1,963
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Self-Presentational Issues in Competition and Sport

, &
Pages 19-40 | Received 01 Dec 2002, Accepted 01 Jun 2003, Published online: 17 Aug 2010

REFERENCES

  • Allport , G. W. 1954 . The nature of prejudice , New York : Addison-Wesley .
  • Arkin , R. M. and Baumgardner , A. H. 1985 . “ Self-handicpping ” . In Attributions: Basic issues and applications , Edited by: Harvey , J. H. and Weary , G. W. pp. 169 – 202 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
  • Bailis , D. S. 2001 . Benefits of self-handicapping in sport: A field study of university athletes . Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 33 : 213 – 223 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. , Kahn , J. and Tice , D. M. 1990 . Obesity as a self-handicapping strategy: Personality, selective attribution of problems, and weight loss . Journal of Social Psychology , 130 : 121 – 123 .
  • Baumeister , R. F. and Scher , S. J. 1988 . Self-defeating behavior patterns among normal individuals: Review and analysis of common self-destructive tendencies . Psychological Bulletin , 104 : 3 – 22 .
  • Baumgardner , A. H. and Levy , P. E. 1988 . Role of self-esteem in perceptions of ability and effort: Illogic or insight? . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 : 429 – 438 .
  • Baumgardner , A. H. , Lake , E. A. and Arkin , R. M. 1985 . Claiming mood as a self-handicap: The influence of spoiled and unspoiled public identities . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 11 : 349 – 357 .
  • Borgen , J. S. and Corbin , C. B. 1987 . Eating disorders among female athletes . Physician and Sports Medicine , 15 : 89 – 95 .
  • Bray , S. R. , Martin , K. A. and Widmeyer , W. N. 2000 . The relationship between evaluative concerns and sport competition state anxiety among youth skiers . Journal of Sports Sciences , 18 : 353 – 361 .
  • Brewer , B. W. , Van Raalte , J. L. , Linder , D. E. and Van Raalte , N. S. 1991 . Peak performance and the perils of retrospective introspection . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 12 : 227 – 239 .
  • Carron , A. V. , Prapavessis , H. and Grove , J. R. 1994 . Group effects and self-handicapping . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 16 : 246 – 257 .
  • Crawford , S. and Eklund , R. C. 1994 . Social physique anxiety, reasons for exercise, and attitudes toward exercise settings . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 16 : 70 – 82 .
  • Crocker , P. R. E. , Snyder , J. , Kowalski , K. C. and Hoar , S. 2000 . Don't let me be fat of physically incompetent! The relationship between physical self-concept and social physique anxiety in Canadian high performance female adolescent athletes . AVANTE , 6 : 16 – 23 .
  • Deppe , R. K. and Harackiewicz , J. M. 1996 . Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation: Buffering intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 70 : 868 – 876 .
  • DeGree , C. E. and Snyder , C. R. 1985 . Adler's psychology (of use) today: Personal history of traumatic life events as a self-handicapping strategy . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 1512 – 1519 .
  • Dunn , J. G. and Nielson , A. B. 1993 . A between-sport comparison of situational threat perceptions in ice hockey and soccer . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 15 : 449 – 465 .
  • Dunn , J. G. and Nielson , A. B. 1996 . A classificatory system of anxiety-inducing situations in four team sports . Journal of Sport Behavior , 19 : 111 – 131 .
  • Eklund , R. C. 1994 . A season-long investigation of competitive cognition in collegiate wrestlers . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 65 : 139 – 183 .
  • Feick , D. L. and Rhodewalt , F. 1997 . The double-edged sword of self-handicapping: Discounting, augmentation, and the protection and enhancement of self-esteem . Motivation & Emotion , 21 : 147 – 163 .
  • Feltz , D. L. and Albrecht , R. R. 1986 . “ Psychological implications of competitive running ” . In Sports for children and youth , Edited by: Weiss , R. M. and Gould , D. pp. 225 – 230 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Ferrari , J. R. and Tice , D. M. 2000 . Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting . Journal of Research in Personality , 34 : 73 – 83 .
  • Gould , R. , Brounstein , P. J. and Sigall , H. 1977 . Attributing ability to an opponent: Public aggrandizement and private denigration . Social Psychology Quarterly , 40 : 254 – 261 .
  • Gould , D. , Horn , T. and Spreeman , J. 1983 . Sources of stress in junior elite wrestlers . Journal of Sport Psychology , 5 : 159 – 171 .
  • Gould , D. , Jackson , S. A. and Finch , L. 1993 . Sources of stress in national champion figure skaters . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 15 : 134 – 159 .
  • Greendorfer , S. L. 1992 . “ Sport socialization ” . In Advances in sport psychology , Edited by: Horn , T. S. pp. 201 – 218 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Grove , J. R. , Hanrahan , S. and McInman , A. 1991 . Success/failure bias in attributions across involvement categories in sport . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 93 – 97 .
  • Haase , A. M. and Prapavessis , H. 2001 . Social physique anxiety and eating attitudes in female athletic and non-athletic groups . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 4 : 396 – 405 .
  • Halbert , C. 1997 . Tough enough and women enough: Stereotypes, discrimination, and impression management among women professional boxers . Journal of Sport & Social Issues , 21 : 7 – 36 .
  • Harris , R. N. and Snyder , C. R. 1986 . The role of uncertain self-esteem in self-handicapping . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 51 : 451 – 458 .
  • Hart , E. H. , Leary , M. R. and Rejeski , W. J. 1989 . The measurement of social physique anxiety . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 11 : 94 – 104 .
  • Hausenblas , H. and Carron , A. V. 1996 . Group cohesion and self-handicapping in female and male athletes . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 18 : 132 – 143 .
  • Hausenblas , H. A. and Mack , D. E. 1999 . Eating disorder correlates and social physique anxiety in athletic and nonathletic populations . Journal of Sport Behavior , 22 : 504 – 513 .
  • Higgins , R. L. 1990 . “ Self-handicapping: Historical roots and contemporary branches ” . In Self-handicapping: The paradox that isn't , Edited by: Higgins , R. L. , Snyder , C. R. and Berglas , S. pp. 1 – 35 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Higgins , R. L. and Snyder , C. R. 1990 . “ Self-handicapping from a Heiderian perspective: Taking stock of “bonds.” . In Self-handicapping: The paradox that isn't , Edited by: Higgins , R. L. , Snyder , C. R. and Berglas , S. pp. 239 – 273 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Hirt , E. R. , Deppe , R. K. and Gordon , L. J. 1991 . Self-reported versus behavioral self-handicapping: Empirical evidence for a theoretical distinction . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 61 : 981 – 991 .
  • Hirt , E. R. , McCrea , S. M. and Kimble , C. E. 2000 . Public self-focus and sex differences in behavioral self-handicapping: Does increasing self-threat still make it “just a man's game?” . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 1131 – 1141 .
  • Hudson , J. and Williams , M. 2001 . Associations between self-presentation and competitive A-trait: A preliminary investigation . Social Behavior and Personality , 29 : 1 – 10 .
  • Hudson , J. , Williams , M. and Stacey , P. 1998 . Impression management and self-handicapping in middle-distance runners [Abstract] . Journal of Sport Sciences , 16 : 390 – 391 .
  • Isleib , R. A. , Vuchinich , R. E. and Tucker , J. A. 1988 . Performance attributions and changes in self-esteem following self-handicapping with alcohol consumption . Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology , 6 : 88 – 103 .
  • James , B. and Collins , D. 1997 . Self-presentational sources of competitive stress during performance . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 19 : 17 – 35 .
  • Jones , E. E. and Berglas , S. 1978 . Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement . Personality & Social Psychology, Bulletin , 4 : 200 – 206 .
  • Jones , E. E. and Rhodewalt , F. 1982 . The Self-handicapping Scale , Department of Psychology, Princeton University . Unpublished manuscript
  • Kelly , H. H. 1971 . Attribution in social interaction , New York : General Learning Press .
  • Knee , C. R. and Zuckerman , M. 1998 . A nondefensive personality: Autonomy and control as moderators of defensive coping and self-handicapping . Journal of Research in Personality , 32 : 115 – 130 .
  • Kolditz , T. A. and Arkin , R. M. 1982 . An impression management interpretation of the self-handicapping strategy . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 43 : 492 – 502 .
  • Kroll , W. 1979 . “ The stress of high performance athletes ” . In Coach, athlete, and sport psychologist , Edited by: Klavora , P. and Daniel , V. L. pp. 211 – 219 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Leary , M. R. 1992 . Self-presentation processes in exercise and sport . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 14 : 339 – 351 .
  • Leary , M. R. and Kowalski , R. M. 1990 . Impression management: A literature review and two component model . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 34 – 47 .
  • Leary , M. R. and Shepperd , J. A. 1986 . Behavioral self-handicapping vs. self-reported handicaps: A conceptual note . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1265 – 1268 .
  • Lewthwaite , R. 1990 . Threat perception in competitive trait anxiety: The endangerment of important goals . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 12 : 280 – 300 .
  • Levesque , M. J. , Lowe , C. A. and Mendenhall , C. 2001 . Self-handicapping as a method of self-presentation: An analysis of costs and benefits . Current Research in Social Psychology , 6 : 221 – 237 .
  • Linder , De E. , Farrar , D. , Sadalla , E. K. , Sheets , V. and Bartholomew , J. June Stereotypes of female athletes . Paper presented at the meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity . Pittsburgh.
  • Luginbuhl , J. and Palmer , R. 1991 . Impression management aspects of self-handicapping: Positive and negative effects . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 655 – 662 .
  • Mark , M. M. , Mutire , N. , Brooks , D. R. and Harris , D. V. 1984 . Causal attributions of winners and losers in individual competitive sports: Towards a reformulation of the self-serving bias . Journal of Sport Psychology , 6 : 184 – 196 .
  • Marsh , H. W. 1997 . “ The measurement of physical self-concept: A construct validation approach ” . In The physical self: From motivation to well-being , Edited by: Fox , K. pp. 27 – 58 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Marsh , H. W. , Richards , G. E. , Johnson , S. , Roche , L. and Tremayne , P. 1994 . Physical Self-Description Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and a multtrait-multimethod analysis of relations to existing instruments . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 16 : 270 – 305 .
  • Martin , J. J. 1999 . Predictors of social physique anxiety in adolescent swimmers with physical disabilities . Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly , 16 : 75 – 85 .
  • Martin , K. A. and Brawley , L. R. 1999 . Is the Self-Handicapping Scale reliable outside of academic achievement settings? . Personality and Individual Differences , 27 : 901 – 911 .
  • Martin , K. A. and Brawley , L. R. 2002 . Self-handicapping in physical achievement settings: The contributions of self-esteem and self-efficacy . Self and Identity , 1 : 337 – 351 .
  • Martin , J. J. , Engels , H. J. , Wirth , J. C. and Smith , K. L. 1997 . Predictors of social physique anxiety in elite female youth athletes . Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal , 6 : 29 – 48 .
  • Martin , K. and Mack , D. 1996 . The relationship between physical self-presentation and sport competition anxiety: A preliminary study . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 16 : 75 – 82 .
  • Martens , R. 1977 . “ Sport ” . In Competition Anxiety Test , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Martens , R. , Vealey , R. S. and Burton , D. 1990 . Competitive anxiety in sport , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • McAuley , E. and Burman , G. 1993 . The social physique anxiety scale: Construct validation in adolescent females . Medicine and Science in Exercise and Sport , 25 : 1049 – 1053 .
  • McCrea , S. M. and Hirt , E. R. 2001 . The role of ability judgments in self-handicapping . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 1378 – 1389 .
  • Midgley , C. , Arunkumar , R. and Urdan , T. C. 1996 . “If I don't do well tomorrow, there's a reason”: Predictors of adolescents' use of academic self-handicapping strategies . Journal of Educational Psychology , 88 : 423 – 434 .
  • Ommundsen , Y. 2001 . Self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes: The influence of implicit theories of the nature of ability and achievement goal orientations . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 2 : 139 – 156 .
