Motivational Profiles of Junior College Athletes: A Cluster Analysis

REFERENCES

• Aldenderfer , M. S. and Blashfield , R. K. 1984 . Cluster analysis , Newbury Park, California : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Biddle , S. J. H. 2001 . “ Understanding the Dynamics of motivation in physical activity: The influence of achievement goals on motivational processes ” . In Advances in motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. C. 101 – 127 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Biddle , S. J. H. and Mutrie , N. 2001 . “ Motivation through feelings of control ” . In Psychology of physical activity , 49 – 84 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Biddle , S. J. H. , Wang , C. K. J. , Chatzisarantis , N. L. D. and Spray , C. M. 2003 . Entity and incremental beliefs concerning athletic ability: Measurement and relationships with physical activity motivation in youth . Journal of Sports Sciences , 21 : 973 – 989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biddle , S. J. H. , Wang , C. K. J. , Kavussanu , M. and Spray , C. M. 2003 . Correlates of achievement goal orientations in physical activity: A systematic review of research . European Journal of Sport Science , 3 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Boixadós , M. , Cruz , J. , Torregrosa , M. and Valiente , L. 2004 . Relationships among motivational climate, satisfaction, perceived ability and fair play attitudes in young soccer players . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 16 : 301 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N. L. D. , Hagger , M. S. , Biddle , S. J. H. , Smith , B. and Wang , C. K. J. 2003 . A meta-analysis of perceived locus of causality in exercise, sport, and physical education contexts . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 25 : 284 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirkov , V. , Ryan , R. M. and Willness , C. 2005 . Cultural context and psychological needs in Canada and Brazil: Testing a self-determination approach to the internalization of cultural practices, identity, and well-being . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 36 : 423 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. 2001 . “ Achievement goal research in sport: Pushing the boundaries and clarifying some misunderstandings ” . In Advances in motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. C. 129 – 182 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. and Nicholls , J. G. 1992 . Dimension of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. and Treasure , D. C. 2001 . “ Toward optimal motivation in sport: Fostering athletes’ competence and sense of control ” . In Applied sport psychology ( , 4th ed. , Edited by: Williams , J. 43 – 62 . Mountain View, CA : Mayfield Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duda , J. L. and Whitehead , J. 1998 . “ Measurement of goal perspectives in the physical domain ” . In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement , Edited by: Duda , J. L. 21 – 48 . Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. 1999 . Self-theories: Their roles in motivation, personality and development , Philadelphia : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Dweck , C. S. and Leggett , E. 1988 . A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality . Psychological Review , 95 : 256 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etnier , J. L. , Sidman , C. L. and Hancock , II L. C. 2004 . An examination of goal orientation profiles and motivation in adult team sport . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 35 : 173 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , K. R. 1990 . The Physical Self-Perception Profile manual , DeKalb, IL : Office for Health Promotion, Northern Illinois University .
   Google Scholar
• Georgiadis , M. , Biddle , S. J. H. and Anweele , Y. V. 2001 . Cognitive, emotional, and behavioural connotations of task and ego goal orientation profiles: An ideographic approach using hierarchical class analysis . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 32 : 1 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudas , M. , Biddle , S. J. H. and Fox , K. 1994 . Perceived locus of causality, goal orientation, and perceived competence in school physical education classes . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 64 : 453 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , S. B. and Salkind , N. J. 2003 . Using SPSS for windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and understanding data , 3rd ed. , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , B. and Gill , D. 1997 . A cross-cultural extension of goal perspective theory to Korean youth sport . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 19 : 142 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. J. , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Black , W. C. 1998 . Multivariate data analysis , 5th ed. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall International .
   Google Scholar
• Harwood , C. , Cumming , J. and Fletcher , D. 2004 . Motivational profiles and psychological skills use within elite youth sport . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 16 : 318 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine , S. J. 2003 . “ An exploration of cultural variation in self-enhancing and self-improving motivations ” . In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 49. Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self , Edited by: Murphy-Berman , V. and Berman , J. J. 1 – 57 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hodge , K. and Petlichkoff , L. 2000 . Goal profiles in sport motivation: A cluster analysis . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 22 : 256 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , S. I. and DeVoe , S. E. 2003 . “ Rethinking the value of choice: Considering cultural mediators of intrinsic motivation ” . In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 49. Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self , Edited by: Murphy-Berman , V. and Berman , J. J. 129 – 176 . Lincoln, NE : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Li , F. 1999 . The Exercise Motivation Scale: Its multifaceted structure and construct validity . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 11 : 97 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , F. , Harmer , P. , Chi , L. and Vongjaturapat , N. 1996 . Cross-cultural validation of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 18 : 392 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley , E. , Duncan , T. E. and Tammen , V. V. 1989 . Psychometric properties of the intrinsic motivation inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis . Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport , 60 : 48 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , E. , Markland , D. and Ingledew , D. K. 1997 . A graded conceptualization of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behavior: Development of a measure using confirmatory factor analysis . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 745 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , M. L. , Duda , J. L. and Yin , Z. 2000 . Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 in a sample of female athletes . Journal of Sports Sciences , 18 : 275 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J. G. 1989 . The competitive ethos and democratic education , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. 2001 . Empirical links between achievement goal theory and self-determination in sport . Journal of Sports Sciences , 19 : 397 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi , S. 2000 . “ Goals as cornerstones of subjective well-being: Linking individuals and cultures ” . In Culture and subjective well-being , Edited by: Diener , E. and Suh , E. M. 87 – 112 . Cambridge, MA : Bradford .
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L. G. , Fortier , M. S. , Vallerand , R. J. , Tuson , K. M. , Briere , N. M. and Blais , M. S. 1995 . Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sports Motivation Scale (SMS) . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 17 : 35 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petherick , C. M. and Weigand , D. A. 2002 . The relationship of dispositional goal orientations and perceived motivational climates on indices of motivation in male and female swimmers . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 33 : 218 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , G. C. 2001 . “ Understanding the Dynamics of motivation in physical activity: The influence of achievement goals on motivational processes ” . In Advances in motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G. C. 1 – 50 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Rothbaum , F. , Weisz , J. , Pott , M. , Miyake , K. and Morelli , G. 2000 . Attachment and culture: Security in the United States and Japan . American Psychologist , 55 : 1093 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. and Connell , J. P. 1989 . Perceived locus of causality and internalization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 749 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. and Deci , E. L. 2000 . Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classical definitions and new directions . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 25 : 54 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R. M. and Deci , E. L. 2002 . “ An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective ” . In Handbook of self-determination research , Edited by: Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 3 – 33 . Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Standage , M. , Duda , J. L. and Ntoumanis , N. 2003 . Predicting motivational regulations in physical education: the interplay between dispositional goal orientation, motivational climate and perceived competence . Journal of Sports Sciences , 21 : 631 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng , V. 2004 . Family interdependence and academic adjustment in college: Youth from immigrant and U.S.-born families . Child Development , 75 : 966 – 983 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. and Fortier , M. S. 1998 . “ Measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: A review and critique ” . In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement , Edited by: Duda , J. L. 81 – 101 . Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. , Pelletier , L. G. , Blais , M. R. , Briere , N. M. , Senecal , C. and Vallieres , E. F. 1992 . The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education . Educational and Psychological Measurement , 52 : 1003 – 1017 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R. J. and Rosseau , F. L. 2001 . “ Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise: A review using the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation ” . In Handbook of sport psychology , 2nd Eds. , Edited by: Singer , R. N. , Hausenblas , H. A. and Janelle , C. M. 389 – 416 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste , M. , Zhou , M. , Lens , W. and Soenens , B. 2005 . Experiences of autonomy and control among Chinese learners: Vitalizing or immobilizing? . Journal of Educational Psychology , 97 : 468 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos , S. P. , Karageorghis , C. I. and Terry , P. C. 2000 . Motivational profiles in sport: A self-determination perspective . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 71 : 387 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. K. J. and Biddle , S. J. H. 2001 . Young people's motivational profiles in physical activity: A cluster analysis . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 23 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. K. J. , Chatzisarantis , N. L. D. , Spray , C. M. and Biddle , S. J. H. 2002 . Achievement goal profiles in school physical education: Differences in self-determination, sport ability beliefs, and physical activity . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 72 : 433 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C. K. J. , Liu , W. C. , Biddle , S. J. H. and Spray , C. M. 2005 . Cross-cultural validation of the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire Version 2 . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 1245 – 1256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. R. , Ebbeck , V. and Horn , T. 1997 . Children's self-perceptions and sources of physical competence information: A cluster analysis . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 19 : 52 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar