References
- Osmond , H. 1957 . “Function as the Basis of Psychiatric Ward Design,” . Mental Hospitals , 8 : 23 – 29 .
- Sommer , R. 1959 . “Studies in Personal Space,” . Sociometry , 22 : 247 – 60 .
- Smith , D. R. and Williamson , L. K. 1981 . Interpersonal Communication , 2nd ed. , 201 Dubuque, Iowa : Wm. C. Brown .
- Hare , A. P. and Bales , R. F. 1965 . “Seating Position and Small Group Interaction,” . Sociometry , 28 : 480 – 86 .
- Hearn , G. 1957 . “Leadership and the Spatial Factor in Small Groups,” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 54 : 269 – 72 .
- Sommer , R. 1967 . “Classroom Ecology,” . Journal of Applied Behavioral Science , 3 : 489 – 503 .
- Lewis , P. V. and Page , Z. 1974 . “Educational Implications of Nonverbal Communication,” . ETC , 31 : 371 – 75 .
- Howells , L. T. and Becker , S. W. 1962 . “Seating Arrangement and Leadership Emergence,” . Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology , 64 : 148 – 50 .
- Ward , C. D. 1968 . “Seating Arrangement and Leadership Emergence in Small Discussion Groups,” . Journal of Social Psychology , 74 : 83 – 90 .
- Sommer , R. 1965 . “Further Studies of Small Group Ecology,” . Sociometry , 28 : 337 – 48 .
- Allport , F. H. 1924 . Social Psychology , Cambridge : Houghton Mifflin .
- Broekmann , N. C. and Moller , A. T. 1978 . “Preferred Seating Position and Distance in Various Situations,” . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 20 : 504 – 08 .
- Lott , D. F. and Sommer , R. 1967 . “Seating Arrangements and Status,” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 7 : 90 – 95 .
- Sommer , R. 1961 . “Leadership and Group Geography,” . Sociometry , 24 : 99 – 110 .
- Sommer , R. 1965 . “The Distance for Comfortable Conversation: A Further Study,” . Sociometry , 25 : 111 – 16 .
- Lecuyer , R. 1976 . “Social Organization and Spatial Organization,” . Human Relations , 29 : 1045 – 60 .
- Patterson , M. L. , Roth , C. P. and Schenk , C. 1979 . “Seating Arrangement, Activity, and Sex Differences in Small Group Crowding,” . Personality and, Social Psychology Bulletin , 5 : 100 – 03 .
- Cook , M. 1979 . “Experiments on Orientation and Proxemics,” . Human Relations , 23 : 61 – 76 .
- Norum , G. A. , Russo , N. J. and Sommer , R. 1967 . “Seating Patterns and Group Task,” . Psychology in the Schools , 4 : 276 – 80 .
- Eakins , B. W. and Eakins , R. G. 1978 . Sex Differences in Human Communication , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
- Henley , N. M. 1977 . Body Politics , Englewood Cliffs, N. J. : Prentice‐Hall .
- Horowitz , M. J. , Duff , D. F. and Stratum , L. O. 1970 . “Personal Space and the Body Buffer Zone,” . In Environmental Psychology: Man and His Physical Setting , Edited by: Proshansky , H. M. , Ittelson , W. H. and Rivlin , L. G. New York : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston .
- Pellegrini , R. J. and Empey , J. 1979 . “Interpersonal Spatial Orientation in Dyads,” . Journal of Psychology , 76 : 67 – 70 .
- Dosey , M. A. and Meisels , M. 1969 . “Personal Space and Self‐Protection,” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 11 : 93 – 97 .
- Hartnett , J. J. , Bailey , K. G. and Gibson , F. W. Jr. 1970 . “Personal Space as Influenced by Sex and Type of Movement,” . Journal of Psychology , 76 : 139 – 44 .
- Liebman , M. 1970 . “The Effects of Sex and Race Norms on Personal Space,” . Environment and Behavior , 2 : 208 – 46 .
- Dabbs , J. M. Jr. 1977 . “Does Reaction to Crowding Depend upon Sex of Subject or Sex of Subject's Partners?” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 5 : 343 – 44 .
- Campbell , D. T. , Kruskal , W. H. and Wallace , W. P. 1966 . “Seating Aggregation as an Index of Attitude,” . Sociometry , 29 : 1 – 5 .
- Kleck , R. E. 1967 . “The Effects of Interpersonal Affect on Errors Made When Constructing a Stimulus Display,” . Psychonomic Science , 9 : 449 – 50 .
- Lewit , D. W. and Joy , V. 1967 . “Kinetic Versus Social Schemas in Figure Grouping,” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 7 : 63 – 72 .
- Long , B. H. , Henderson , E. H. and Ziller , R. C. 1967 . “Self‐Social Correlates of Originality in Children,” . Journal of Genetic Psychology , 111 : 47 – 57 .
- Bailey , K. , Hartnett , J. and Gibson , F. Jr. 1972 . “Implied Threat and the Territorial Factor in Personal Space,” . Psychological Reports , 30 : 263 – 70 .
- Krail , K. A. and Leventhal , G. 1976 . “The Sex Variable in the Intrusion of Personal Space,” . Sociometry , 39 : 170 – 73 .
- Mahoney , E. R. 1974 . “Compensatory Reactions to Spatial Immediacy,” . Sociometry , 37 : 423 – 31 .
- Heshka , S. and Nelson , Y. 1972 . “Interpersonal Speaking Distance as a Function of Age, Sex, and Relationship,” . Sociometry , 35 : 491 – 98 .
- Little , K. B. 1965 . “Personal Space,” . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 1 : 237 – 47 .
- Rosegrant , T. J. and McCroskey , J. C. 1975 . “The Effect of Race and Sex on Proxemic Behavior in an Interview Setting,” . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 40 : 408 – 20 .
- Ruesch , J. and Bateson , G. 1968 . Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry , 2nd ed. , New York : W. W. Norton .
- Stebbins , R. A. 1972 . “Studying the Definition of the Situation: Theory and Field Research Strategies,” . In Symbolic Interaction , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Manis , J. G. and Meltzer , B. N. 337 – 55 . Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
- Pilivian , J. A. and Martin , R. R. 1974 . “The Effects of the Sex Composition of Groups on Style of Social Interaction,” . U. of Wisconsin . unpublished manuscript
- Strodtbeck , F. L. and Mann , R. O. 1956 . “Sex Differences in Jury Deliberation,” . Sociometry , 19 : 3 – 11 .
- Games , P. A. and Klare , G. P. 1967 . Elementary Statistics , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- Cohen , J. 1969 . Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences , New York : Academic Press .