436. doi:10.1080/10413200.2016.1174965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbe, A.-M., & Brand, R. (2016). The effect of an ethical decision-making training on young athletes' attitudes toward doping. Ethics & Behavior, 26(1), 32–44. doi:10.1080/10508422.2014.976864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, D. L., Goldberg, L., Moe, E. L., Defrancesco, C. A., Durham, M. B., & Hix-Small, H. (2004). Preventing substance use and disordered eating: Initial outcomes of the athena (athletes targeting healthy exercise and nutrition alternatives) program. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(11), 1043–1049. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.11.1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, K., Backhouse, S. H., & Carless, D. (2017). “I don't know if i would report them”: Student-athletes' thoughts, feelings and anticipated behaviours on blowing the whistle on doping in sport. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 30, 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, K. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Health message framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43(1), 101–116. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9308-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L., Bents, R., Bosworth, E., Trevisan, L., & Elliot, D. L. (1991). Anabolic steroid education and adolescents: Do scare tactics work? Pediatrics, 87(3), 283–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L., Elliot, D. L., Clarke, G. N., MacKinnon, D. P., Zoref, L., Moe, E., … Wolf, S. L. (1996). The adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids (atlas) prevention program: Background and results of a model intervention. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 150(7), 713–721. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170320059010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goulet, C., Valois, P., Buist, A., & Côté, M. (2010). Predictors of the use of performance-enhancing substances by young athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(4), 243–248. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181e0b935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latimer, A. E., Krishnan-Sarin, S., Cavallo, D. A., Duhig, A., Salovey, P., & O'Malley, S. A. (2012). Targeted smoking cessation messages for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 47–53. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laure, P., Favre, A., Binsinger, C., & Mangin, G. (2009). Can self-assertion be targeted in doping prevention among adolescent athletes? A randomized controlled trial. Serbian Journal of Sports Science, 3(3), 105–110
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry (Vol. 75). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mallia, L., Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., & Violani, C. (2013). Doping attitudes and the use of legal and illegal performance-enhancing substances among italian adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 22(3), 179–190. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2012.733579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays, D., Hawkins, K. B., Bredfeldt, C., Wolf, H., & Tercyak, K. P. (2017). The effects of framed messages for engaging adolescents with online smoking prevention interventions. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7(2), 196–203. doi:10.1007/s13142-017-0481-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A. R., Cope, E., Bailey, R., Koenen, K., Dumon, D., Theodorou, N. C., … Laurent, J.-F. (2017). Children's first experience of taking anabolic-androgenic steroids can occur before their 10th birthday: A systematic review identifying 9 factors that predicted doping among young people. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1015)
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1603–1624. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petróczi, A., Dodge, T., Backhouse, S. H., & Adesanwo, C. (2014). Review of the literature on negative health risks based interventions to guide anabolic steroid misuse prevention. Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(1), 31–44. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2014.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Rebner, J. N., Hallward, L., & Duncan, L. R. (2015). A qualitative exploration of adolescent athletes' perspectives, awareness, and experiences related to doping. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport, 47(1), S117
   Google Scholar
• Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 3–19. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & Caddick, N. (2012). Qualitative methods in sport: A concise overview for guiding social scientific sport research. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 1(1), 60–73. doi:10.1080/21640599.2012.701373
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2017). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–21. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk taking in adolescence: New perspectives from brain and behavioral science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 55–59. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. (2015). World anti-doping code. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/the-code/world-anti-doping-code
   Google Scholar