3,659
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Development and Validation of the Self-Talk Questionnaire (S-TQ) for Sports

, &
Pages 142-159 | Received 07 Jul 2004, Accepted 05 Oct 2005, Published online: 06 Jun 2007

REFERENCES

  • Bandura , A. 1977 . Social learning theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Baumgardner , T. A. 1989 . Norm-referenced measurement: Reliability. In M. J. Safrit, & T. M. Wood (Eds.), Measurement concepts in physical education and exercise science (pp. 45–72). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
  • Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indexes in structural models . Psychological Bulletin, 107, , : 238 – 246 .
  • Bentler , P. M. 1995 . EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. , Los Angeles, CA : BMDP Statistical Software .
  • Bentler , P. M. and Bonett , D. G. 1980 . Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures . Psychological Bulletin , 88 : 588 – 606 .
  • Bollen , K. A. 1989 . Structural equations with latent variables. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Borkovec , D. T. , Robinson , E. , Pruzinsky , T. and DePree , A. J. 1983 . Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes . Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, , : 9 – 16 .
  • Byrne , B. M. 1994 . Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS Windows. Basic concepts, applications, and programming. , London : Sage .
  • Cliff , N. 1988 . The eigenvalues-greater-than-one rule and the reliability of components . Psychological Bulletin , 103 : 276 – 279 .
  • Conroy , D. E. , Motl , R. W. and Hall , E. G. 2000 . Progress toward the construction of the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 22 : 21 – 38 .
  • Cudeck , R. and O’Dell , L. L. 1994 . Applications of standard error estimates in unrestricted factor analysis: Significant tests for factor loadings and correlations . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 475 – 487 .
  • Dunn , J. G. H. , Dunn , J. C. , Wilson , P. and Syrotuik , D. G. 2000 . Reexamining the factorial composition and factor structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 22, , : 183 – 193 .
  • Durand-Bush , N. , Salmela , J. H. and Green-Demers , I. 2001 . The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool (OMSAT-3) . The Sport Psychologist , 15 : 1 – 19 .
  • Eklund , R. C. 1994 . A season-long investigation of competitive cognition in collegiate wrestlers . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 65 : 169 – 183 .
  • Eklund , R. C. 1996 . Preparing to compete: A season-long investigation with collegiate wrestlers . The Sport Psychologist , 10 : 111 – 131 .
  • Eklund , R. C. , Gould , D. and Jackson , S. A. 1993 . Psychological foundations of Olympic wrestling excellence: Reconciling individual differences and nomothetic characterization . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , : 35 – 47 .
  • Fabrigar , L. R. , Wegener , D. T. , MacCallum , R. C. and Strahan , E. J. 1999 . Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research . Psychological Methods , 4 ( 3 ) : 272 – 299 .
  • Gorsuch , R. L. 1983 . Factor analysis , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Gould , D. , Eklund , R. C. and Jackson , S. A. 1992a . 1988 U. S. Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. . The Sport Psychologist , 6 : 358 – 382 .
  • Gould , D. , Eklund , R. C. and Jackson , S. A. 1992b . 1988 U. S. Olympic wrestling excellence: II. Thoughts and affect occurring during competition . The Sport Psychologist , 6 : 383 – 402 .
  • Gould , D. , Eklund , R. C. and Jackson , S. A. 1993 . Coping strategies used by U. S. Olympic wrestlers . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 : 83 – 93 .
  • Gould , D. , Finch , L. and Jackson , S. A. 1993 . Coping strategies used by national champion figure skaters . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 : 453 – 468 .
  • Gould , D. , Hodge , K. , Peterson , K. and Giannini , J. 1989 . An exploratory examination of strategies used by elite coaches to enhance self-efficacy in athletes . Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology , 11 : 128 – 140 .
  • Hardy , J. , Gammage , K. and Hall , C. 2001 . A descriptive study of athlete self-talk . The Sport Psychologist , 15 : 306 – 318 .
  • Hardy , L. , Jones , G. and Gould , D. 1996 . Understanding psychological preparation for sport. , Chichester, UK : John Wiley .
  • Hatzigeorgiadis , A. , Theodorakis , Y. and Zourbanos , N. 2004 . Self-talk in the swimming pool: The effects of self-talk on thought content and performance on water-polo tasks . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 16 : 138 – 150 .
  • Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cut-off criteria for the indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
  • Kaiser , H. F. 1960 . The application of electronic computers to factor analysis . Educational and Psychological Measurements , 20 : 141 – 151 .
  • Kakkos , V. 1994 . The effects of cognitive schemata on the cognitive-emotional states of athletes’ prior competition. , Greece : Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Athens .
  • Kakkos , V. and Zervas , Y. 1993 . “ Competitive worries and self–confidence as predictors of the precompetitive cognitive-emotional state. ” . In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Sports Psychology, An integrated approach , Edited by: Serpa , J. Alves and Pataco , V. 855 – 859 . Lisbon, , Portugal : Freeman .
  • Kline , P. 1994 . An easy guide to factor analysis. , New York : Routledge .
