A Commentary on Mental Health Research in Elite Sport

References

• Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., … Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2004). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 209(s420), 21–27. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00325.x
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. B. (2011). Who’s mental, who’s tough and who’s both?: Mutton constructs dressed up as a lamb. In D. Gucciardi & S. Gordon (Eds.), Mental toughness in sport: Developments in theory and research. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Appaneal, R. N., Levine, B. R., Perna, F. M., & Roh, J. L. (2009). Measuring postinjury depression among male and female competitive athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 60–76. doi:10.1123/jsep.31.1.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, R., & Fletcher, D. (2012). A research synthesis and taxonomic classification of the organizational stressors encountered by sport performers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(3), 397–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2016). Demographic differences in sport performers’ experiences of organizational stressors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(3), 348–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, C. T., Sidoti, C. L., Briggs, S. M., Reiter, S. R., & Lindsey, R. A. (2017). Adolescent social media use and mental health from adolescent and parent perspectives. Journal of Adolescence, 61, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, A. L. (2005). Suicide in athletes: A review and commentary. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24(4), 853–869. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2005.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, N. J. (2016). The stigma of mental health in athletes: Are mental toughness and mental health seen as contradictory in elite sport? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 135–136. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell Let’s Talk (2018). Bell let’s talk day. Retrieved from https://letstalk.bell.ca/en/
   Google Scholar
• Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Aleardi, M., Chouinard, V.-A., Marino, T., Cole, H., … Faraone, S. V. (2005). Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Findings in nonreferred subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), 1083–1089. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: Results of the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(12), 587–595. doi:10.1007/s001270050098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, M. D., Chow, G. M., Meir, G., & Freeman, J. (2018). Student-athlete and student non-athletes’ stigma and attitudes toward seeking online and face-to-face counseling. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(3), 347–364. doi:10.1123/jcsp.2017-0010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13. doi:10.1002/wps.20375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsboom, D., Rhemtulla, M., Cramer, A. O. J., Van Der Maas, H. L. J., Scheffer, M., & Dolan, C. V. (2016). Kinds versus continua: A review of psychometric approaches to uncover the structure of psychiatric constructs. Psychological Medicine, 46(8), 1567–1579. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslin, G., Shannon, S., Haughey, T., Donnelly, P., & Leavey, G. (2017). A systematic review of interventions to increase awareness of mental health and well-being in athletes, coaches and officials. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 1–15. doi:10.1186/s13643-017-0568-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruner, M. W., Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Spink, K. S. (2008). Entry into elite sport: A preliminary investigation into the transition experiences of rookie athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(2), 236–252. doi:10.1080/10413200701867745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caddick, N., & Ryall, E. (2012). The social construction of ‘mental toughness’ – a fascistoid ideology? Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 39(1), 137–154. doi:10.1080/00948705.2012.675068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, B. (2009). Telepsychology & telehealth: Counselling conducted in a technology environment. Counselling, Psychotherapy, and Health, 5, 26–59.
   Google Scholar
• Charles, J. L. K., & Bentley, K. J. (2016). Stigma as an organizing framework for understanding the early history of community mental health and psychiatric social work. Social Work in Mental Health, 14(2), 149–173. doi:10.1080/15332985.2014.964448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggan, C., Bennett, S., Hooper, R., & Dickinson, P. (2003). Association between bullying and mental health status in New Zealand adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 5(1), 16–22. doi:10.1080/14623730.2003.9721892
   Google Scholar
• Coulter, T. J., Mallett, C. J., & Singer, J. A. (2016). A subculture of mental toughness in an Australian Football League club. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 98–113. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crust, L. (2008). A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 576–583. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes’ use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(1), 43–51. doi:10.1080/17461390903049972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishman, R. K., Hales, D. P., Pfeiffer, K. A., Felton, G. A., Saunders, R., Ward, D. S., … Pate, R. R. (2006). Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls. Health Psychology, 25(3), 396–407. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.25.3.396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohrenwend, B. P. (1990). The problem of validity in feild studies of psychological disorders” revisited. Psychological Medicine, 20(1), 195–208. doi:10.1017/S0033291700013374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, D., & Wagstaff, C. R. (2009). Organizational psychology in elite sport: Its emergence, application and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 427–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorczynski, P. F., Coyle, M., & Gibson, K. (2017). Depressive symptoms in elite athletes and non-athletes: A comparative meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(18), 1348–1354. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., & Fleming, S. (2017). Are mental toughness and mental health contradictory concepts in elite sport? A narrative review of theory and evidence. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(3), 307–311. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: Tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. doi:10.1111/jopy.12079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucciardi, D. F., Peeling, P., Ducker, K. J., & Dawson, B. (2016). When the going gets tough: Mental toughness and its relationship with behavioural perseverance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 19(1), 81–86. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 157–171. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P. J., & Stanimirovic, R. (2015). The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidich, A. B. (2010). Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia Quarterly Medical Journal, 14, 29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner, P. P., Wampold, B. E., Owen, J., Wang, K. T., & Thompson, M. N. (2015). Research design in counseling (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Hickey, C. (2008). Sport, education and society physical education, sport and hyper-masculinity in schools. Sport, Education and Society, 13(2), 147–161. doi:10.1080/13573320801957061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, A. V. (2017). Sociological perspectives on mental health and illness. In T. L. Scheid & E. R. Wright (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (3rd ed., pp. 6–19). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Houge Mackenzie, S., & Brymer, E. (2018). Conceptualizing adventurous nature sport: A positive psychology perspective. Annals of Leisure Research, 1–13. doi:10.1080/11745398.2018.1483733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Olympic Committee (2016). Safeguarding toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.olympic.org/athlete365/safeguarding/
   Google Scholar
• Jewett, R., Kerr, G., & Tamminen, K. A. (2019). University sport retirement and athlete mental health: A narrative analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(3) , 416–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewett, R., Sabiston, C. M., Brunet, J., O’Loughlin, E. K., Scarapicchia, T., & O’Loughlin, J. (2014). School sport participation during adolescence and mental health in early adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 640–644. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett, S. (2017). Coaching effectiveness: The coach–athlete relationship at its heart. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 154–158. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junge, A., & Feddermann-Demont, N. (2016). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level male and female football players. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2(1), 7. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000087
   Google Scholar
• Kaier, E., Cromer, L. D., Johnson, M. D., Strunk, K., & Davis, J. L. (2015). Perceptions of mental illness stigma: Comparisons of athletes to nonathlete peers. Journal of College Student Development, 56(7), 735–739. doi:10.1353/csd.2015.0079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S. (2016). The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 5–12. doi:10.1002/wps.20292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, G., & Stirling, A. (2017). Issues of maltreatment in high performance athlete development: Mental toughness as a threat to athlete welfare. In J. Baker, S. Cobley, J. Schorer, & N. Wattie (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Talent Identification and Development in Sport (pp. 409–420). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, G., & Stirling, A. (2019). Where is safeguarding in sport psychology research and practice? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(4), 367–384. doi:10.1080/10413200.2018.1559255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, G., Willson, E., & Stirling, A. (2019). Prevalence of maltreatment among current and former national team athletes. Retrieved from https://athletescan.com/sites/default/files/images/prevalence_of_maltreatment_reporteng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169–184. doi:10.1002/mpr.1359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national co-morbidity survey replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., … Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(1), 8–19. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207. doi:10.2307/3090197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll, A. D., & MacLennan, R. N. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of depression in Canada: Findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 58(2), 116–123. doi:10.1037/cap0000103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krausz, M. (2017). Social media and e-mental health. European Psychiatry, 41, S7. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.009
   Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski, M., Alesia, M., & Evans, T. (2018, January). A blind eye to sex abuse: How USA Gymnastics failed to report cases. Indy Star. Retrieved from https://www.indystar.com/story/news/investigations/2016/08/04/usa-gymnastics-sex-abuse-protected-coaches/85829732/
   Google Scholar
• Liddle, S. K., Deane, F. P., & Vella, S. A. (2017). Addressing mental health through sport: A review of sporting organizations’ websites. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(2), 93–103. doi:10.1111/eip.12337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, R. L., & Levy, J. J. (2013). Student athlettes’ perceived barriers to and preferences for seeking counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 16, 19–31. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00024.x
   Google Scholar
• Malcom, N. L. (2006). Shaking it off” and “toughing it out”: Socialization to pain and injury in girls’ softball. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(5), 495–525. doi:10.1177/0891241605283571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, L. A., Fogarty, G. J., & Albion, M. J. (2014). Changes in athletic identity and life satisfaction of elite athletes as a function of retirement status. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(1), 96–110. doi:10.1080/10413200.2013.798371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClain, S., Beasley, S. T., Jones, B., Awosogba, O., Jackson, S., & Cokley, K. (2016). An examination of the impact of racial and ethnic identity, impostor feelings, and minority status stress on the mental health of Black college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(2), 101–117. doi:10.1002/jmcd.12040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, N., Gettings, S., & Purssell, E. (2017). Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 2(4), 315–330. doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0053-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae, L., O’Donnell, S., Loukine, L., Rancourt, N., & Pelletier, C. (2016). Report summary – mood and anxiety disorders in Canada, 2016. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada, 36(12), 314. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27977086 doi:10.24095/hpcdp.36.12.05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menke, D. J., & Germany, M. L. (2019). Reconstructing athletic identity: College athletes and sport retirement. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 24(1), 17–30. doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1522475
   Google Scholar
• Merrill, E. (2018). Nassar abuse, gymnastics turmoil AP’s top sports story of 2018. CBC Sports. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/gymnastics/nassar-associated-press-top-sports-story-1.4958485
   Google Scholar
• Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2017). Well-being across the life course. In T. L. Scheid & E. R. Wright (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (3rd ed., pp. 338–356). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moesch, K., Kenttä, G., Kleinert, J., Quignon-Fleuret, C., Cecil, S., & Bertollo, M. (2018). FEPSAC position statement: Mental health disorders in elite athletes and models of service provision. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland, J. J., Coxe, K. A., & Yang, J. (2018). Collegiate athletes’ mental health services utilization: A systematic review of conceptualizations, operationalizations, facilitators, and barriers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(1), 58–69. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2017.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, W. P. (1980). The trait psychology controversy. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 51(1), 50–76. doi:10.1080/02701367.1980.10609275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R. E., Kowalski, K. C., & DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35, 514–524. doi:10.1123/jsep.35.5.514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narrow, W. E., Clarke, D. E., Kuramoto, S. J., Kraemer, H. C., Kupfer, D. J., Greiner, L., & Regier, D. A. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part III: Development and reliability testing of a cross-cutting symptom assessment for DSM-5. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(1), 71–82. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12071000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesse, R. M., & Jackson, E. D. (2011). Evolutionary foundations for psychiatric diagnosis: Making DSM-V valid. In A. De Block & P. R. Adriaens (Eds.), Maladapting minds (pp. 173–197). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nesse, R. M., & Stein, D. J. (2012). Towards a genuinely medical model for psychiatric nosology. BMC Medicine, 10(1), 5. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nixdorf, I., Frank, R., & Beckmann, J. (2016). Comparison of athletes’ proneness to depressive symptoms in individual and team sports: Research on psychological mediators in junior elite athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noblet, A., Rodwell, J., & McWilliams, J. (2003). Predictors of the strain experienced by professional Australian footballers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(2), 184–193. doi:10.1080/10413200305394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noorbala, A. A., Yazdi, S. A. B., Yasamy, M. T., & Mohammad, K. (2004). Mental health survey of the adult population in Iran. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(1), 70–73. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.1.70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, M., Dogra, N., Whiteman, N., Hughes, J., Eruyar, S., & Reilly, P. (2018). Is social media bad for mental health and wellbeing? Exploring the perspectives of adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(4), 601–613. doi:10.1177/1359104518775154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olusoga, P. (2015). The problem with mental toughness. Retrieved from https://peterolusoga.wordpress.com/2015/08/07/the-problem-with-mental-toughness/
   Google Scholar
• Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes’ career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22–53. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.687053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Lavorato, D. H., Wang, J. L., McDonald, K., & Bulloch, A. G. M. (2015). Descriptive epidemiology of major depressive disorder in Canada in 2012. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(1), 23–30. doi:10.1177/070674371506000106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, C., Janz, T., & Ali, J. (2013). Health at a glance: Mental and substance use disorders in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Peek, H. S., Richards, M., Muir, O., Chan, S. R., Caton, M., & MacMillan, C. (2015). Blogging and social media for mental health education and advocacy: A review for psychiatrists. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(11), 1–8. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0629-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, M. C., Pimenta, N., Resende, R., & Malcolm, D. (2014). Gymnastics and child abuse: An analysis of former international Portuguese female artistic gymnasts. Sport, Education and Society, 19(4), 435–450. doi:10.1080/13573322.2012.679730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367–385. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poucher, Z. A., Tamminen, K. A., & Kerr, G. (2018). Providing social support to female Olympic athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 40, 217–228. doi:10.1123/jsep.2018-0008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raedeke, T. D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A sport commitment perspective. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 396–417. doi:10.1123/jsep.19.4.396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A. G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Medicine, 46, 1333–1353. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfield, S., Kato, K., & Smith, D. (2017). Gender and mental health. In T. L. Scheid & E. R. Wright (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (3rd ed., pp. 266–280). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., … Toussaint, J.-F. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: Gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns. PLoS One, 6(5), e19007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Adair, C. E., Ahmad, S., & Khan, S. (2011). The life and economic impact of major mental illnesses in Canada. Toronto. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/sites/default/files/MHCC_Report_Base_Case_FINAL_ENG_0_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• State of Mind. (2019). State of mind. Retrieved from https://www.nrl.com/community/state-of-mind/
   Google Scholar
• Stein, D. J., Phillips, K. A., Bolton, D., Fulford, K. W. M., Sadler, J. Z., & Kendler, K. S. (2010). What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1759–1765. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinfeldt, J. A., & Steinfeldt, M. C. (2012). Profile of masculine norms and help-seeking stigma in college football. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(1), 58–71. doi:10.1037/a0024919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenling, A., Ivarsson, A., & Lindwall, M. (2017). The only constant is change: Analysing and understanding change in sport and exercise psychology research. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 230–251. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2016.1216150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E., & Kerr, G. A. (2009). Abused athletes’ perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship. Sport in Society, 12(2), 227–239. doi:10.1080/17430430802591019
   Google Scholar
• Streiner, D. L. (2002). Breaking up is hard to do: The heartbreak of dichotomizing continuous data. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(3), 262–266. doi:10.1177/070674370204700307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stronach, M., Adair, D., & Taylor, T. (2014). “Game over”: Indigenous Australian sportsmen and athletic retirement. Australian Aboriginal Studies, (2), 40–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa, S. (1991). Binary methods for continuous outcomes: A parametric alternative. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 44(3), 241–248. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90035-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Moran, A., & Piggott, D. (2015). Defining elite athletes: Issues in the study of expert performance in sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Telenta, J., Draper, G., Liddle, S., Fogarty, A., Hurley, D., & Vella, S. (2018). Youth sport as a context for supporting mental health: Adolescent male perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 55–64. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timpka, T., Janson, S., Jacobsson, J., Kowalski, J., Ekberg, J., Mountjoy, M., & Svedin, C. (2014). Lifetime sexual and physical abuse among elite athletic athletes: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and correlates with athletics injury. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(7), 667.1. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093494.285
   Google Scholar
• Vertommen, T., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N., Kampen, J., Uzieblo, K., & Van den Eede, F. (2018). Severe interpersonal violence against children in sport: Associated mental health problems and quality of life in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 459–468. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff, C. R. D., Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2012). Positive organizational psychology in sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(2), 87–103. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2011.634920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J. C. (1997). Diagnosing DSM-IV–Part I: DSM-IV and the concept of disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(7), 633–649. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00018-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J. C., & Schmitz, M. F. (2017). The measurement of mental disorder. In T. L. Scheid & E. R. Wright (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (3rd ed., pp. 20–44). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, L., & Strashin, J. (2019, February). Sex offences against minors: Investigation reveals more than 200 Canadian coaches convicted in last 20 years. CBC Sports. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/sports/amateur-sports-coaches-sexual-offences-minors-1.5006609
   Google Scholar
• Weissman, M. M., & Klerman, G. L. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34(1), 98–111. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770130100011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whooley, O. (2017). Defining mental disorders: Sociological investigations into the classification of mental disorders. In T. L. Scheid & E. R. Wright (Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental health: Social contexts, theories, and systems (3rd ed., pp. 45–65). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolanin, A., Hong, E., Marks, D., Panchoo, K., & Gross, M. (2016). Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(3), 167–171. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2014). Mental health: A state of well-being. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2018). Gender and women’s mental health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/
   Google Scholar
• Zeiger, J. S., & Zeiger, R. S. (2018). Mental toughness latent profiles in endurance athletes. PLoS One, 13(2), e0193071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar