Eating Disorder Prevalence and Symptoms for Track and Field Athletes and Nonathletes

REFERENCES

• American College of Sports Medicine . 2000 . ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription , Baltimore : Author . 6th ed
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , Washington, DC : Author . 4th ed.
   Google Scholar
• Clark , N. 1997 . Nancy Clark's sports nutrition guidebook , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , N. , Nelson , M. and Evans , W. 1988 . Nutrition education for elite female runners . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 16 : 124 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohane , G. H. and Pope , H. G. 2001 . Body image in boys: A review of the literature . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 29 : 373 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 155 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiBartolo , P. A. and Shaffer , C. 2002 . A comparison of female college athletes and nonathletes: Eating disorder symptomatology and psychological well-being . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 24 : 33 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , S. and Launder , C. 2000 . Investigating muscularity concerns in male body image: Development of the Swansea muscularity attitudes questionnaire . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 28 : 120 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gard , M. C. E. and Freeman , C. P. 1996 . The dismantling of a myth: A review of eating disorders and socioeconomic status . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 20 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. 1991 . Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. , Olmstead , M. P. , Bohr , Y. and Garfinkel , P. E. 1982 . The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates . Psychological Medicine , 12 : 871 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , D. M. , Olmsted , M. P. and Polivy , J. 1983 . Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 2 : 15 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin , G. , Jobin , J. and Bouillon , J. 1986 . Assessment of leisure-time exercise behavior by self-report: A concurrent validity study . Canadian Journal of Public Health , 77 : 359 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , L. H. , Brooks-Gunn , J. , Warren , M. P. and Hamilton , W. G. 1988 . The role of selectivity in the pathogenesis of eating problems in ballet dancers . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 20 : 560 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M. B. and Greco , D. 1990 . Weight control and weight concern in competitive female gymnasts . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 12 : 427 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Carron , AV. 1999 . Eating disorder indices and athletes: An integration . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 21 : 230 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Carron , A. V. 2002 . Assessing eating disorder symptoms in sport groups: A critique with recommendations for future research . International Sport Journal , : 65 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and D. , SymonsDowns . 2001 . Body image and athletes. A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 13 : 323 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , D. R. , Ainsworth , B. E. , Hartman , T. J. and Leon , A. S. 1993 . A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25 : 81 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leit , R. A. , Pope , H. G. and Gray , J. J. 2000 . Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of Playgirl centerfolds . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 29 : 90 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , D. E. and Coe , P. N. 1997 . Better training for distance runners , 2nd ed. , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , K. and Thompson , J. K. 1992 . Eating disturbance, body image dissatisfaction, and reasons for exercising: Gender differences and correlational findings . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 11 : 289 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz , L. B. , O'Holloran , M. S. , Mulholland , A. M. and Schneider , P. A. 1997 . Questionnaire for eating disorder diagnosis: Reliability and validity of operationalizing DSM-IV into a self-report format . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 44 : 63 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , P. J. and Smith , J. C. 1999 . “ Physical activity and eating disorders ” . In Lifestyle medicine , Edited by: Rippe , J. M. 1005 – 1015 . Cambridge, MA : Blackwell Science . pp
   Google Scholar
• Picard , C. 1999 . The level of competition as a factor for the development of eating disorders in female collegiate athletes . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 28 : 583 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri , M. L. and Sen , P. K. 1985 . Nonparametric methods in general linear models , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ransdell , L. B. 1996 . Maximizing response rate in questionnaire research . American Journal of Health Behavior , 20 : 50 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , R. T. and Thompson , R. A. 2001 . Athletes and disordered eating: Four major issues for the professional psychologist . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 32 : 27 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolak , L. , Murnen , S. K. and Ruble , A. E. 2000 . Female athletes and eating problems: A meta-analysis . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 27 : 371 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoutjesdyk , D. and Jevne , R. 1993 . Eating disorders among high performance athletes . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 22 : 271 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundgot-Borgen , J. 1994 . Eating disorders in female athletes . Sports Medicine , 17 : 176 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundgot-Borgen , J. and Larsen , S. 1993 . Pathogenic weight-control methods and self-reported eating disorders in female elite athletes and controls . Scandanavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 3 : 150 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2001 . Using multivariate statistics , 3rd ed. , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Thiel , A. , Gottfried , H. and Hesse , F. W. 1993 . Subclinical eating disorders in male athletes. A study of the low weight category in rowers and wrestlers . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 88 : 259 – 265 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. R. , Nelson , J. K. and Thomas , K. T. 1999 . A generalized rank-order method for nonparametric analysis of data from exercise science: A tutorial . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 70 : 11 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. K. , Heinberg , L. J. , Altabe , M. and Tantleff-Dunn , S. 1999 . Exacting beauty. Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Tolson , H. 1980 . An adjustment to statistical significance: ω2 . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 51 : 580 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent , W. J. 1995 . Statistics in kinesiology. , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Weight , L. M. and Noakes , T. D. 1987 . Is running an analog of anorexia?: A survey of the incidence of eating disorders in female distance runners . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 19 : 213 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. A. , Anderson , D. A. , Jackman , L. P. and Jackson , S. R. 1995 . “ Assessment of eating disordered thoughts, feelings, and behaviors ” . In Handbook of assessment methods for eating behavior and weight-related problems: Measures, theory, and research , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar