References
- Akiba , M. , LeTendre , G. K. , Baker , D. P. , & Goesling , B. ( 2003 ). School victimization: National and school system effects on school violence in 37 nations . American Educational Research Journal , 39 , 829 – 853 . [CSA]
- Albrecht , T. L. & Adelman , M. B. ( 1987 ). Communicating social support: A theoretical perspective . In T. L. Albrecht & M. B. Adelman (Eds.), Communicating social support (pp. 18 – 39 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
- Bastian , L. D. ( 1992 ). Criminal victimization 1991 [Bulletin] . Rockville , MD : Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse .
- Benard , B. ( 1991 ). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school, and community (Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory) . Portland , OR : Western Center for Drug-Free Schools and Communities .
- Berman , S. L. , Kurtines , W. M. , Silverman , W. K. , & Serafini , L. T. ( 1996 ). The impact of exposure to crime and violence on urban youth . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 , 329 – 336 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Bogenschneider , K. ( 1996 ). An ecological risk/protective theory for building prevention programs, policies, and community capacity to support youth . Family Relations , 45 , 127 – 138 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Bowen , G. L. & Chapman , M. V. (1996). Poverty, neighborhood danger, social support, and the individual adaptation among “at risk” youth in urban areas. Journal of Family Issues , 17, 641–666. [CSA]
- Bowen , G. L. & Van Dorn , R. ( 2002 ). Community violent crime rates and school danger . Children and School , 24 , 90 – 104 . [CSA]
- Bowen , G. L. , Woolley , M. E. , Richman , J. M. , & Bowen , N. K. ( 2001 ). Brief intervention in schools: The School Success Profile . Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention , 1 , 43 – 54 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Bowen , N. K. & Bowen , G. L. ( 1999 ). Effects of crime and violence in neighborhoods and schools on the school behavior and performance of adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Research , 14 , 319 – 342 . [CSA]
- Browne , M. W. & Cudeck , R. ( 1993 ). Alternative ways of assessing model fit . In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 137 – 162 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
- Bureau of Justice Statistics . ( 1994 ). Criminal victimization in the United States: 1973–92 trends ( NCJ-147006 ). Rockville , MD : Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse .
- Burleson , B. R. , Albrecht , T. L. , Goldsmith , D. J. , & Sarason , I. G. ( 1994 ). The communication of social support . In B. R. Burleson , T. L. Albrecht , & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Communication and social support (pp. xi – xxx ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Byrne , B. M. ( 2001 ). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Cicchetti , D. & Lynch , M. ( 1993 ). Toward an ecological/transactional model of community violence and child maltreatment: Consequences for children's development . Interpersonal and Biological Processes , 56 , 96 – 118 . [CSA]
- Clark , M. L. ( 1991 ). Social identity, peer relations, and academic competence of African-American adolescents . Education and Urban Society , 24 , 41 – 52 . [CSA]
- Cobb , S. ( 1976 ). Social support as a moderator of life stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 38 , 300 – 314 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Coie , J. D. , Watt , N. F. , West , S. G. , Hawkins , J. D. , Asarnow , J. R. , Markham , H. J. , Ramey , S. L. , Shure , M. B. , & Long , B. ( 1993 ). A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program . American Psychologist , 48 , 1013 – 1022 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- DeVellis , R. F. ( 1991 ). Scale development: Theory and applications . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
- Dyson , J. L. ( 1989 ). The effect of family violence on children's academic performance and behavior . Journal of the National Medical Association , 82 , 17 – 22 . [CSA]
- Fagbemi , S. O. ( 2000 ). Resiliency mechanisms mediating chronic exposure to urban community violence (Doctoral dissertation, University of Hartford, 2000) Dissertation Abstracts International , 61 , B2755 . [CSA]
- Fitzpatrick , K. M. ( 1993 ). Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income, African American youth . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 61 , 528 – 531 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Fitzpatrick , K. M. & Boldizar , J. P. ( 1993 ). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African American youth . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 32 , 424 – 430 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Freedy , J. R. & Donkervoet , J. C. ( 1995 ). Traumatic stress: An overview of the field . In J. R. Freedy & S. E. Hobfoll (Eds.), Traumatic stress: From theory to practice (pp. 3 – 28 ). New York : Plenum .
- Garbarino , J. ( 1995a ). The American war zone: What children can tell us about living with violence . Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 16 , 431 – 435 . [CSA]
- Garbarino , J. ( 1995b ). Raising children in a socially toxic environment . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers .
- Garbarino , J. ( 2001 ). An ecological perspective on the effects of violence on children . Journal of Community Psychology , 29 , 361 – 378 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Garbarino , J. , Dubrow , N. , Kostelny , K. , & Pardo , C. ( 1992 ). Children in danger: Coping with the consequences of community violence . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass Publishers .
- Garbarino , J. , Stott , F. M. , & Faculty of the Erikson Institute. (1989). What children can tell us: Eliciting, interpreting, and evaluating information from children . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
- Gladstein , J. , Rusonis , E. S. , & Heald , F. P. ( 1992 ). A comparison of inner-city and upper-middle class youths' exposure to violence . Journal of Adolescent Health , 13 , 275 – 280 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Grover , J. H. ( 1999 ). The relationship between exposure to violence and posttraumatic stress disorder and the impact of social support as a potential moderating variable . (Doctoral dissertation, St. John's University, 1999) Dissertation Abstracts International , 60 , B4463 .
- Hammack , P. L. , Richards , M. H. , Luo , Z. , Edlynn , E. S. , & Roy , K. ( 2004 ). Social support factors as moderators of community violence exposure among inner-city African American young adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 , 450 – 462 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Hasian , J. ( 1990 ). Validity and reliability assessments of the Social Support Behaviors Survey . Unpublished master's thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill .
- Hawkins , J. D. & Catalano , R. F. , Jr. ( 1992 ). Communities that care: Action for drug abuse prevention . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
- Hayes , S. M. ( 2000 ). Relationships between severity of responses to community violence and perceived social support (Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, 2000) Dissertation Abstracts International , 60 , B4224 .
- Hirschy , A. S. & Wilson , M. E. ( 2002 ). The sociology of the classroom and its influences on student learning . Peabody Journal of Education , 77 , 85 – 100 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- House , J. ( 1981 ). Work stress and social support . Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
- Jenkins , E. J. & Bell , C. C. ( 1994 ). Violence among inner city high school students and post-traumatic stress disorder . In S. Friedman (Ed.), Anxiety Disorders in African Americans (pp. 76 – 88 ). New York : Springer .
- Kliewer , W. , Lepore , S. J. , Oskin , D. , & Johnson , P. D. ( 1998 ). The role of social and cognitive processes in children's adjustment to community violence . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 66 , 199 – 209 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Kline , R. B. ( 1998 ). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling . New York : Guilford .
- Kuther , T. L. & Fisher , C. B. ( 1998 ). Victimization by community violence in young adolescents from a suburban city . Journal of Early Adolescence , 18 , 53 – 76 . [CSA]
- Levitt , M. J. , Levitt , J. L. , Franco , N. , & Silver , M. E. ( 1995 , April ). Social support networks and achievement: The role of network member attitudes . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association , San Francisco , CA .
- McCroskey , J. C. , Valencic , K. M. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 2004 ). Toward a general model of instructional communication . Communication Quarterly , 52 , 197 – 210 . [CSA]
- Mazza , J. J. & Overstreet , S. ( 2000 ). Children and adolescents exposed to community violence: A mental health perspective for school psychologists . School Psychology Review , 29 ( 1 ), 86 – 101 . [CSA]
- Nash , J. K. ( 2002 ). Neighborhood effects on sense of coherence and educational behavior in students at risk of school failure . Children and Schools , 24 , 73 – 89 . [CSA]
- Nash , J. K. & Bowen , G. L. ( 1999 ). Perceived crime and informal social control in the neighborhood as a context for adolescent behavior: A risk and resilience perspective . Social Work Research , 23 ( 3 ), 171 – 186 . [CSA]
- National Opinion Research Center . ( 1988 ). National educational longitudinal study 1988: First follow-up student questionnaire (OMB No. 1850-0593) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics .
- Osofsky , J. D. ( 1995 ). The effects of exposure to violence on young children . American Psychologist , 50 , 782 – 788 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Overstreet , S. ( 2000 ). Exposure to community violence: Defining the problem and understanding the consequences . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 9 , 7 – 25 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Paulson , S. E. ( 1996 ). Maternal employment and adolescent achievement revisited: An ecological perspective . Family Relations , 45 , 201 – 208 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Pynoos , R. S. & Nader , K. (1988). Psychological first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 1, 445–473. [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Rand , M. ( 1998 ). Criminal victimization 1997: Changes 1996–97 with trends 1993–97 . Rockville , MD : Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse .
- Richman , J. M. & Bowen , G. L. ( 1997 ). School failure: An eco-interactional-developmental perspective . In M. W. Fraser (Ed.), Risk and resiliency in childhood: An ecological perspective (pp. 95 – 116 ). Washington , D.C. : National Association of Social Workers .
- Richman , J. M. , Rosenfeld , L. B. , & Hardy , C. J. ( 1993 ). The social support survey: An initial validation study of a clinical measure and practice model of the social support process . Research on Social Work Practice , 3 , 288 – 311 . [CSA]
- Richters , J. E. & Martinez , P. E. ( 1993 ). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence . Psychiatry , 56 , 7 – 21 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Ridley-Meyers , A. L. ( 1999 ). The psychological adjustment of urban adolescents exposed to community violence: The role of social support (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1999) Dissertation Abstracts International , 60 , A1014 .
- Rosenfeld , L. B. , Richman , J. M. , & Bowen , G. L. ( 1998 ). Low social support among at-risk adolescents . Social Work in Education , 20 , 245 – 260 . [CSA]
- Rosenfeld , L. B. , Richman , J. M. , & Bowen , G. L. ( 2000 ). Social support networks and school outcomes: The centrality of the teacher . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 17 , 205 – 226 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Rosenthal , B. S. ( 2000 ). Exposure to community violence in adolescence: Trauma symptoms . Adolescence , 35 ( 138 ), 271 – 284 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
- Rosenthal , B. S. & Hutton , E. M. ( 2001 ). Exposure to community violence and trauma symptoms in late adolescence: Comparison of a college sample and a noncollege community sample . Psychological Reports , 88 , 367 – 374 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Rouk , U. ( 1999 ). A review of research using the school success profile . Washington , D.C. : Policy Studies Associates, Inc.
- Scarpa , A. ( 2001 ). Community violence exposure in a young adult sample: Lifetime prevalence and socioemotional effects . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 16 ( 1 ), 36 – 53 . [CSA]
- Shumaker , S. A. & Brownell , A. ( 1984 ). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps . Journal of Social Issues , 40 , 11 – 36 . [CSA]
- Schunk , D. H. & Meece , J. L. (Eds). ( 1992 ). Student perceptions in the classroom . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Schwab-Stone , M. , Ayers , T. , Kasprow , W. , Voyce , C. , Barone , C. , Shriver , T. , & Weissberg , R. ( 1995 ). No safe haven: A study of violence exposure in an urban community . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 , 1343 – 1352 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Schwartz , D. & Proctor , L. J. ( 2000 ). Community violence exposure and children's social adjustment in the school peer group: The mediating roles of emotion regulation and social cognition . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 , 670 – 683 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
- Small , S. A. ( 1991 ). Teenage assessment project question bank . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Family Resources and Consumer Sciences .
- Wallace , L. B. ( 1991 , November ). Helping children cope with the consequences of violence . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association for the Education of Young Children , Denver , CO .
- White , K. S. , Bruce , S. E. , Farrell , A. D. , & Kliewer , W. ( 1998 ). Impact of exposure to community violence on anxiety: A longitudinal study of family social support as a protective factor for urban children . Journal of Child and Family Studies , 7 , 187 – 203 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]