Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use as a Complicating Factor in the Female Athlete Triad: Behavioral Implications for Sport Psychology

REFERENCES

• Amorose , A. J. 2003 . Reflected appraisals and perceived importance of significant others’appraisals as predictors of college athletes’ self-perceptions of competence . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 74 ( 1 ) : 60 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorose , A. J. and Horn , T. S. 2000 . Intrinsic motivation: Relationships with collegiate athletes’ gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches’ behavior . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 22 : 63 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrucci , G. L. , Archer , R. P. , Pancoast , D. L. and Gordon , R. A. 1989 . The relationship of the MMPI and sensation seeking scale to adolescent drug use . Journal of Personality Assessment , 53 ( 2 ) : 253 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anshel , M. H. 2005 . “ Substance use: Chemical roulette in sport ” . In The sport psych handbook , Edited by: Murphy , S. 255 – 276 . Champagne, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Anshel , M. H. and Eom , H. J. 2003 . Exploring the dimensions of perfectionism in sport . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 34 ( 3 ) : 255 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin , C. 2002 . “ Promising strategies for media health campaigns ” . In Mass media and drug prevention , Edited by: Crano , W. D. and Burgoon , M. 35 – 63 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Balazs , E. and Nickerson , E. 1976 . Personality needs profile of some outstanding female athletes . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 32 ( 1 ) : 15 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass , M. , Turner , L. and Hunt , S. 2001 . Counseling female athletes: Application of the stages of changes model to avoid disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis . Psychological Reports , 88 : 1153 – 1160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , K. H. and Lund , A. K. 1981 . The effects of health threat seriousness and personal efficacy upon intentions and behavior . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 11 : 401 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blankstein , K. , Darte , E. and Donaldson , P. 1976 . A further correlate of sensation seeking: Achieving tendency . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 42 : 1251 – 1255 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatt , S. J. 1995 . The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression . American Psychologist , 50 ( 2 ) : 1003 – 1020 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinal , B. J. and Kosma , M. 2004 . Self-efficacy and the stages and processes of change associated with adopting and maintaining muscular fitness-promoting behaviors . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 75 ( 2 ) : 186 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . May 21 2004 . Surveillance Summaries , May 21 , Epidemiology Program Office . MMWR 2004:53 No. SS-2
   Google Scholar
• Donohew , L. , Palmgreen , P. , Lorch , E. , Zimmerman , R. and Harrington , N. 2002 . “ Attention, persuasive communication, and prevention ” . In Mass media and drug prevention , Edited by: Crano , W. D. and Burgoon , M. 119 – 143 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• D’Silva , M. U. , Harrington , N. G. , Palmgreen , P. , Donohew , L. and Lorch , E. P. 2001 . Drug use prevention for the high sensation seeker: The role of alternative activities . Substance Use & Misuse , 36 ( 3 ) : 373 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. G. H. , Dunn , C. and Syrotuik , D. G. 2002 . Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 24 ( 4 ) : 376 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , D. L. and Goldberg , L. 2000 . “ Women and anabolic steroids ” . In Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise , 2nd , Edited by: Yesalis , C. E. 225 – 246 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , D. L. , Goldberg , L. , Moe , E. L. , Defrancesco , C. A. , Durham , M. B. and Hix-Small , H. 2004 . Preventing substance use and disordered eating: Initial outcomes of the ATHENA (athletes targeting healthy exercise and nutrition alternatives) program . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 158 ( 11 ) : 1084 – 1086 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot , D. L. , Moe , E. L. , Goldberg , L. , DeFrancesco , C. A. , Durham , M. B. and Hix-Small , H. 2006 . Definition and outcome of a curriculum to prevent disordered eating and body-shaping drug use . Journal of School Health , 76 ( 2 ) : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escarti , A. and Guzman , J. F. 1999 . Effects of feedback on self-efficacy, performance, and choice in athletic task . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 11 : 83 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnell , D. S. 2003 . Addictions services: Use of the Transtheoretical Model for individuals with co-occurring disorders . Community Mental Health Journal , 39 ( 1 ) : 3 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner , A. 2006 . Surfacing from depression . USA Today , : 1D – 2D . (February 6, 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , L. , Elliot , D. , Clarke , G. N. , MacKinnon , D. P. , Moe , E. , Zoref , L. , Green , C. , Wolf , S. L. , Greffrath , E. , Miller , D. J. and Lapin , A. 1996 . Effects of a multidimensional anabolic steroid prevention intervention: The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) Program . Journal of the American Medical Association , 276 ( 19 ) : 1555 – 1562 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotwals , J. K. , Dunn , J. G. H. and Wayment , H. A. 2003 . An examination of perfectionism and self-esteem in intercollegiate athletes . Journal of Sport Behavior , 26 ( 1 ) : 17 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , D. , Dieffenbach , K. and Moffatt , A. 2002 . Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 14 ( 3 ) : 172 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , L. W. and Kreuter , M. W. 1999 . Health promotion planning: An educational and ecological approach , (3rd ed.) , Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
   Google Scholar
• Gruber , A. J. and Pope , H. G. Jr. 2000 . Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 69 : 19 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundersheim , J. 1987 . Sensation seeking in male and female athletes and nonathletes . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 18 ( 2 ) : 87 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase , A. M. , Prapavessis , H. and Owens , R. G. 2002 . Perfectionism, social physique anxiety and disordered eating: A comparison of male and female elite athletes . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 3 ( 3 ) : 209 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , H. K. 1998 . Precompetitive anxiety in sport: the contribution of achievement goals and perfectionism . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 20 ( 2 ) : 194 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamachek , D. E. 1978 . Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism . Psychology , 15 : 27 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartgens , F. and Kuipers , H. 2004 . Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes . Sports Medicine , 34 ( 8 ) : 513 – 554 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman , M. L. and Rawson , H. E. 1992 . Differences in and correlates of sensation seeking in male and female athletes and nonathletes . Personality and Individual Differences , 13 ( 7 ) : 805 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Carron , A. V. 1999 . Eating disorder indices and athletes: An integration . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 21 : 230 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausenblas , H. A. and Downs , D. S. 2001 . Comparison of body image between athletes and nonathletes: A meta-analytic review . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 13 : 323 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellmich , N. 2006 . Athletes’ hunger to win fuels eating disorders . USA Today , February 6 : 1A – 6A .
