Alleviating Choking: The Sounds of Distraction

REFERENCES

• Anshel , M. H. and Kaissidis , A. N. 1997 . Coping style and situational appraisals as predictors of coping strategies following stressful events in sport as a function of gender and skill level . British Journal of Psychology , 88 : 263 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow , D. H. and Hersen , M. 1984 . Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change , New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. 1984 . Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 610 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. , Hutton , D. G. and Cairns , K. J. 1990 . Negative effects of praise on skilled performance . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 11 : 131 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock , S. L. and Carr , T. H. 2001 . On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 130 : 701 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock , S. L. , Carr , T. H. , MacMahon , C. and Starkes , J. L. 2002 . When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 8 : 6 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock , S. L. , Kulp , C. A. , Holt , L. E. and Carr , T. H. 2004 . More on the fragility of performance: Choking under pressure in mathematical problem solving . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 584 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss , A. H. 1980 . Self-consciousness and social anxiety , San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. and Scheier , M. F. 1981 . Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Côté , J. , Salmela , J. H. , Baria , A. and Russell , S. J. 1993 . Organizing and interpreting unstructured qualitative data . The Sport Psychologist , 7 : 127 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. G. H. , Causgrove-Dunn , J. , Wilson , P. and Syrotuik , D. G. 2000 . Reexamining the factorial composition and factor structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 22 : 183 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , T. , Kingston , K. , Hardy , L. and Gould , D. 2002 . A qualitative analysis of catastrophic performances and the associated thoughts, feelings, and emotions . The Sport Psychologist , 16 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , M. W. and Calvo , M. G. 1992 . Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory . Cognition and Emotion , 6 : 409 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenigstein , A. 1987 . On the nature of public and private self-consciousness . Journal of Personality , 55 : 543 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenigstein , A. , Scheier , M. F. and Buss , A. H. 1975 . Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 522 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitts , P. M. and Posner , M. I. 1967 . Human performance , Belmont, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , E. N. 2004 . Defining choking: A qualitative examination , Melbourne, , Australia : Unpublished master's thesis, Victoria University .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , L. , Mullen , R. and Martin , N. 2001 . Effect of task-relevant cues and state anxiety on motor performance . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 92 : 942 – 946 .
   Google Scholar
• Hitman , J. 1979 . “ Always look on the bright side of life (Eric Idol) ” . In On Monty Python's Life of Brian (CD) , London : England: Python (Monty) Pictures Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. C. , Ashford , K. J. and Norsworthy , G. 2006 . Attentional focus, dispositional reinvestment, and skilled motor performance under pressure . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 28 : 49 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaissidis , A. and Anshel , M. H. 1993 . Sources and intensity of acute stress in adolescent and adult Australian basketball referees: A preliminary study . Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 25 : 97 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaissidis-Rodafinos , A. , Anshel , M. H. and Porter , A. 1997 . Personal and situational factors that predict coping strategies for acute stress among basketball referees . Journal of Sports Sciences , 15 : 427 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karageorghis , C. I. and Terry , P. C. 1997 . The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: A review . Journal of Sport Behavior , 20 : 54 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. 1982 . Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krane , V. , Andersen , M. B. and Strean , W. B. 1997 . Issues of qualitative research methods and presentation . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 19 : 213 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , B. P. and Linder , D. E. 1997 . Thinking about choking? Attentional processes and paradoxical performance . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 23 : 937 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louganis , G. 1995 . Breaking the surface , London : Orion .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. , Burton , D. , Vealey , R. S. , Bump , L. A. and Smith , D. E. 1990 . “ Development and validation of the CSAI-2 ” . In Competitive anxiety in sport , Edited by: Martens , R. , Vealey , R. S. and Burton , D. 117 – 190 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Masters , R. S. W. 1992 . Knowledge, nerves and know-how . British Journal of Psychology , 83 : 343 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters , R. S. W. , Polman , R. C. J. and Hammond , N. V. 1993 . ‘Reinvestment’: A dimension of personality implicated in skill breakdown under pressure . Personality and Individual Differences , 14 : 655 – 666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesagno , C. , Marchant , D. and Morris , T. 2008 . Using a pre-performance routine to alleviate choking under pressure in “choking-susceptible” athletes . The Sport Psychologist , 22 : 439 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , R. , Hardy , L. and Tattersall , A. 2005 . The effects of anxiety on motor performance: A test of the Conscious Processing Hypothesis . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 27 : 212 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nideffer , R. M. 1992 . Psyched to win , Champaign, IL : Leisure Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pates , J. , Karageorghis , C. I. , Fryer , R. and Maynard , I. 2003 . Effects of asynchronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 4 : 415 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , M. Q. 2002 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.) , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. E. , Smoll , F. L. and Schutz , R. W. 1990 . Measurement and correlates of sport specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale . Anxiety Research , 2 : 263 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Terry , P. C. 2004 . “ Mood and emotions in sport ” . In Sport psychology: Theory, applications and issues , 2nd , Edited by: Morris , T. and Summers , J. 48 – 73 . Milton, , Australia : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Marchant , D. B. and Morris , T. 2004 . Coping style and susceptibility to choking . Journal of Sport Behavior , 27 : 75 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , J. , Marchant , D. B. , Morris , T. and Gibbs , P. 2004 . Self-consciousness and trait anxiety as predictors of choking in sport . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 7 : 174 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , O. R. 1974 . The “split middle”: A “quickie” method of trend estimation , Seattle, WA : University of Washington, Experimental Education Unit, Child Development and Mental Retardation Center .
   Google Scholar
• White , O. R. 2005 . “ Trend lines ” . In Encyclopedia of behavior modification and cognitive behavior therapy , Edited by: Sugai , G. and Horner , R. Vol. 3 , 1589 – 1593 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , G. S. , Chattington , M. , Marple-Horvat , D. E. and Smith , N. C. 2007 . A comparison of self-focus versus attentional explanations of choking . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 29 : 439 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wine , J. 1971 . Test anxiety and direction of attention . Psychological Bulletin , 76 : 92 – 104 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woody , S. R. 1996 . Effects of focus of attention on anxiety levels and social performance of individuals with social phobia . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 105 : 61 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar