416
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Coaches are people too: An applied model of stress management for sports coaches

Pages 27-50 | Received 01 Sep 1990, Published online: 14 Jan 2008

References

  • Bair , J. P. and Greenspan , B. K. 1986 . TEAMS: Teamwork training for interns, residents, and nurses . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 37 : 633 – 635 .
  • Bandura , A. 1977 . Self‐efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change . Psychological Review , 84 : 191 – 215 .
  • Beck , A. T. 1978 . Depression inventory , Philadelphia : Center for Cognitive Therapy .
  • Beech , H. R. , Burns , L. E. and Shefield , B. F. 1984 . A behavioural approach to the management of stress , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • 1977 . “ Project management and worker burnout ” . In Evaluation of child abuse and neglect program , Vol. 10 , Berkeley, CA : Berkeley Planned Associates . Berkeley Planned Associates
  • Borges , R. 1989a . It's hard to manage . Boston Globe , 37 July 2
  • Borges , R. 1989b . Sinking feeling in Hull program: Private funding a temporary bailout . Boston Globe , 48 July 3
  • Borges , R. 1989c . This bill didn't fit: Title IX wasn't answer women had been seeking . Boston Globe , 43 July 4
  • Borges , R. 1989d . A losing proposition: Despite opportunities, it doesn't pay to enter profession . Boston Globe , 65 July 5
  • Bramwell , S. T. , Masuda , M. , Wagner , N. N. and Holmes , T. H. 1975 . Psychological factors in athletic injuries: Development and application of the Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale (SARRS) . Journal of Human Stress , 1 : 6 – 20 .
  • Broadhead , W. E. , Kaplan , B. H. , James , S. A. , Wagner , E. H. , Schoenbach , V. J. , Grimson , R. , Heyden , S. , Tiblin , G. and Gehlbach , S. H. 1983 . The epidemiologic evidence for a relationship between social support and health . American Journal of Epidemiology , 117 : 521 – 537 .
  • Browning , E. R. 1983 . A memory pacer for improving stimulus generalization . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 13 : 427 – 432 .
  • Bruning , N. S. and Frew , D. R. 1987 . Effects of exercise, relaxation, and management skills on physiological stress indicators: A field experiment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 72 : 515 – 521 .
  • Burke , S. 1980 . Human anatomy and physiology for the health sciences , New York : Wiley .
  • Caccese , T. M. and Mayerberg , C. K. 1984 . Gender differences in perceived burnout of college coaches . Journal of Sport Psychology , 6 : 279 – 288 .
  • Capel , S. 1986 . Psychological and organizational factors related to burnout in athletic trainers . Athletic Training , 21 : 322 – 327 .
  • Capel , S. A. , Sisley , B. L. and Desertrain , G. S. 1987 . The relationship of role conflict and role ambiguity of burnout in high school basketball coaches . Journal of sport Psychology , 2 : 106 – 117 .
  • Caplan , G. 1974 . Support systems and community mental health , New York : Behavioral Publications .
  • Cherniss , C. 1980 . Staff burnout: Job stress in the human services , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Cobb , S. 1976 . Social support as a moderator of life stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 38 : 300 – 314 .
  • Cohen , S. and Wills , T. A. 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
  • Cooper , C. L. and Marshall , J. 1976 . Occupational sources of stress: A review of literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 49 : 11 – 28 .
  • Dale , J. and Weinberg , R. S. 1989 . The relationship between coaches' leadership style and burnout . The Sport Psychologist , 3 : 1 – 13 .
  • Davis‐Sacks , M. L. , Jayaratne , S. and Chess , W. A. 1985 . A comparison of the effects of social support on the incidence of burnout . Social Work , May‐June : 240 – 244 .
  • Davison , G. C. and Valins , S. 1969 . Maintenance of self‐attributed and drug‐attributed behavior change . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 11 : 25 – 33 .
  • Decker , T. W. 1987 . Multi‐component treatment for academic underachievers . Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. , 1 : 29 – 37 .
  • Delman , R. and Johnson , H. 1976 . Biofeedback and progressive muscle relaxation: A comparison of psychophysiological effects . Psychophysiology , 13 : 181
  • Depner , C. , Wethington , E. and Korshavn , S. 1982 . How social support works: Issues in testing theory . Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Meetings . August 1982 , Washington, DC.
  • Derogatis , L. R. 1977 . SCL‐ 90 Manual‐1 , Baltimore : Johns‐Hopkins University School of Medicine .
  • Dougherty , A. M. and Deck , M. D. 1984 . Helping teachers to help children cope with stress . Journal of Humanistic Education and Development , 23 : 36 – 44 .
  • Fowler , N. 1970 . Inspection and palpation of venous and arterial pulses , New York : American Heart Association .
  • Frankenhaeuseur , M. 1977 . Job demands, health and well‐being . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 21 : 313 – 321 .
  • Frederiksen , L. W. , Solomon , L. J. , McClaren , H. A. and Bosmajian , C. P. 1979 . Stress management: Behavioral skill development as a secondary prevention . Extending behavioral analysis to the community. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association . 1979 , New York. Edited by: Scott Geller , E. Chair .
  • French , J. R. P. and Caplan , R. D. 1972 . “ Organizational stress and individual strain ” . In The failure of success , Edited by: Marrow , A. J. New York : Amacom .
  • Freudenberger , H. J. 1980 . Burnout , New York : Doubleday .
  • Ganster , D. C. , Mayes , B. T. , Sime , W. E. and Tharp , G. D. 1982 . Managing organizational stress: A field experiment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 67 : 533 – 542 .
  • Gifford , R. May/June 1975 . “ Hypertension ” . In Drug Therapy May/June , 5 – 9 .
  • Gorrell , J. J. , Bregman , N. J. , McAllister , H. A. and Lipscomb , T. J. 1985 . An analysis of perceived stress in elementary and student teachers and full‐time teachers . Journal of Experimental Education , 54 : 11 – 14 .
  • Hammer , A. and Marting , M. S. 1987 . Coping resources inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
  • Harris , K. R. , Halpin , G. and Halpin , G. 1985 . Teacher characteristics and stress . Journal of Educational Research , 78 : 346 – 350 .
  • Holmes , T. H. and Rahe , R. H. 1967 . The Social Readjustment Rating Scale . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 11 : 213 – 218 .
  • Holtzworth‐Munroe , A. , Munroe , M. S. and Smith , R. E. 1985 . Effects of stress management training programs on first‐ and second‐year medical students . Journal of Medical Education , 60 : 417 – 419 .
  • Ingham , A. G. 1975 . “ Occupational subcultures in the world of work ” . In Sport and social order: Contributions to the sociology of sport , Edited by: Ball , D. W. and Loy , J. W. Menlo Park, CA : Addison‐Wesley .
  • Ivancevich , J. M. , Matteson , J. T. , Freedman , S. M. and Phillips , J. S. 1990 . Worksite stress management interventions . American Psychologist , 45 : 252 – 261 .
  • Jablin , F. 1981 . Cultivating imagination: Factors that enhance and inhibit creativity in brainstorming groups . Human Communication Research. , 7 : 245 – 258 .
  • Jones , J. W. 1983 . The Human Factors Inventory (HFI) , St. Paul, MN : The St. Paul Insurance Companies .
  • Jones , J. W. and Fay , L. 1987 . The Human Factors Inventory: Background and interpretation guide , 2nd Ed. , St. Paul, MN : The St. Paul Insurance Companies .
  • Jones , J. W. , Barge , B. N. , Steffy , B. D. , Fay , L. M. , Kunz , L. K. and Wuebker , L. J. 1988 . Stress and medical malpractice: Organizational risk assessment and intervention . Journal of Applied Psychology , 73 : 727 – 735 .
  • Kahn , R. 1978 . Job burnout: Prevention and remedies . Public Welfare , 36 : 61 – 63 .
  • Kahn , R. , Wolfe , D. , Quinn , D. , Snoek , R. and Rosenthal , J. 1964 . Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and role ambiguity , New York : Wiley & Sons .
  • Kanner , A. D. , Coyne , J. G. , Schaefer , C. and Lazarus , R. S. 1981 . Comparison of two modes of stress management: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 4 : 1 – 39 .
  • Kanner , A. D. , Kafry , D. and Pines , A. 1978 . Conspicuous in its absence: The lack of positive conditions as a source of stress . Journal of Human Stress , 4 : 33 – 39 .
  • Kelleher , M. 1974 . Systolic pressure in assessing treatment effects . The New England Journal of Medicine , 291 : 1192 – 1193 .
  • King , A. C. , Winett , R. A. and Lovett , S. B. 1986 . Enhancing coping behaviors in at‐risk populations: The effects of time‐management instruction and social support in women from dual‐earner families . Behavior Therapy , 17 : 57 – 66 .
  • Kirschenbaum , D. S. 1984 . Self‐regulation and sport psychology: Nurturing an emerging symbiosis . Journal of Sport Psychology , 6 : 159 – 183 .
  • Klein , M. 1985 . The old champ went down swinging . Sports Illustrated , 63 : 38 – 39 .
  • Kroll , W. and Gendersheim , J. 1982 . Stress factors in coaching . Coaching Science Update , 23 : 47 – 49 .
  • Kyriacou , C. and Sutcliffe , J. 1978 . Teacher stress: Prevalence, sources and symptoms . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 48 : 159 – 167 .
  • Labouvie‐Vief , G. and Gonda , J. 1976 . Cognitive strategy training and intellectual performance in the elderly . Journal of Gerontology , 31 : 327 – 332 .
  • Lange , A. J. and Jakubowski , P. 1976 . Responsible assertive behavior , Champaign, 1L : Research Press .
  • Lazarus , A. 1972 . Behavior theory and beyond , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1975 . A cognitively oriented psychologist looks at biofeedback . American Psychologist , 30 : 553 – 561 . (a)
  • Lazarus , R. S. 1975 . “ The self‐regulation of emotion ” . In Emotions—Their parameters and measurement , Edited by: Levi , L. 47 – 68 . New York : Ravel .
  • Lazarus , R. S. and Folkman , S. 1984 . Stress, appraisal, and coping , New York : Springer .
  • Leavey , R. L. 1983 . Social support and psychological disorder: A review . Journal of Community Psychology , 11 : 3 – 21 .
  • Lindner , K. C. , Sarason , I. G. and Sarason , B. R. 1988 . “ Assessed life stress and experimentally provided social support ” . In Stress and anxiety , Edited by: Spielberger , C. D. , Sarason , I. G. and Defares , P. B. Vol. 11 , Washington, DC : Hemisphere .
  • Locke , E. A. , Shaw , K. N. , Saari , L. M. and Latham , G. P. 1981 . Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980 . Psychological Bulletin , 90 : 125 – 152 .
  • Looney , D. S. 1985 . New game plan for Mr. Tough . Sports Illustrated , 62 : 35 – 40 .
  • Loy , J. W. 1978 . The cultural system of sport . Quest , 29 : 73 – 101 .
  • Malone , C. and Rotella , R. 1981 . Preventing coach burnout . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance , 52 : 22
  • May , E. , House , W. C. and Kovacs , K. V. 1982 . Group relaxation therapy to improve coping with stress . Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice , 19 : 102 – 109 .
  • McInerney , J. F. 1984 . A cognitive‐behavioral model for stress management problems . Psychotherapy in Private Practice , 2 : 17 – 24 .
  • McLeroy , R. R. , Green , L. W. , Mullen , K. D. and Foshee , V. 1984 . Assessing the effects of health promotion in worksites: A review of the stress program evaluations . Health Education Quarterly , 11 : 379 – 401 .
