Exploring runners’ perspectives of potential strategies for flow interventions

References

• Abuhamdeh, S. (2020). Investigating the “flow” experience: Key conceptual and operational Issues. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 158. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aherne, C., Moran, A. P., & Lonsdale, C. (2011). The effect of mindfulness training on athletes’ flow: An initial investigation. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.2.177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association, Division 47. (2019). Defining the practice of sport and performance psychology. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/e521472012-001
   Google Scholar
• Barry, G., van Schaik, P., MacSween, A., Dixon, J., & Martin, D. (2016). Exergaming (XBOX KinectTM) versus traditional gym-based exercise for postural control, flow and technology acceptance in healthy adults: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 8(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-016-0050-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergen, N., & Labonté, R. (2020). "Everything is perfect, and we have no problems": Detecting and limiting social desirability bias in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 30(5), 783–792. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319889354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S. H., & Hodge, K. (2020). Flow states in adventure recreation: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 46, 101611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (Vol. 2). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Briegel-Jones, R. M. H., Knowles, Z., Eubank, M. R., Giannoulatos, K., & Elliot, D. (2013). A preliminary investigation into the effect of yoga practice on mindfulness and flow in elite youth swimmers. The Sport Psychologist, 27(4), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.4.349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ, 337, a1655. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M., Latter, P., & Duranso, C. W. (2017). Running flow. Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Danermark, B., Ekstrom, M., Jakobsen, L., & Karlsson, J. C. (2002). Explaining society: Critical realism in the social sciences. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Erwin, K., & Krishnan, J. A. (2016). Redesigning healthcare to fit with people. BMJ, 354. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4536
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, S. G., Stevens, C. J., Jackman, P. C., & Swann, C. (2021). A systematic review of flow interventions in sport and exercise. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 0(0), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1923055
   Google Scholar
• Hassmén, P., Keegan, R., & Piggott, D. (2016). Rethinking sport and exercise psychology research. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48338-6
   Google Scholar
• Hill, A., Schücker, L., Wiese, M., Hagemann, N., & Strauß, B. (2021). The influence of mindfulness training on running economy and perceived flow under different attentional focus conditions – An intervention study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 564–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1739110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman, P. C., Dargue, E. J., Johnston, J. P., & Hawkins, R. M. (2021). Flow in youth sport, physical activity, and physical education: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 53, 101852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J., Goddard, S. G., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2022). The event-focused interview: What is it, why is it useful, and how is it used? Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 14(2), 167–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2021.1904442
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A. (1992). Athletes in flow: A qualitative investigation of flow states in elite figure skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 4(2), 161–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413209208406459
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A., & Kimiecik, J. (2008). The flow perspective of optimal experience in sport and physical activity. In Thelma Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 378–399). Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, S. A., Thomas, P. R., Marsh, H. W., & Smethurst, C. J. (2001). Relationships between flow, self-concept, psychological skills, and performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 129–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/104132001753149865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karageorghis, C. I., Jones, L. I., & Stuart, D., & Med, T. P. A. (2008). Psychological effects of music tempi during exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(7), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata, M. (2018). Facilitating flow experience in physical education settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehn, S., & Díaz-Ocejo, J. (2016). Imagery intervention to increase flow state: A single-case study with middle-distance runners in the state of Qatar. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1187653
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, P., Maynard, I., & Thomas, O. (2005). Effects of hypnosis on flow states and cycling performance. The Sport Psychologist, 19(2), 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.2.164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo Iacono, V., Symonds, P., & Brown, D. H. K. (2016). Skype as a tool for qualitative research interviews. Sociological Research Online, 21(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.3952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. A. (2004). Using qualitative methods for causal explanation. Field Methods, 16(3), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X04266831
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell, J. A. (2017). The validity and reliability of research: A realist perspective. The BERA/SAGE Handbook of Educational Research, 1, 116–141.
   Google Scholar
• McKinney, J., Velghe, J., Fee, J., Isserow, S., & Drezner, J. A. (2019). Defining athletes and exercisers. The American Journal of Cardiology, 123(3), 532–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesagno, C., & Hill, D. M. (2013). Definition of choking in sport: Re-conceptualization and debate. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 44(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP2013.44.267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moneta, G. B. (2021). On the conceptualization and measurement of flow. In C. Peifer & S. Engeser (Eds.), Advances in flow research (2nd ed., pp. 31–69). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53468-4
   Google Scholar
• Moran, A., & Toner, J. (2017). A critical introduction to sport psychology (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315657974
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. In C. R. Snyder & J. L. Shane (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89–105). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., & Holt, N. L. (2005). The effects of an individualized imagery interventions on flow states and golf performance. Athletic Insight, 7(1), Article 1. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/22253/
   Google Scholar
• O’Cathain, A., Croot, L., Sworn, K., Duncan, E., Rousseau, N., Turner, K., Yardley, L., & Hoddinott, P. (2019). Taxonomy of approaches to developing interventions to improve health: A systematic methods overview. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 5(41), 41–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-019-0425-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pain, M. A., Harwood, C., & Anderson, R. (2011). Pre-competition imagery and music: The impact on flow and performance in competitive soccer. The Sport Psychologist, 25(2), 212–232. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.2.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pates, J., Cowen, A. P., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2012). The effect of a client-centered approach on flow states and the performance of three elite golfers. International Journal of Golf Science, 1(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijgs.1.2.113
   Google Scholar
• Pates, J., Karageorghis, C. I., Fryer, R., & Maynard, I. (2003). Effects of asynchronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00039-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic evaluation. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Petosa, R. L., & Holtz, B. (2013). Flow for exercise adherence: Testing an intrinsic model of health behavior. American Journal of Health Education, 44(5), 273–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2013.811364
   Google Scholar
• Rheinberg, F. (2008). Intrinsic motivation and flow. In J. Heckhausen & H. Heckhausen (Eds.), Motivation and action., 2nd ed. (pp. 323–348). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499821.014
   Google Scholar
• Ronkainen, N. J., & Wiltshire, G. (2021). Rethinking validity in qualitative sport and exercise psychology research: A realist perspective. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1637363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, R. A. (1992). Method in social science: A realist approach (2nd ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schüler, J., Brandstätter, V., & Sheldon, K. M. (2013). Do implicit motives and basic psychological needs interact to predict well-being and flow? Testing a universal hypothesis and a matching hypothesis. Motivation and Emotion, 37(3), 480–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9317-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweickle, M. J., Groves, S., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2017). The effects of open vs. Specific goals on flow and clutch states in a cognitive task. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweickle, M. J., Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., & Vella, S. A. (2021). Clutch performance in sport and exercise: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1771747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweickle, M. J., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2021). Exploring the “clutch” in clutch performance: A qualitative investigation of the experience of pressure in successful performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54, 101889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Crust, L., Jackman, P. C., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Keegan, R. (2017). Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: Toward an integrated model of flow and clutch states. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(4), 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1272650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Schweickle, M. J., & Vella, S. A. (2019). Optimal experiences in exercise: A qualitative investigation of flow and clutch states. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Moran, A., & Piggott, D. (2015). Defining elite athletes: Issues in the study of expert performance in sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Piggott, D., Schweickle, M. J., & Vella, S. A. (2018). A review of scientific progress in flow in sport and exercise: Normal science, crisis, and a progressive shift. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 30(3), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1443525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavory, I., & Timmermans, S. (2014). Abductive analysis: Theorizing qualitative research. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tonkin-Crine, S., Yardley, L., Coenen, S., Fernandez-Vandellos, P., Krawczyk, J., Touboul, P., Verheij, T., & Little, P. (2011). GPs’ views in five European countries of interventions to promote prudent antibiotic use. The British Journal of General Practice, 61(586), e252–e261. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp11X572445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wight, D., Wimbush, E., Jepson, R., & Doi, L. (2016). Six steps in quality intervention development (6SQuID). Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(5), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltshire, G. (2018). A case for critical realism in the pursuit of interdisciplinarity and impact. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10(5), 525–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1467482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltshire, G., & Ronkainen, N. (2021). A realist approach to thematic analysis: Making sense of qualitative data through experiential, inferential and dispositional themes. Journal of Critical Realism, 20(2), 159–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2021.1894909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: More active people for a healthier world. World Health Organisation.
   Google Scholar
• Yardley, L., Morrison, L., Bradbury, K., & Muller, I. (2015). The person-based approach to intervention development: Application to digital health-related behavior change interventions. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(1), e30. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar