1,052
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Disrupting Postracial Discourse: Black Millennials’ Response to Postracial Ideology and the Continued Impact of Racial Microaggressions on College Campuses

&

References

  • Apollon, D. (2011). Don’t call them ‘post-racial.’ millennials say race matters to them. Colorlines. Retrieved from http://colorlines.com/archives/2011/06/youth_and_race_focus_group_main.html
  • Aries, E. (2008). Race and class matters at an elite college. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Bai, M. (2010, July 18). Beneath divides seemingly about race are generational fault lines. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/18/us/politics/18bai.html
  • Bennett, L. M., McIntosh, E., & Henson, F. O. (2017). African American college students and racial microaggressions: Assumptions of criminality. Journal of Psychology, 5(2), 14–20.
  • Bobo, L. D. (2004). Inequalities that endure?: Racial ideology, American politics, and the peculiar role of social science. In M. Krysan, A. Lewis, & T. Forman’s (Eds.), Changing terrain of race and ethnicity (pp. 13–42). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Bobo, L. D. (2011). Somewhere between Jim Crow & post-racialism: Reflections on the racial divide in America today. Dædalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 140(2), 11–36.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E., & Dietrich, D. (2011). The sweet enchantment of colorblind racism in Obamerica. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 634(1), 195.
  • Bonilla-Silva, E., & Forman, T. (2001). I’m not a racist but …”: Mapping white college students’ racial ideology in the USA. Discourse and Society, 11(1), 50–85.
  • Bowman, L. (2007). Conducting qualitative researcher on race. Adult Education Researcher Conference. Retrieved from http://newprairiepress.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2473&context=aerc
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
  • Burrow, A. L., Torres, L., & Driscoll, M. W. (2010). Racial microaggressions and psychological functioning among highly achieving African-Americans: A mixed methods approach. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 1074–1099.
  • Caplan, P. J., & Ford, J. C. (2014). The voices of diversity: What students of diverse races/ethnicities and both sexes tell us about their college experiences and their perceptions about their institutions’ progress toward diversity. APORIA, 6(3), 30–69.
  • Carr, L. G. (1997). “Colorblind” racism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Clement, S. (2015). Millennials are just about as racist as their parents. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com
  • CBS. (2009). Poll: Blacks see improved race relations. CBS NEWS. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/04/27/opinion/polls/main4972532.shtml
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Cho, S. (2009). Post-racialism. Iowa Law Review, 94, 1598–1649.
  • Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Thematic analysis. In A. C. Michalos’s (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life research. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Cohen, C. J. (2010). Democracy remixed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, C. J. (2011). Millennials & the myth of the post-racial society: Black youth, intra-generational divisions & the continuing racial divide in American politics. Dædalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 140(2), 197–205.
  • Cose, E. (1998). Color blind: Seeing beyond race in a race-obsessed world. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
  • Crenshaw, K. (2011). Twenty years of critical race theory: Looking back to move forward. Connecticut Law Review, 43, 1253–1352.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • D’Souza, D. (1995). The end of racism: Principles for a multiracial society. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Davis, J. E. (1994). College in black and white: Campus environment and academic Achievement of academic achievement. Journal of Negro Education, 63(4), 620–633.
  • DeAngelis, T. (2009). Unmasking racial microaggressions. American Psychological Association, 40, 2.
  • Dowd, M. (2009, February 22). Dark Dark Dark. The New York Times Retrieved December 7, 2011, from (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/22/opinion/22dowd.html).
  • Feagin, J. R. (1991). The continuing significance of race: Anti-black discrimination in public places. American Sociological Review, 56, 101–116.
  • Feagin, J. R. (2010). The White racial frame. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis.
  • Feagin, J. R., Herman, V., & Imani, N. (1996). The agony of education: Black students at white colleges and universities. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Feagin, J. R., & Sikes, M. P. (1995). How black students cope with racism on white campuses. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, 8, 91–97.
  • Firebaugh, G., & Davis, K. E. (1988). Trends in antiblack prejudice, 1972-1984: Region and cohort effects. American Journal of Sociology, 2, 251–272.
  • Forman, T. (2014). Post-racialism: Its meaning and social consequences. In C. Gallagher & C. Lippard’s (Eds.), Race and racism in the United States. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.
  • Forman, T. A., & Lewis, A. E. (2015). Beyond Prejudice? Young whites’ racial attitudes in post–civil rights America, 1976-2000. American Behavorial Scientist, 59, 11. doi:10.1177/0002764215588811
  • Franklin, A. J. (2004). From brotherhood to manhood: How Black men rescue their relationships and dreams from the invisibility syndrome. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Franklin, J. (2016). Racial microaggressions, racial battle fatigue, and racism-related stress in higher education. Journal of Student Affairs, 12, 44–55.
  • Gallagher, C. A. (2003). Color-blind privilege: The social and political functions of erasing the color line in post-race America. Race, Gender, and Class, 10(4), 22–37.
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, Illinois: Aldine Publishing Company.
  • Harwood, S. A., Huntt, M. B., Mendenhall, R., & Lewis, J. A. (2012). Racial microaggressions in the residence halls: Experiences of students of color at a predominantly White university. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(3), 159–173.
  • Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials rising the next great generation. New York, NY: Vintage.
  • Hutchings, V. L. (2009). Change or more of the same?: Evaluating racial attitudes in the Obama era. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(5), 917–942. doi:10.1093/poq/nfp080
  • Kaskan, E. R., & Ho, I. K. (2016). Microaggressions and female athletes. Sex Roles, 74(7), 275–287.
  • Keltner, D., & Robinson, R. J. (1996). Extremism, power, and imagined basis of social conflict. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 101–105.
  • Kendi, I. X. (2016). Stamped from the beginning: The definitive history of racist ideas in America. New York, NY: Nation Books.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Muhammad, K. G. (2011). The condemnation of blackness: Race, crime, and the making of modern urban America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Nadal, K. L. (2011). The racial and ethnic microaggressions scale (REMS): Construction, reliability, and validity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 470–480.
  • Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Hamit, S., Leon, J., Tobio, M., & Rivera, D. P. (2012). Subtle and overt forms of Islamophobia: Microaggressions against Muslim Americans. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 6(2), 15–37.
  • Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Wong, Y., Hamit, S., & Rasmus, M. (2014). The impact of racial microaggressions on mental health: Counseling implications for clients of color. The Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(1), 57–66.
  • Nagourney, A. (2008, November 5). OBAMA. Racial barrier falls in heavy turnout. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/05/us/politics/05elect.html?pagewanted=all
  • Neville, H. A, Lilly, R. L, Duran, G, Lee, R. M, & Browne, L. (2000). Construction and initial validation of the color-blind racial attitudes scale (cobras). Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 59–70. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.59
  • Otusanya, A. D., & Castle Bell, G. (2018). “I Thought I’d Have More Trouble with White People!”: Exploring racial microaggressions between West African Immigrants and African Americans. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 00, 1–7. doi:10.1080/17459435.2018.1468808
  • Owen, W. F. (1984). Interpretive themes in relational communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70(3), 274–287.
  • Parks, G. S., & Hughey, M. W. (2011). The Obamas and a (post)racial America? New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57–75. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0992
  • Price, M. (2009). Dreaming blackness: Black nationalism and African American public opinion. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Schaeffer, N. C. (1980). Evaluating race-of-interviewer effects in a national survey. Sociological Methods and Research, 8, 400–419.
  • Solorzano, D., Ceja, M., & Yosso, T. (2000). Critical race theory, racial microaggressions, and campus racial climate: The experiences of African American college students. Journal of Negro Education, 69(1), 60–73.
  • Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286.
  • Sullivan, S. (2006). Revealing whiteness: The unconscious habits of racial privilege. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Thernstrom, A., & Thernstrom, S. (2004). No Excuses: Closing the racial gap in learning. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • Tuch, S. A., Lee, S., & MacDonald, J. A. (1999). Trends: Race relations and American youth, 1976-1995. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63, 109–148.
  • Tynes, B. M., & Markoe, S. L. (2010). The role of color-blind racial attitudes in reactions to racial discrimination on social network sites. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 3(1), 1–13. Retrieved from

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.