  • Meichenbaum , D. 1977 . Cognitive‐behavior modification , New York : Plenum .
  • Meichenbaum , D. and Jaremko , M. 1983 . Stress reduction and prevention , New York : Plenum .
  • Meichenbaum , D. and Cameron , R. 1973 . Training schizophrenics to talk to themselves: A means of developing attentional controls . Behavior Therapy , 4 : 515 – 534 .
  • Miller , L. H. and Smith , A. D. 1982 . Stress audit questionnaire . Bostonia: Indepth. , December : 39 – 54 .
  • Mitchell , R. E. , Billings , A. G. and Moos , R. H. 1982 . Social support and well‐being: Implications for prevention programs . Journal of Primary Prevention , 3 : 77 – 98 .
  • Moleski , R. and Tosi , E. J. 1976 . Comparative psychotherapy: Rational‐emotive therapy versus systematic desensitization in the treatment of stuttering . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 44 : 309 – 311 .
  • Monat , A. and Lazarus , R. S. 1977 . “ Stress and coping—some current issues and controversies ” . In Stress and Coping: An anthology , Edited by: Monat , A. and Lazarus , R. S. New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Monroe , S. M. 1983 . Major and minor life events as predictors of psychologtcal distress: Further issues and findings . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 6 : 189 – 205 .
  • Murphy , L. R. 1984 . Occupational stress management: A review and appraisal . Journal of Occupational Psychology , 57 : 1 – 15 .
  • Norbeck , J. S. 1985 . Types and sources of social support for managing job stress in critical care nursing . Nursing Research , 34 : 225 – 230 .
  • Osborn , A. F. 1957 . Applied imagination (rev. ed.) , New York : Scribner .
  • Passer , M. W. and Seese , M. D. 1983 . Life stress and athletic injury: Examination of positive versus negative events and three moderator variables . Journal of Human Stress , 9 : 11 – 16 .
  • Payne , M. A. and Furnham , A. 1987 . Dimensions of occupational stress in West Indian secondary school teachers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 57 : 141 – 150 .
  • Pilisuk , M. and Parks , S. H. 1986 . The healing web—Social networks and human survival , Hanover, NH : University Press of New England .
  • Pines , A. M. , Aronson , E. and Kafry , D. 1981 . Burnout , New York : Free Press .
  • Pratt , J. 1978 . Perceived stress among teachers: The effects of age and background of children taught . Educational Review , 30 : 3 – 14 .
  • Rapoport , R. and Rapoport , R. N. 1976 . Dual‐career families reexamined , New York : Harper and Row .
  • Raschke , D. B. , Dedrick , C. V. , Strathe , M. I. and Hawkes , R. R. 1985 . Teacher stress: The elementary teacher's perspective . Elementary School Journal , 85 : 559 – 564 .
  • Richman , J. M. , Hardy , C. J. , Rosenfeld , L. B. and Callahan , R. A. E. 1989 . Strategies for enhancing social support networks in sport: A brainstorming experience . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 2 : 150 – 159 .
  • Romano , J. L. 1984 . Stress management and wellness: Reaching beyond the counselor's office . Personnel and Guidance Journal , 62 : 533 – 537 .
  • Rosenfeld , L. B. , Richman , J. M. and Hardy , C. J. 1989 . Examining social support networks among athletes: Description and relationship to stress . The Sport Psychologist , 3 : 23 – 33 .
  • Rushall , B. S. 1987 . Daily analyses of life demands for athletes , Spring Valley, CA : Sports Science Associates‐Canada .
  • Santomier , J. 1983 . The sport‐stress connection . Theory into Practice , 22 : 57 – 63 .
  • Sarason , I. D. , Levine , H. M. , Basham , R. B. and Sarason , B. R. 1983 . Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 127 – 139 .
  • Sarason , I. G. , Johnson , J. H. and Siegel , J. M. 1978 . Assessing the impact of life changes: Development of the Life Experiences Survey . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 46 : 932 – 940 .
