522
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Working Parents’ Struggling to Achieve the Work-Life Balance During the Pandemic: Exploring the Benefits of Relational Maintenance Beyond Relational Outcomes

ORCID Icon &

References

  • Abdirahman, H. I. H. (2018). The relationship between job satisfaction, work-life balance and organizational commitment on employee performance. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 4(3), 12–17. http://hdl.handle.net/11159/2489
  • Afifi, T. D. (2018). Individual/Relational resilience. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1426707
  • Afifi, T. D., Davis, S., Merrill, A. F., Coveleski, S., Denes, A., & Shahnazi, A. F. (2018). Couples’ communication about financial uncertainty following the Great Recession and its association with stress, mental health and divorce proneness. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39(2), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9560-5
  • Afifi, T. D., Harrison, K., Zamanzadeh, N., & Acevedo Callejas, M. (2020). Testing the theory of resilience and relational load in dual career families: Relationship maintenance as stress management. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 48(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2019.1706097
  • Afifi, T. D., Merrill, A. F., & Davis, S. (2016). The theory of resilience and relational load. Personal Relationships, 23(4), 663–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12159
  • Afifi, T. D., Zamanzadeh, N., Harrison, K., & Torrez, D. P. (2020). Explaining the impact of differences in voting patterns on resilience and relational load in romantic relationships during the transition to the Trump presidency. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519846566
  • Allen, D. (2011). Difference matters: Communicating social identity (2nd ed.). Waveland Press.
  • Alon, T., Coskun, S., Doepke, M., Koll, D., & Tertilt, M. (2022). From mancession to shecession: Women’s employment in regular and pandemic recessions. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 36(1), 83–151. https://doi.org/10.1086/718660
  • Ashkzari, M. K., Piryaei, S., Brojerdian, N., & Ashkezari, E. K. (2017). Therelationship between job satisfaction with marital satisfaction and mental health: The specific case of female employees. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1353
  • Bhumika, & Bhumika, B. (2020). Challenges for work–life balance during COVID-19 induced nationwide lockdown: Exploring gender difference in emotional exhaustion in the Indian setting. Gender in Management, 35(7–8), 705–718. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-06-2020-0163
  • Carli, L. L. (2020). Women, Gender equality and COVID-19. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7/8), 647–655. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0236
  • Chen, Z., Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2009). Work-to-family conflict, positive spillover, and boundary management: A person-environment fit approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(1), 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.10.009
  • Chung, H., & Van der Lippe, T. (2020). Flexible working, work–life balance, and gender equality: Introduction. Social Indicators Research, 151(2), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x
  • Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/Family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700536001
  • Connor, J., Madhavan, S., Mokashi, M., Amanuel, H., Johnson, N. R., Pace, L. E., & Bartz, D. (2020). Health risks and outcomes that disproportionately affect women during the Covid-19 pandemic: A review. Social Science & Medicine, 266, 113364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113364
  • Cowan, R., & Hoffman, M. F. (2007). The flexible organization: How contemporary employees construct the work/life border. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 8(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430701617895
  • Dainton, M., & Stafford, L. (1993). Routine maintenance behaviors: A comparison of relationship type, partner similarity and sex differences. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(2), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407593010002
  • Deryugina, T., Shurchkov, O., & Stearns, J. (2021). COVID-19 disruptions disproportionately affect female academics. In AEA Papers and Proceedings (Vol. 111, pp. 164–168). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w28360/w28360.pdf
  • Ferguson, M., Carlson, D., Zivnuska, S., & Whitten, D. (2012). Support at work and home: The path to satisfaction through balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.001
  • Floyd, K., & Ray, C. D. (2017). Thanks, but no thanks: Negotiating face threats when rejecting offers of unwanted social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(8), 1260–1276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516673161
  • Fox, M. (2020, October 13). “Men have been promoted three times more than women during the pandemic, study finds.” CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/13/pandemic-fallout-men-got-3-times-more-promotions-than-women.html
  • Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2006.19379625
  • Gupta, A. H. (2020, October 3). “Why did hundreds of thousands of women drop out of the work force?” New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/03/us/jobs-women-dropping-out-workforce-wage-gap-gender.html
  • Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010
  • Harrison, K., Afifi, T., Zamanzadeh, N., Davis, S., Ersig, A., Tsalikian, E., & Acevedo Callejas, M. (2020). Parents’ relationship maintenance as a buffer for the stress of their adolescent’s type 1 diabetes. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(6), 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000634
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A Regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  • Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/352430
  • Hilbrecht, M., Shaw, S. M., Johnson, L. C., & Andrey, J. (2008). ‘I’m home for the kids’: Contradictory implications for work-life balance of teleworking mothers. Gender, Work, & Organization, 15(5), 454–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00413.x
  • Hjálmsdóttir, A., & Bjarnadóttir, V. S. (2021). “I have turned into a foreman here at home”: Families and work–life balance in times of COVID-19 in a gender equality paradise. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(1), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12552
  • Hoffman, M. F., & Cowan, R. L. (2008). The meaning of work/life: A corporate ideology of work/life balance. Communication Quarterly, 56(3), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370802251053
  • Igielnik, R. (2021). A rising share of working parents in the US say it’s been difficult to handle child care during the pandemic. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/26/a-rising-share-of-working-parents-in-the-u-s-say-its-been-difficult-to-handle-child-care-during-the-pandemic/
  • Killgore, W., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
  • Lewis, H. (2020, March 19). “The coronavirus is a disaster for feminism: Pandemics affect men and women differently.” The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/
  • Luetke, M., Hensel, D., Herbenick, D., & Rosenberg, M. (2020). Romantic relationship conflict due to the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in intimate and sexual behaviors in a nationally representative sample of American adults. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(8), 747–762. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1810185
  • Ogolsky, B. G., & Bowers, J. R. (2013). A meta-analytic review of relationship maintenance and its correlates. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), 343–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407512463338
  • Ogolsky, B. G., Monk, J. K., Rice, T. M., Theisen, J. C., & Maniotes, C. R. (2017). Relationship maintenance: A review of research on romantic relationships. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(3), 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12205
  • Oxfam, P.-U. S., & MenCare. (2020). Caring under COVID-19: How the pandemic is – and is not – changing unpaid care and domestic work responsibilities in the United States. Retrieved from https://assets.oxfamamerica.org/media/documents/Caring_Under_COVID19.pdf
  • Parker, K., Horowitz, J. M., & Minkin, R. (2022, Feb 16). COVID-19 pandemic continues to reshape work in America. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/02/16/covid-19-pandemic-continues-to-reshape-work-in-america/
  • Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35, 2296–2303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
  • Peck, J. A. (2021). The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on women relative to men: A conservation of resources perspective. Gender, Work & Organization, 28, 484–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12597
  • Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2020). Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples’ relationships. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000714
  • Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2010). Sex, gender, and the work-to-family interface: Exploring negative and positive interdependencies. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468647
  • Power, K. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the care burden of women and families. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561
  • Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75(5), 631. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
  • Ram, N., Khoso, I., Shah, A. A., Chandio, F. R., & Shaikih, F. M. (2011). Role conflict and role ambiguity as factors in work stress among managers: A case study of manufacturing sector in Pakistan. Asian Social Science, 7, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p113
  • Ray, C. D., & Veluscek, A. M. (2017). Face threats and additional reasons for perceiving support as unwanted: A study of recently diagnosed cancer patients. Health Communication, 32(11), 1396–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1228027
  • Restubog, S. L. D., Ocampo, A. C. G., & Wang, L. (2020). Taking control amidst the chaos: Emotion regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103440
  • Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Qureshi, S. S. (2021). Work stress hampering employee performance during COVID-19: Is safety culture needed? Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655839
  • Schmid, L., Wörn, J., Hank, K., Sawatzki, B., & Walper, S. (2021). Changes in employment and relationship satisfaction in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the German family Panel. European Societies, 23(sup1), S743–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1836385
  • Schultz Nicole, J., Hoffman, M. F., Fredman, A. J., & Bainbridge, A. L. (2012). The work and life of young professionals: Rationale and strategy for balance. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 13(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459435.2012.719208
  • Shantha, A. A. (2018). The impact of work-life balance on job satisfaction: With special reference to ABC private limited in Sri Lanka. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(6), 97–108.
  • Sneader, K., & Singhal, S. (2020). Beyond coronavirus: The path to the next normal. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved from https://kinyungu.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/McKinseyBeyond-coronavirus-The-path-to-the-next-normal.pdf
  • Stafford, L., & Canary, D. J. (1991). Maintenance strategies and romantic relationship type, gender and relational characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8(2), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407591082004
  • Stafford, L., Dainton, M., & Haas, S. (2000). Measuring routine and strategic relational maintenance: Scale revision, sex versus gender roles, and the prediction of relational characteristics. Communications Monographs, 67(3), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750009376512
  • Tasios, T., & Giannouli, V. (2017). Job descriptive index (JDI): Reliability and validity study in Greece. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 7, 31–61. Retrieved from. https://www.assessmentpsychologyboard.org/journal/index.php/AAP/article/view/109/75
  • Theiss, J. A. (2018). Family communication and resilience. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2018.1426706
  • United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020, October 2). Employment situation summary. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm
  • Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of applied psychology, 92(6), 1512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
  • Vigl, J., Strauss, H., Talamini, F., Zentner, M., & Shook, N. J. (2022). Relationship satisfaction in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-national examination of situational, dispositional, and relationship factors. Plos One, 17(3), e0264511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264511

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.