   Google Scholar
• Hosek , V. and Rychtecky , A. 1989 . Need for achievement and intensive physical efforts . Biology of Sport , 6 : 323 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , M. R. and Ireland , M. L. 1995 . Knee injuries in female athletes . Sports Medicine , 19 ( 4 ) : 288 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. W. 2002 . Enhancing self-efficacy and learning performance . The Journal of Experimental Education , 70 ( 3 ) : 243 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janse de Jonge , X. A. K. 2003 . Effects of menstrual function on exercise performance . Sports Medicine , 33 ( 11 ) : 833 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , G. , Berman , E. and De Souza , M. J. 2006 . Disordered eating in women's gymnastics: Perspectives of athletes, coaches, parents, and judges . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 18 : 28 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutscher , E. C. , Lund , B. C. and Perry , P. J. 2002 . Anabolic steroids: A review for the clinician . Sports Medicine , 32 ( 5 ) : 285 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loucks , A. B. 2003 . Energy availability, not body fatness, regulates reproductive function in women . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 31 ( 3 ) : 144 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley , E. and Blissmer , B. 2002 . “ Self-efficacy and attributional processes in physical activity ” . In Advances in sport psychology , 2nd , Edited by: Horn , T. 186 – 205 . Champagne, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Mees , P. D. 2003 . The ripple effect of Title IX on women's health issues: Treating an increasingly active population . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 31 ( 4 ) : 21 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , K. E. , Barnes , G. M. , Sabo , D. F. , Melnick , M. J. and Farrell , M. P. 2002 . Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and other adolescent problem behaviors: Rethinking the male athlete assumption . Sociological Perspectives , 45 ( 4 ) : 467 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagel , M. 2003 . The relationship of the female athlete triad with psychocognitive functions and balance . Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness , 1 ( 2 ) : 116 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , K. and Olds , T. 2001 . Morphological evolution of athletes over the 20th century . Sports Medicine , 31 ( 11 ) : 763 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor , R. C. and O’Connor , D. B. 2003 . Predicting hopelessness and psychological distress: The role of perfectionism and coping . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 50 ( 3 ) : 362 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan , D. M. , Zuckerman , M. and Kraft , M. 1998 . Personality characteristics of male and female participants in team sports . Personality and Individual Differences , 25 ( 1 ) : 119 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otis , C. T. , Drinkwater , B. L. , Johnson , M. , Loucks , A. and Wilmore , J. 1997 . American College of Sports Medicine position stand on female athlete triad . Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise , 25 : i – ix .
   Google Scholar
• Parsons , J. T. , Siegel , A. W. and Cousins , J. H. 1997 . Late adolescent risk-taking: Effects of perceived benefits and perceived risks on behavioral intentions and behavioral change . Journal of Adolescence , 20 ( 4 ) : 381 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin , C. , Hand , D. , Boudreau , B. and Santor , D. 2005 . Gender differences in the association between substance use and elevated depressive symptoms in a general adolescent population . Addiction , 100 : 525 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priester , J. R. 2002 . “ Sex, drugs, and attitudinal ambivalence: How feelings of evaluative tension influence alcohol use and safe sex behavior ” . In Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research , Edited by: Crano , W. D. and Burgoon , M. 145 – 162 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska , J. O. , DiClemente , C. C. and Norcross , J. 1992 . In search of how people change: Application to addictive behaviors . American Psychologist , 47 : 1102 – 1114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , R. T. and Thompson , R. A. 2006 . Practical use of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission position stand on the female athlete triad: A case example . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 39 ( 3 ) : 193 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slanger , E. and Rudestam , K. E. 1997 . Motivation and disinhibition in high risk sports: Sensation seeking and self efficacy . Journal of Research in Personality , 31 : 355 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A. D. 1996 . The female athlete triad: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment . The Physician and Sportsmedicine , 24 ( 7 ) : 67 – 70 . 75–76; 86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , R. V. 1998 . The female athlete: The triad of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis . Sports Medicine , 26 : 63 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , L. 1994 . Goal orientations and athletes’ preferences for competence information sources . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 16 : 416 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. A. and Cash , T. F. 2001 . Effects of a circuit weight training program on the body images of college students . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 30 ( 1 ) : 75 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , J. B. , Posner , A. E. and Walker , G. L. 2004 . Verbal messages strengthen bench press efficacy . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 18 ( 1 ) : 26 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , R. I. 2006 . Anabolic steroids: A fatal attraction? . Journal of Neuroendocrinology , 18 ( 3 ) : 227 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesalis , C. E. 2000 . Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise , 2nd , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Yesalis , C. E. and Cowart , V. S. 1998 . The steroids game , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Yukelson , D. 1993 . “ Communicating effectively ” . In Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance , 2nd , Edited by: Williams , J. M. 122 – 136 . Mountain View, CA : Mayfield .
   Google Scholar