Self-Presentation and Exercise

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Bain , L. L. , Wilson , T. and Chaikind , E. 1989 . Participant perceptions of exercise programs for overweight women . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 60 : 134 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bane , S. M. 1996 . Reducing physique anxiety in college females , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Bartlewski , P. P. , Van Raalte , J. L. and Brewer , B. W. 1996 . Effects of aerobic exercise on the social physique anxiety and body esteem of female college students . Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal , 5 : 49 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Belling , L. R. 1992 . The relationship between social physique anxiety and physical activity , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Berglas , S. and Jones , E. E. 1978 . Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 36 : 405 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle , S. J. H. 1997 . “ Cognitive theories of motivation and the physical self ” . In The physical self: From motivation to well-being , Edited by: Fox , K. R. pp. 59 – 82 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , B. W. , Diehl , N. S. , Cornelius , A. E. , Joshua , M. D. , Van Raalte , J. L. , Shaw , D. and Fiero , P. L. 2002 . Exercising caution: Social physique anxiety and protective self-presentational behavior . Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Boutcher , S. H. , Fleischer-Curtain , L. A. and Gines , S. D. 1988 . The effects of self-presentation on perceived exertion . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 10 : 270 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Bubb , W. J. , Myers , B. C. , Claytor , R. P. , Varnum , D. L. , Watts , L. and Franks , B. D. 1985 . Experimenter effects in exercise tolerance testing: The race and gender of the tester and the tester/subject relationship . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 56 : 370 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , W. A. , Yesalis , C. E. , Friedle , C. E. , Anderson , W. , Streit , A. and Wright , J. 1988 . Estimated prevalence of anabolic steroid use among male high school seniors . JAMA , 260 : 3341 – 3445 .
   Google Scholar
• Carron , A. V. , Hausenblas , H. A. and Estabrooks , P. 2003 . The psychology of physical activity , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Carron , A. V. and Prapavessis , H. 1997 . Self-presentation and group influence . Small Group Research , 28 : 500 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy , D. E. and Motl , R. W. 2003 . Modification, cross-validation, invariance, and latent mean structure of the Self-presentation in Exercise Questionnaire . Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science , 7 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Conroy , D. E. , Motl , R. W. and Hall , E. G. 2000 . Progress toward construct validation of the Self-presentation in Exercise Questionnaire . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 22 : 21 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordain , L. , Gotshall , R. W. and Eaton , S. B. 1997 . Evolutionary aspects of exercise . World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics , 81 : 49 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordain , L. , Gotshall , R. W. , Eaton , S. B. and Eaton , S. B. 1998 . Physical activity, energy expenditure and fitness: An evolutionary perspective . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 19 : 328 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , S. and Eklund , R. C. 1994 . Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 16 : 70 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culos-Reed , S. N. , Brawley , L. R. , Martin , K. A. and Leary , M. R. 2002 . Self-presentation concerns and health behaviors among cosmetic surgery patients . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 32 : 560 – 569 .
   Google Scholar
• Diehl , N. S. , Johnson , C. E. , Rogers , R. L. and Petrie , T. A. 1998 . Social physique anxiety and disordered eating: What's the connection? . Addictive Behaviors , 23 : 1 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl , N. and Petrie , T. 1995 . A longitudinal investigation of the effects of different exercise modalities on social physique anxiety [Abstract] . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 7 : S55
   Google Scholar
• Eaton , S. B. , Konner , M. and Shostak , M. 1988 . Stone agers in the fast lane: Chronic degenrative diseases in evolutionary perspective . The American Journal of Medicine , 84 : 739 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund , R. C. and Bianco , T. 2000 . Social physique anxiety and physical activity among adolescents . Journal of Strength-Based Interventions , 9 : 139 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Eklund , R. C. and Crawford , S. 1994 . Active women, social physique anxiety, and exercise . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psycholoy , 16 : 431 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkenberg , M. E. , DiNucci , J. M. , McCune , S. L. , Chenette , T. and McCoy , P. 1998 . Commitment of physical activity and anxiety about physique among college women . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 87 : 1393 – 1394 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Focht , B. C. and Hausenblas , H. A. 2001 . Influence of quiet rest and aerobic exercise performed in the naturalistic environment on selected psychological responses . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 23 : 108 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Focht , B. C. and Hausenblas , H. A. in press . Influence of differing environments and intensities of acute exercise on feeling states in women with heightened social physical activity . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality ,
   Google Scholar
• Focht , B. C. and Hausenblas , H. A. 2003 . State anxiety responses to acute exercise in women with high social physique anxiety . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 25 : 123 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick , C. M. and Morrison , C. S. 1996 . Social physique anxiety: Personality constructs, motivations, exercise attitudes and behaviors . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 82 : 963 – 972 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick , C. M. and Ryan , R. M. 1993 . Differences in motivation for sport and exercise and their relations with participation and mental health . Journal of Sport Behavior , 16 : 124 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. 1997, January/February . The body image survey . Psychology Today , : 32 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Haase , A. M. and Prapavessis , H. 1998 . Social physique anxiety and eating attitudes: Moderating effects of body mass and gender . Psychology, Health & Medicine , 3 : 201 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , C. J. , Hall , E. G. and Prestholdt , P. H. 1986 . The mediational role of social influence in the perception of exertion . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 88 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , E. A. , Leary , M. R. and Rejeski , W. J. 1989 . The measurement of social physique anxiety . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 11 : 94 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Fallon , E. A. 2002 . Relationship between body image, exercise behavior, and exercise dependence symptoms . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 32 : 179 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Martin , K. A. 2000 . Bodies on display: Predictors of social physique anxiety in female aerobic instructors . Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal , 9 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Symons Downs , D. 2002 . How much is too much? The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Scale . Psychology and Health , 17 : 387 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. , Symons Downs , D. , Fleming , D. and Connaughton , D. P. 2002 . Body image in middle school children . The Journal of Eating and Weight Disorders , 7 : 244 – 248 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurst , R. , Hale , B. , Smith , D. and Collins , D. 2000 . Exercise dependence, social physique anxiety, and social support in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 34 : 431 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , K. 2000 . “You can feel them looking at you”: The experiences of adolescent girls at swimming pools . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 : 262 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katula , J. A. , McAuley , E. , Mihalko , S. L. and Bane , S. M. 1998 . Mirror, mirror on the wall … Exercise environment influences on self-efficacy . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 13 : 319 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenen , R. H. 1987 . Double messages, double images: Physical fitness, self-concepts, and women's exercise classes . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance , 58 : 74 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski , N. P. , Crocker , P. R. and Kowalski , K. C. 2001 . Physical self and physical activity relationships in college women: Does social physique anxiety moderate effects? . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 72 : 55 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krane , V. , Stiles-Shipley , J. A. , Waldron , J. and Michalenok , J. 2001 . Relationships among body satisfaction, social physique anxiety, and eating behaviors in female athletes and exercisers . Journal of Sport Behavior , 24 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Landers , D. M. and Arent , S. M. 2001 . “ Physical activity and mental health ” . In Handbook of sport psychology , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Hausenblas , H. A. and Janelle , C. M. pp. 740 – 765 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Lantz , C. D. , Hardy , C. J. and Ainsworth , B. E. 1997 . Social physique anxiety and perceived exercise behavior . Journal of Sport Behavior , 20 : 83 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Leary , M. R. 1992 . Self-presentational processes in exercise and sport . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 14 : 339 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary , M. R. and Kowalski , R. M. 1990 . Impression management: A literature review and two-component model . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 34 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary , M. R. , Tchividjian , L. R. and Kraxberger , B. E. 1999 . “ Self-presentation can be hazardous to your health: Impression management and health risk ” . In The self in social psychology , Edited by: Baumeister , R. F. pp. 182 – 194 . Philadelphia, PA : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leit , R. A. , Pope , H. G. and Gray , J. J. 2000 . Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of Playgirl centerfolds . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 29 : 90 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lox , C. L. , McAuley , E. and Tucker , R. S. 1995 . Exercise as an intervention for enhancing subjective well-being in an HIV-1 population . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 17 : 345 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lox , C. L. , Osborn , M. C. and Pellett , T. L. 1998 . Body image and affective experiences of subjectively underweight females: Implications for exercise behavior . Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research , 3 : 110 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , D. E. 1996 . Group influences and social physique anxiety in exercise and sport , London ON, , Canada : The University of Western Ontario . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Marquez , D. X. and McAuley , E. 2001 . Physique anxiety and self-efficacy influences on perceptions of physical evaluation . Social Behavior and Personality , 29 : 649 – 660 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , K. A. and Brawley , L. R. 2002 . Self-handicapping in physical achievement settings: The contributions of self-esteem and self-efficacy . Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Martin , K. A. and Leary , M. R. 2001 . Self-presentational determinants of health risk behavior among college freshman . Psychology and Health , 16 : 17 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , K. A. and Leary , M. R. in press . Single, physically active, female: The effects of information about exercise participation and body weight on perceptions of young women . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality ,
   Google Scholar
• Martin , K. A. , Sinden , A. R. and Fleming , J. C. 2000 . Inactivity may be hazardous to your image: The effects of exercise habit information on impression formation . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 22 : 309 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• McAuley , E. , Bane , S. M. and Mihalko , S. L. 1995 . Exercise in middle-aged adults: Self-efficacy and self-presentational outcomes . Preventive Medicine , 24 : 319 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley , E. , Bane , S. M. , Rudolph , D. L. and Lox , C. L. 1995 . Physique anxiety and exercise in middle-aged adults . Journal of Gerontology , 50B : P229 – P235 .
   Google Scholar
• McAuley , E. , Marquez , D. X. , Jerome , G. J. , Blissmer , B. and Katula , J. 2002 . Physical activity and physique anxiety in older adults: Fitness, and efficacy influences . Aging & Mental Health , 6 : 222 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInman , A. D. and Berger , B. G. 1993 . Self-concept and mood changes associated with aerobic dance . Australian Journal of Psychology , 45 : 134 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motl , R. W. and Conroy , D. E. 2000 . Validity and factorial invariance of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 1007 – 1017 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ommundsen , Y. 2001 . Self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes: The influence of implicit theories of the nature of ability and achievement goal orientation . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 2 : 139 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Ransdell , L. B. , Wells , C. L. , Manore , M. M. , Swan , P. D. and Corbin , C. B. 1998 . Social physique anxiety in postmenopausal women . Journal of Women & Aging , 10 : 19 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejeski , W. J. 1985 . Perceived exertion: An active or passive process? . Journal of Sport Psychology , 1 : 371 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , W. D. 2002 . Comparison of self-esteem, body satisfaction, and social physique anxiety across males of different exercise frequency and racial background . Journal of Sport Behavior , 25 : 74 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryckman , R. M. , Robbins , M. A. , Thornton , B. and Catrell , P. 1982 . Development and validation of a physical self-efficacy scale . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 891 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis , J. F. and Owen , N. 1998 . Physical activity & behavioral medicine , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Schlenker , B. R. 1980 . Impression management: The self-concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations , Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Schwerin , M. J. 1995 . A study of social physique anxiety, body esteem, and social anxeity in bodybuilders and anabolic steroid users , Carbondale : Southern Illinois University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Schwerin , M. J. , Corcoran , K. J. , LaFleur , B. J. , LaFleur , Fisher , L. , Patterson , D. and Olrich , T. 1997 . Psychological predictors of anabolic steroid use: An exploratory study . Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse , 6 : 57 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Spink , K. S. 1992 . Relation of anxiety about social physique to location of participation in physical activity . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 74 : 1075 – 1078 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer , R. E. 2001 . Calm energy. How people regulate mood with food and exercise , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. K. , Heinberg , L. J. , Altabe , M. and Tantleff-Dunn , S. 1999 . “ Exacting beauty ” . In Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , B. , Ryckman , R. M. , Robbins , M. A. , Donolli , J. and Biser , G. 1987 . Relationship between perceived physical ability and indices of actual physical fitness . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 295 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Treasure , D. C. , Lox , C. L. and Lawton , B. R. 1998 . Determinants of physical activity in a sedentary obese female population . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 20 : 218 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triplett , N. 1897 . The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition . American Journal of Psychology , 9 : 507 – 533 .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services . 1996 . Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. , Atlanta : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services . 2000 . Healthy People 2010 Washington, DC (Conference Edition, in Two Volumes), Author
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. and Rousseau , F. L. 2001 . “ Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise ” . In The handbook of sport psychology , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Hausenblas , H. A. and Janelle , C. M. pp. 389 – 416 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Van Raalte , J. L. , Cunningham , J. , Cornelius , A. E. and Brewer , B. W. 2002 . Environmental effects on social physique anxiety Manuscript submitted for publication
   Google Scholar
• Walton , V. R. and Finkenberg , M. E. 2002 . Women's anxiety about social and exercise settings . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 94 : 700 – 702 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warrick , R. and Tinning , R. 1989a . Women's bodies, self-perception and physical activity: A naturalistic study of women's participation in aerobics classes, Part 1 . The ACHPER National Journal , 125 : 8 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Warrick , R. and Tinning , R. 1989b . Women's bodies, self-perception and physical activity: A naturalistic study of women's participation in aerobics classes, Part 2 . The ACHPER National Journal , 126 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. A. and Cash , T. F. 2001 . Effects of a circuit weight training program on the body images of college students . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 30 : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worringham , C. J. and Messick , D. M. 1983 . Social facilitation of running: An unobstrusive study . Journal of Social Psychology , 121 : 23 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung , R. R. and Hemsley , D. R. 1997 . Personality, exercise and psychological well-being: Static relationships in the community . Personality and Individual Differences , 22 : 47 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , Z. 2001 . Setting for exercise and concerns about body appearance of women who exercise . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 93 : 851 – 855 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar