Age Differences in Individuals' Cognitive and Behavioral Moral Functioning Responses in Male Soccer Teams

REFERENCES

• Bredemeier , B. J. 1978 . “ BAAGI: Instrument to assess instrumental and reactive aggression ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Psychological Assessment in Sport , 136 – 145 . Netanya : Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sport .
   Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. J. 1994 . Children's moral reasoning and their assertive, aggressive, and submissive tendencies in sport and daily life . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psvchology , 16 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. J. 1995 . Divergence in children's moral reasoning about issues in daily life and sport specific contexts . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 26 : 453 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. and Shields , D. 1984 . Divergence in moral reasoning about sport and life . Sociology of Sport Journal , 1 : 348 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. and Shields , D. 1985 . Values and violence in sport . Psychology Today , 19 : 22 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. and Shields , D. 1986 . Game reasoning and interactional morality . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 147 : 257 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. and Shields , D. 1998 . “ Moral assessment in sport psychology ” . In Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement , Edited by: Duda , J. L. 257 – 276 . Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. , Weiss , M. , Shields , D. and Cooper , B. 1986 . The relationship of sport involvement with children's moral reasoning, and aggression tendencies . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 304 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier , B. , Weiss , M. , Shields , D. and Cooper , B. 1987 . The relationship between children's legitimacy judgments and their moral reasoning, aggression tendencies, and sport involvement . Sociology of Sport Journal , 4 : 48 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Buss , A. H. 1961 . The psychology of aggression , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Conroy , D. E. , Silva , J. M. , Newcomer , R. R. , Walker , B. W. and Johnson , M. S. 2001 . Personal and participatory socializers of the perceived legitimacy of aggressive behavior in sport . Aggressive Behavior , 27 : 405 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulomb-Cabagno , G. and Rascle , O. 2006 . Team sports players’ aggression as a function of gender, competitive level and sport type . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 36 ( 8 ) : 1980 – 2000 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L. 1951 . Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests . Psychometrica , 16 : 297 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damon , W. 1997 . The youth charter: How communities can work together to raise the standards for all our children , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ebbeck , V. and Gibbons , S. L. 2003 . Explaining the self-conception of perceived conduct using indicators of moral functioning in physical education . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 74 : 284 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. E. and Janelle , C. M. 2002 . Legitimacy judgments of perceived aggression and assertion by contact and non contact sport participants . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 33 : 290 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , S. , Ebbeck , V. and Weiss , M. 1995 . Fair play for kids: Effects on the moral development of children in physical education . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 66 : 247 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haan , N. 1991 . “ Moral development and action from a social constructivist perspective ” . In Handbook of moral behavior and development: Theory , Edited by: Kurtinez , W. M. and Gewirtz , J. L. Vol. 1 , 251 – 273 . Hillsdile, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Jantz , R. K. 1975 . Moral thinking in male elementary pupils as reflected by perceptions of basketball rules . Research Quarterly , 46 : 414 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , C. and McNamee , M. 2000 . Moral reasoning, moral action, and the moral atmosphere of sport . Sport, Education and Society , 5 ( 2 ) : 131 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Ntounamis , N. 2003 . Participation in sport and moral functioning: Does ego orientation mediate their relationship? . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 25 : 501 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Roberts , G. C. 2001 . Moral functioning in sport: An achievement goal perspective . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 23 : 37 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. , Roberts , G. C. and Ntounamis , N. 2002 . Contextual influences on moral functioning of college basketball players . The Sport Psychologist , 16 : 347 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. , Seal , A. R. and Phillips , D. R. 2006 . Observed prosocial and antisocial behaviors in male soccer teams: Age differences across adolescence and the role of motivational variables . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 18 : 326 – 344 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Spray , C. M. 2006 . Contextual influences on moral functioning of male youth footballers . The Sport Psychologist , 20 : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg , L. 1984 . Essays on moral development: The psychology of moral development (Vol. 2) , San Francisco : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , B. W. , Roberts , G. C. and Ommundsen , Y. 2005 . Effect of perceived motivational climate on moral functioning, team moral atmosphere perceptions, and the legitimacy of intentionally injurious acts among competitive youth football players . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 6 ( 4 ) : 461 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ommundsen , Y. , Roberts , G. C. , Lemyre , P. N. and Treasure , D. 2003 . Perceived motivational climate in male youth soccer: Relations to social-moral functioning, sportspersonship and team norm perceptions . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 4 : 397 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfister , R. 1985 . “ Etude des interactions agressives dans la pratique du football: la grille d'observation [Analyse of aggressive interactions in soccer: the observation grid] ” . In Recherches en APS Tome 1 , Edited by: Laurent , M. and Therme , P. 31 – 39 . Marseille : Centre de Recherche de l'UEREPS .
   Google Scholar
• Pfister , R. and Papanastassiou , M. 1987 . “ Evolution des interactions agressives dans le football en fonction de la catégorie d’âge des pratiquants [Effect of age on the evolution of aggressive interactions in soccer] ” . In Actes du IVème Congrès International de Psychologie du Sport , Edited by: Vanfraechem-Raway , R. and Van Dam , F. 76 – 84 . Bruxelles : ATM .
   Google Scholar
• Pfister , R. and Sabatier , C. 1994 . Les interactions agressives dans la pratique sportive des jeunes [Aggressive interactions in youth sport] . Enfance , 2–3 : 215 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. 1932 . The moral judgment of the child , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. 1970 . Structuralism , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Rainey , D. W. , Santilli , N. R. and Fallon , K. 1992 . Development of athletes’ conceptions of sport officials’ authority . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 14 : 392 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rest , J. 1983 . “ Morality ” . In Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3, Cognitive Development , Edited by: Mussen , P. , Flavell , J. and Markman , E. 556 – 629 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rest , J. 1984 . “ The major components of morality ” . In Morality, moral behavior, and moral development , Edited by: Kurtines , W. and Gewirtz , J. 24 – 40 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , G. C. 1984 . “ Achievement motivation in children's sport ” . In The development of achievement motivation , Edited by: Nicholls , J. G. 251 – 281 . Greenwich : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , M. K. , Williams , J. M. and Wimer , B. 1990 . Athletic aggression: perceived legitimacy and behavioral intentions in girls’ high school basketball . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 12 : 48 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields , D. and Bredemeier , B. 1984 . “ Sport and moral growth: A structural developmental perspective ” . In Cognitive sport psychology , Edited by: Straub , W. and Williams , J. 89 – 101 . New York : Sport Science Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Shields , D. and Bredemeier , B. 1995 . Character development and physical activity , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Shields , D. and Bredemeier , B. 2001 . “ Moral development and behavior in sport ” . In Handbook of sport psychology , Edited by: Singer , R.N. , Hausenblas , H. A. and Janelle , C. M. 585 – 603 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , J. M. 1980 . “ Assertive and aggressive behavior in sport: a definitional clarification ” . In Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport , Edited by: Nadeau , C. H. , Halliwell , W. R. , Newell , K. M. and Roberts , G. C. 199 – 208 . Champaign, Ill : Human Kinetics Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , J. 1983 . The perceived legitimacy of rule violating behavior in sport . Journal of Sport Psychology , 5 : 438 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. D. 1983 . Violence and sport , Toronto : Butterworth .
   Google Scholar
• Stephens , D. 2001 . Predictors of aggressive tendencies in girls’ basketball: An examination of beginning and advanced participants in a summer skills camp . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 72 : 257 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , D. and Bredemeier , B. 1996 . Moral atmosphere and judgments about aggression in girls’ soccer: Relationships among moral and motivational variables . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 18 : 158 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 1996 . Using Multivariate Statistics , New York : Harper Collins College Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Tenenbaum , G. , Stewart , E. , Singer , R. N. and Duda , J. 1996 . Aggression and violence in sport: an ISSP position stand . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 27 : 229 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visek , A. and Watson , J. C. II . 2005 . Ice hockey players’ perceived legitimacy of aggression: An examination at the youth, high school, collegiate and professional levels . The Sport Psychologist , 19 : 178 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , M. R. and Raedeke , T. D. 2004 . “ Developmental sport psychology: Research status on youth and directions toward a lifespan perspective ” . In Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective , Edited by: Weiss , M. R. 1 – 26 . Morgantown, WV : Fitness Information Technology .
   Google Scholar