  • Sarason , I. G. and Sarason , B. R. 1986 . Experimentally provided social support . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 1222 – 1225 .
  • Savery , L. K. 1986 . Stress and the employee . Leadership and Organization Development Journal , 7 : 17 – 20 .
  • Schultz , B. G. 1989 . Communicating in a small group: Theory and practice , New York : Harper and Row .
  • Schwab , R. L. 1981 . The relationship of role conflict, role ambiguity, teacher background variables and perceived burnout among teachers , Doctoral dissertation 3823‐a. University of Connecticut . DAI 41 (09‐A)2, 1981.
  • Shannon , C. and Saleeby , D. 1980 . Training child welfare workers to cope with burnout . Child Welfare , 59 : 463 – 468 .
  • Shaw , D. G. , Keiper , R. W. and Flaherty , C. E. 1985 . Stress causing events for teachers . Education. , 106 : 72 – 77 .
  • Smith , R. E. 1980 . “ A cognitive‐affective approach to stress management training for athletes ” . In Psychology of motor behavior and sports , Edited by: Dadeau , C. , Halliwell , W. , Newell , K. and Roberts , G. 55 – 71 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
  • Smith , R. E. and Ascough , J. C. 1985 . “ Induced affect in stress‐management training ” . In Stress: Psychological and physiological interactions , Edited by: Burchfield , S. R. Washington, D.C. : Hemisphere .
  • Smith , R. E. and Rohsenow , D. J. 1987 . Cognitive‐affective stress management training: A treatment and resource manual , San Rafael, CA : Select Press .
  • Smith , R. E. , Smoll , F. L. and Schutz , R. 1988 . The Athletic Coping Skills Inventory: Psychometric properties, correlates, and confirmatory factor analysis , University of Washington . Unpublished manuscript
  • Snyder , E. E. and Spreitzer , E. 1979 . Lifelong involvement in sport as a leisure pursuit: Aspects of role construction . Quest , 31 : 57 – 70 .
  • Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Lushene , R. E. 1970 . Manual for the state‐trait anxiety inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologist Press .
  • Staats , A. E. and Staats , M. B. 1982 . Sex differences in stress: Measurement of differential stress levels in managerial and professional males and females on the Stress Vector Analysis‐Research Edition . Southern Psychologist , 1 : 9 – 19 .
  • Steinmetz , J. I. , Kaplan , R. M. and Miller , G. L. 1982 . Stress management: An assessment questionnaire for evaluating interventions and comparing groups . Journal of Occupational Medicine , 24 : 923 – 931 .
  • Stevens , M. J. and Pfost , K. S. 1984 . Stress management interventions . Journal of College Student Personnel , May : 269 – 270 .
  • St. Johns‐Parsons , D. 1978 . Continuous dual‐career families: A case study . Psychology of Women Quarterly. , 3 : 30 – 42 .
  • Tache , J. and Selye , H. 1985 . On stress and coping mechanisms . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 7 : 3 – 24 .
  • Taylor , J. 1987a . The application of psychological skills for the enhancement of coaching effectiveness . Presented at the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology annual meetings . September 1987a , California. Newport Beach .
  • Taylor , J. 1987b . Practical skills for the sport psychologist in the development of team integrity . Presented at the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology annual meetings . September 1987b , California. Newport Beach .
  • Trexler , L. D. and Karst , T. O. 1972 . Rational emotive therapy, placebo, and no treatment effects on public speaking anxiety . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 79 : 60 – 67 .
  • Villeco , J. E. Child abuse: The worker's perspective . Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect . Austin, TX. pp. 226 – 229 . Resource Center on Child Abuse and Neglect .
  • Wilson , V. and Bird , E. 1984 . Teacher‐coach burnout . Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Northwest District Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance . July 1984 , Eugene, OR.
  • Wolff , A. 1989 . Tempest at Mizzou . Sports Illustrated , 70 : 24 – 31 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.