  • Landin , D. and Hebert , E. P. 1999 . The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 11 : 263 – 282 .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion & adaptation. , Oxford, New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lazarus , R. S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal and coping. , New York : Springer .
  • Liebert , M. R. and Morris , W. L. 1967 . Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data . Psychological Reports , 20 : 975 – 978 .
  • Mahoney , M. J. and Avener , M. 1977 . Psychology for the elite athlete: An exploratory study. . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 1 : 135 – 142 .
  • Mardia , K. V. 1970 . Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications . Biometrika , 57 : 519 – 530 .
  • Marsh , H. W. 1994 . Confirmatory factor analysis models of factorial invariance: A multifaceted approach . Structural Equation Modeling , 1 : 5 – 34 .
  • Mathews , A. 1990 . Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 28 ( 6 ) : 455 – 468 .
  • McPherson , S. L. 2000 . Expert-novice differences in planning strategies during collegiate singles tennis competition . Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology , 22 : 39 – 62 .
  • Metzger , L. R. , Miller , L. M. , Cohen , M. , Sofka , M. and Borkovec , T. D. 1990 . Worry changes decision making: The effect of negative thoughts on cognitive processing . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 46 ( 1 ) : 78 – 88 .
  • Morris , W. L. , Davis , A. M. and Hutchings , H. C. 1981 . Cognitive and emotional components of anxiety: Literature review and a revised worry-emotionality scale . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 ( 4 ) : 541 – 555 .
  • Morrow , J. R. and Jackson , A. W. 1993 . How “significant” is your reliability? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 : 352 – 355 .
  • Nideffer , R. N. 1993 . “ Attention control training ” . In Handbook of research on sport psychology , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Murphey , M. and Tennant , L. K. 542 – 556 . New York : Macmillan .
  • Nunnally , J. 1978 . Psychometric theory , New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Orlick , T. and Partington , J. 1988 . Mental links to excellence . The Sport Psychologist , 2 : 105 – 130 .
  • Paivio , A. 1985 . Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance . Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences , 10 : 22 – 28 .
  • Preacher , K. J. and MacCallum , R. C. 2003 . Repairing Tom Swift's electric factor analysis machine . Understanding Statistics , 2 ( 1 ) : 13 – 43 .
  • Reynolds , W. M. 1982 . Development of valid and reliable short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 38 : 119 – 125 .
  • Sarason , I. G. , Sarason , B. R. , Keefe , D. E. , Hayes , B. E. and Shearin , E. N. 1986 . Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 ( 1 ) : 215 – 226 .
  • Schutz , R. W. 1998 . “ Assessing the stability of psychological traits and measures ” . In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement , Edited by: Duda , J. L. 393 – 408 . Morgantown USA : Fitness Information Technology .
  • Schutz , R. W. and Gessaroli , M. E. 1993 . “ Use, misuse, and disuse of psychometrics in sport psychology research ” . In Handbook of research on sport psychology , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Murphey , M. N. and Tennant , L. K. 901 – 917 . New York : Macmillan .
  • Sharma , S. 1996 . Applied multivariate statistics. , New York : John Wiley .
  • Standards for educational and psychological testing . 1999 . “ American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education. ” . Washington, DC : Freeman .
  • Steinger , J. H. 1990 . Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach . Multivariate Behavioral Research , 25 : 173 – 180 .
  • Stevens , J. 1996 . Applied multivariate statistics for social sciences. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 1996 . Using multivariate statistics. , New York : Harper Collins .
  • Van Raalte , J. L. , Brewer , B. W. , Rivera , P. M. and Petitras , A. J. 1994 . The relationship between observable self-talk and competitive junior tennis players’ match performances. . Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology , 16 : 400 – 415 .
  • Van Raalte , J. L. , Cornelius , A. E. , Hatten , S. J and Brewer , B. W. 2000 . The antecedents and consequences of self-talk in competitive tennis. . Journal of Sport & Exercice Psychology , 22 : 345 – 356 .
  • Vincent , W. J. 1995 . Statistics in kinesiology. , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Weinberg , R. , Grove , R. and Jackson , A. 1992 . Strategies for building self-efficacy in tennis players: A comparative analysis of Australian and American coaches . The Sport Psychologist , 6 : 3 – 13 .
  • West , S. G. , Finch , J. F. and Curran , P. J. 1995 . “ Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies ” . In Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications , Edited by: Hoyle , R. H. 56 – 75 . Newbury Park : Sage .
  • Williams , J. M. and Krane , V. 1998 . “ Psychological characteristics of peak performance ” . In Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance , Edited by: Williams , J. M. 158 – 171 . Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
  • Williams , J. M. and Roepke , N. 1993 . “ Psychology of injury and rehabilitation ” . In Handbook of research on sport psychology , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Murphey , M. and Tennant , L. K. 815 – 839 . New York : Macmillan .
  • Zinsser , N. , Bunker , L. and Williams , J. M. 1998 . “ Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance ” . In Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance , Edited by: Williams , J. M. 270 – 295 . Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.