  • Passer , M. W. 1983 . Fear of failure, fear of evaluation, perceived competence, and self-esteem in competitive-trait-anxious children . Journal of Sport Psychology , 5 : 172 – 188 .
  • Prapavessis , H. and Grove , J. R. 1994 . Personality variables as antecedents of precompetitive mood state temporal patterning . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 25 : 347 – 365 .
  • Prapavessis , H. and Grove , J. R. 1998 . Self-handicapping and self-esteem . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 10 : 175 – 184 .
  • Prapavessis , H. , Grove , J. R. , Maddison , R. and Zillmann , N. 2003 . Self-handicapping tendencies, coping, and anxiety responses among athletes . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 4 : 357 – 375 .
  • Rhodewalt , F. 1990 . “ Self-handicappers: Individual differences in the preference for anticipatory, self-protective acts ” . In Self-handicapping: The paradox that isn't , Edited by: Higgins , R. L. , Snyder , C. and Berglas , S. pp. 69 – 106 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Rhodewalt , F. 1994 . Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self-handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories . Journal of Personality , 62 : 67 – 85 .
  • Rhodewalt , F. and Fairfield , M. 1991 . Claimed self-handicaps and the self-handicapper: The relation of reduction in intended effort to performance . Journal of Research in Personality , 25 : 402 – 417 .
  • Rhodewalt , F. , Morf , C. , Hazlett , S. and Fairfield , M. 1991 . Self-handicapping: The role of discounting and augmentation in the preservation of self-esteem . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 61 : 122 – 131 .
  • Rhodewalt , F. , Saltzman , A. T. and Wittmer , J. 1984 . Self-handicapping among competitive athletes: The role of practice in self-esteem protection . Basic & Applied Social Psychology , 5 : 197 – 209 .
  • Richards , H. D. B. , Johnson , G. , Collins , D. J. and Wood , J. E. 2002 . Predictive ability of self-handicapping and self-esteem in physical activity achievement context . Personality and Individual Differences , 32 : 589 – 602 .
  • Ross , S. R. , Canada , K. E. and Rausch , M. K. 2002 . Self-handicapping and the five factor model of personality: Mediation between neuroticism and conscientiousness . Personality and Individual Differences , 32 : 1173 – 1184 .
  • Ryckman , R. M. , Robbins , M. A. , Thornton , B. and Cantrell , P. 1982 . Development and validation of the physical self-efficacy scale . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 : 891 – 900 .
  • Ryska , T. A. “ Effects of situational self-handicapping and state self-confidence on the physical performance of young participants ” . In The Psychological Record (in press)
  • Ryska , T. A. , Yin , Z. and Boyd , M. 1999 . The role of dispositional goal orientation and team climate on situational self-handicapping among young athletes . Journal of Sport Behavior , 22 : 410 – 425 .
  • Ryska , T. A. , Yin , Z. and Cooley , D. 1998 . Effects of trait and situational self-handicapping on competitive anxiety among athletes . Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social , 17 : 48 – 56 .
  • Sadalla , E. K. , Linder , D. E. and Jenkins , B. A. 1998 . Sport preferences: A self-presentational analysis . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 10 : 214 – 222 .
  • Scanlan , T. K. , Stein , G. L. and Ravizza , K. 1991 . An in-depth study of former figure skaters: II. Sources of stress . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 13 : 103 – 120 .
  • Schlenker , B. R. and Leary , M. R. 1982 . Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model . Psychological Bulletin , 92 : 641 – 669 .
  • Schlenker , B. R. , Pontari , B. A. and Christoper , A. N. 2001 . Excuses and character: Personal and social implications of excuses . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 5 : 15 – 32 .
  • Self , E. A. 1990 . “ Situational influences on self-handicapping ” . In Self-handicapping: The paradox that isn't , Edited by: Higgins , R. L. , Snyder , C. R. and Beglas , S. pp. 69 – 106 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Shepperd , J. A. and Arkin , R. M. 1989 . Determinants of self-handicapping: Task importance and the effects of preexisting handicaps on self-generated handicaps . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 15 : 101 – 112 .
  • Shepperd , J. A. and Arkin , R. M. 1991 . Behavioral other-enhancement: Strategically obscuring the link between performance and evaluation . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 60 : 79 – 88 .
  • Sigelman , C. K. , Miller , T. E. and Whitworth , L. A. 1986 . The early development of stigmatizating reactions to physical differences . Journal of Applied Development Psychology , 7 : 17 – 32 .
  • Smith , R. E. , Smoll , F. L. and Schutz , R. W. 1990 . Measurement and correlates of sport- specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The sport anxiety scale . Anxiety Research , 2 : 263 – 280 .
  • Smith , T. W. , Snyder , C. R. and Perkins , S. C. 1983 . The self-serving function of hypochondriacal complaints: Physical symptoms as self-handicapping strategies . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 44 : 787 – 797 .
  • Snyder , C. R. 1990 . “ Self-handicapping processes and sequelae: On the taking of a psychological dive ” . In Self-handicapping: The paradox that isn't , Edited by: Higgins , R. L. , Snyder , C. R. and Berglas , S. pp. 107 – 150 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Snyder , C. R. and Higgins , R. L. 1988 . Excuses: Their effective role in the negotiation of reality . Psychological Bulletin , 104 : 23 – 45 .
  • Snyder , C. R. and Smith , T. W. 1986 . “ Symptoms as self-handicapping strategies: The virtues of old wine in a new bottle ” . In Integrations of clinical and social psychology , Edited by: Weary , G. and Mirels , H. L. pp. 104 – 127 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Springston , F. J. and Chafe , P. M. June Impressions of fictional protagonists exhibiting self-handicapping behaviors . Paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association . Vancouver, British Columbia.
  • Stone , J. , Perry , Z. W. and Darley , J. M. 1997 . White men can't jump: Evidence for the perceptual confirmation of racial stereotypes following a basketball game . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 19 : 291 – 306 .
  • Stone , J. , Lynch , C. I. , Sjomeling , M. and Darley , J. M. 1999 . Stereotype threat effects on black and white athletic performance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 1213 – 1227 .
  • Streigel-Moore , R. H. , Silberstein , L. R. and Rodin , J. 1986 . Toward an understanding of risk factors in bulimia . American Psychologist , 41 : 241 – 263 .
  • Strube , M. J. 1986 . An analysis of the Self-handicapping Scale . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 7 : 211 – 224 .
  • Thill , E. E. and Cury , F. 2000 . Learning to play golf under different goal conditions: Their effects on irrelevant thoughts and on subsequent control strategies . European Journal of Social Psychology , 30 : 101 – 122 .
  • Thompson , T. and Richardson , A. 2001 . Self-handicapping status, claimed self-handicaps and reduced practice effort following success and failure feedback . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 151 – 170 .
  • Tice , D. M. 1991 . Esteem protection or enhancement? Self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 60 : 711 – 725 .
  • Tice , D. M. 1993 . “ The social motivations of people with low self-esteem ” . In Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard , Edited by: Baumeister , R. F. pp. 37 – 53 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Tice , D. M. and Baumeister , R. F. 1990 . Self-esteem, self-handicapping, and self-presentation: The strategy of inadequate practice . Journal of Personality , 58 : 443 – 464 .
  • Urdan , T. , Midgley , C. and Anderman , E. M. 1998 . The role of classroom goal structure in students' use of self-handicapping strategies . American Educational Research Journal , 35 : 101 – 122 .
  • Van Raalte , J. L. , Cunningham , J. , Cornelius , A. E. and Brewer , B. W. 2003 . Environmental effects on social physique anxiety . Unpublished manuscript
  • Van Raalte , J. L. , Schmelzer , G. L. , Smith , C. C. and Brewer , B. W. 1998 . Social physique anxiety in competitive women athletes . Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health , 3 : 111 – 120 .
  • Weiner , B. , Figueroa-Munoz , A. and Kakihara , C. 1991 . The goals of excuses and communication strategies related to causal perceptions . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 4 – 13 .
  • Wilson , P. and Eklund , R. C. 1998 . The relationship between competitive anxiety and self-presentational concerns . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 20 : 81 – 97 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.