The Relationship of Skill Level and Age to the Use of Imagery by Golfers

REFERENCES

• Abma , C. L. , Fry , M. D. , Yuhua , L. and Relyea , G. 2002 . Differences in imagery content and imagery ability between high and low confident track and field athletes . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 14 : 67 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr , K. and Hall , C. 1992 . The use of imagery by rowers . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 23 : 243 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp , M. R. , Bray , S. R. and Albinson , J. G. 2002 . Pre-competition imagery, self-efficacy and performance in collegiate golfers . Journal of Sports Sciences , 20 : 697 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , N. and Hardy , L. 2001 . Types of imagery associated with sport confidence in netball players of varying skill levels . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 13 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , N. , Hardy , L. and Hall , C. 2001 . The effect of a motivational general-mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of high-level badminton players . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 72 : 389 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , J. E. and Kelly , A. E. 1997 . Using traditional and paradoxical imagery interventions with reactant intramural athletes . The Sport Psychologist , 11 : 175 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary , P. D. and Kessler , R. C. 1982 . The estimation and interpretation of modifier effects . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 23 : 159 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multivariate regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, , 2nd ed. , New York : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Cumming , J. and Hall , C. 2002a . Athletes' use of imagery in the off-season . The Sport Psychologist , 16 : 160 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cumming , J. and Hall , C. 2002b . Deliberate imagery practice: The development of imagery skills in competitive athletes . Journal of Sports Sciences , 20 : 137 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driskell , J. E. , Copper , C. and Moran , A. 1994 . Does mental practice enhance performance? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 79 : 481 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elko , K. and Ostrow , A. C. 1992 . The effects of three mental preparation strategies on strength performance of young and older adults . Journal of Sport Behavior , 15 : 34 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson , K. A. , Krampe , R. T. and Tesch-Romer , C. 1993 . The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance . Psychological Review , 100 : 363 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenker , R. M. and Lambiotte , J. G. 1987 . A performance enhancement program for a college football team: One incredible season . The Sport Psychologist , 1 : 224 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Hale , B. D. and Whitehouse , A. 1998 . The effects of imagery-manipulated appraisal on intensity and direction of competitive anxiety . The Sport Psychologist , 12 : 40 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , C. R. 2001 . “ Imagery in sport and exercise ” . In Handbook of sport psychology, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Hausenblas , H. A. and Janelle , C. M. 529 – 549 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C. , Mack , D. , Paivio , A. and Hausenblas , H. 1998 . Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 29 : 73 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , C. R. , Rodgers , W. M. and Barr , K. A. 1990 . The use of imagery by athletes in selected sports . The Sport Psychologist , 4 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Helsen , F. W. , Starkes , J. L. and Hodges , N. 1998 . Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 20 : 12 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges , N. and Starkes , J. L. 1996 . Wrestling with the nature of expertise: A sport specific test of Ericsson, Krampe and Tesch-Römer's (1993) theory of deliberate practice . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 27 : 400 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iso-Ahola , S. E. , Jackson , E. and Dunn , E. 1994 . Starting, ceasing, and replacing leisure activities over the life-span . Journal of Leisure Research , 26 : 227 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jambor , E. A. and Weekes , E. M. 1996 . The nontraditional female athlete: A case study . Journal of Applied Sport Psyhology , 8 : 146 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson , D. J. 1978 . The seasons of a man's life , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre , T. and Moran , A. 1996 . Imagery use among canoeists: A worldwide survey of novice, intermediate, and elite slalomists . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 8 : S132
   Google Scholar
• Martin , K. A. , Moritz , S. E. and Hall , C. R. 1999 . Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model . The Sport Psychologist , 13 : 245 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson , B. D. 1984 . Sport participation across the life cycle: A review of the literature and some suggestions for future research . Sociology of Sport Journal , 1 : 213 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Moritz , S. E. , Hall , C. R. , Vadocz , E. and Martin , K. A. 1996 . What are confident athletes imaging?: An examination of image content . The Sport Psychologist , 10 : 171 – 179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munroe , K. J. , Giacobbi , P. R. Jr. , Hall , C. and Weinberg , R. 2000 . The four w's of imagery use: Where, when, why, and what . The Sport Psychologist , 14 : 119 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munroe , K. , Hall , C. , Simms , S. and Weinberg , R. 1998 . The influence of type of sport and time of season on athletes' use of imagery . The Sport Psychologist , 12 : 440 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. M. 1994 . Imagery interventions in sport . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 26 : 486 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. M. and Martin , K. A. 2002 . “ The use of imagery in sport ” . In Advances in sport psychology, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Horne , T. S. 405 – 439 . Champaign, Ill. : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. M. and Woolfolk , R. L. 1987 . The effects of cognitive interventions on competitive anxiety and performance on a fine motor skill accuracy task . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 18 : 152 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. M. , Woolfolk , R. L. and Budney , A. J. 1988 . The effects of emotive imagery on strength performance . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 10 : 334 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio , A. 1985 . Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance . Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences , 10 : 22S – 28S .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rushall , B. S. 1988 . Covert modeling as a procedure for altering an elite athlete's psychological state . The Sport Psychologist , 2 : 131 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryska , T. A. 1998 . Cognitive-behavioral strategies and precompetitive anxiety among recreational athletes . Psychological Record , 48 : 697 – 708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon , J. , Hall , C. and Haslam , I. 1994 . The use of imagery by soccer players . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 6 : 116 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Starkes , J. L. 2000 . The road to excellence: Is practice the only determinant? . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 31 : 431 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkes , J. L. , Deakin , J. M. , Allard , F. , Hodges , N. and Hayes , A. 1996 . “ Deliberate practice in sports: What is it anyways? ” . In The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performances in arts and sciences, sports, and games , Edited by: Ericsson , K. A. 81 – 106 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2001 . Using multivariate statistics, , 4th ed. , Needham Heights, MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Ungerleider , S. , Golding , J. M. , Porter , K. and Foster , J. 1989 . An exploratory examination of cognitive strategies used by masters track and field athletes . The Sport Psychologist , 3 : 245 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Vadocz , E. A. , Hall , C. R. and Moritz , S. E. 1997 . The relationship between competitive anxiety and imagery use . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 9 : 241 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vealey , R. S. 1986 . Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 221 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg , R. , Butt , J. , Knight , B. , Burke , K. L. and Jackson , A. 2003 . The relationship between the use and effectiveness of imagery: An exploratory investigation . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 15 : 26 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , A. and Hardy , L. 1998 . An in-depth analysis of the uses of imagery by high-level slalom canoeists and artistic gymnasts . The Sport Psychologist , 12 : 387 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar