Publication Cover
Ichnos
An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces
Volume 27, 2020 - Issue 1
170
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Ichnological analysis of Jurassic shallow to marginal marine deposits: example from Wagad Highland, Western India

, , &

References

  • Alpert, S. P., and J. N. Moore. 1975. “Lower Cambrian Trace Fossil Evidence for Predation on Trilobites.” Lethaia 8 (3): 223–230.
  • Ayranci, K., and S. E. Dashtgard. 2013. “Infaunal Holothurian Distributions and Their Traces in the Fraser River Delta Front and Prodelta, British Columbia, Canada.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 392: 232–246. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.021.
  • Badve, R. M. 1987. “A Reassessment of Stratigraphy of Bagh Beds, Barwah Area, Madhya Pradesh, with Description of Trace Fossils.” Journal of Geological Society of India 30: 106–120. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/66080.
  • Badve, R. M., and M. A. Ghare. 1978. “Jurassic Ichnofauna of Kutch-I.” Biovigyanam 4: 125–140.
  • Bann, K. L., and C. R. Fielding. 2004. “An Integrated Ichnological and Sedimentological Comparison of Non-Deltaic Shoreface and Subaqueous Delta Deposits in Permian Reservoir Units of Australia.” In The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis, edited by D. McIlroy, 273–310. London, UK: The Geological Society of London. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.13.
  • Bann, K. L., S. C. Tye, J. A. MacEachern, C. Fielding, and B. G. Jones. 2008. “Ichnological and Sedimentologic Signatures of Mixed Wave- and Storm-Dominated Deltaic Deposits: Examples from the Early Permian Sydney Basin, Australia.” In Recent Advances in Models of Siliciclastic Shallow-Marine Stratigraphy, edited by Hampson, G. J., Steel, R. J., Burgess, P. M., and Dalrymple, R. W., 293–332. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. doi:10.2110/pec.08.90.0293.
  • Basan, P. B. 1978. Trace Fossil Concepts. Vol. 5., 201. Tulsa, OK: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.
  • Bhatt, N. Y. 1996. “Ichnologic and Stratigraphic Events as Revealed by Mesozoic Sedimentary Rocks Exposed South and Southeast of Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat State.” PhD diss., The M.S. University of Baroda. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/58539.
  • Billings, E. 1862. New species of fossils from different parts of the Lower, Middle and Upper Silurian rocks of Canada. Palaeozoic Fossils 1(4): 96–185.
  • Biswas, S. K. 1977. “Mesozoic Rock-Stratigraphy of Kutch, Gujarat.” Quarterly Journal of the Geological Mineralogical and Metallurgical Society of India 49: 1–51.
  • Biswas, S. K. 1987. “Regional Tectonic Framework, Structure and Evolution of the Western Marginal Basins of India.” Tectonophysics 135 (4): 307–327. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90115-6.
  • Biswas, S. K. 1991. “Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution of the Mesozoic Basin of Kutch, Western India.” In Sedimentary basins of India - Tectonic context, edited by Tandon, S. K., Pant, C. C. and Casshyap, S. M., 74–103. Nainital, India: Gyanodaya Prakashan Publication.
  • Biswas, S. K. 2005. “A Review of Structure and Tectonics of Kutch Basin, Western India, with Special Reference to Earthquakes, Special Section: Intraplate Seismicity.” Current Science 88: 1592–1600. http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may252005/1592.pdf.
  • Biswas, S. K. 2016. “Mesozoic and Tertiary Stratigraphy of Kutch*(Kachchh)–A Review.” Geological Society of India, Special Publication 6: 1–24. doi:10.17491/cgsi%2F2016%2F105405.
  • Bradshaw, M. A. 1981. “Paleoenvironmental Interpretations and Systematics of Devonian Trace Fossils from the Taylor Group (Lower Beacon Supergroup), Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 24 (5–6): 615–652.
  • Bradshaw, M. A. 2002. “A New Ichnogenus Catenarichnus from the Devonian of the Ohio Range, Antarctica.” Antarctic Science 14 (4): 422–424. doi:10.1017/S095410200200024X.
  • Bressan, G. S., and R. M. Palma. 2009. “Trace Fossils from the Lower–Middle Jurassic Bardas Blancas Formation, Neuquén Basin, Mendoza Province, Argentina.” Acta Geologica Polonica 59: 201–220. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/agp/article/view/9983.
  • Bromley, R. G. 1972. “On Some Ichnotaxa in Hard Substrates, with a Redefinition of Trypanites Mägdefrau. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 46 (1–2): 93–98. doi:10.1007/BF02989555.
  • Bromley, R. G. 1996. “Trace Fossil Assemblages, Diversity and Facies.” In Trace Fossils – Biology, Taphonomy and Applications, edited by Bromley, R. G., 235–240. London, UK: Chapman & Hall. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_WT68toEmQkC&pg=PA208&dq=trace+fossil+assemblages,+diversity+and+facies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCttWM0YviAhUPdBQKHdTNC3IQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  • Bromley, R. G., and U. Asgaard. 1991. “Ichnofacies: A Mixture of Taphofacies and Biofacies.” Lethaia 24 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1991.tb01463.x.
  • Bromley, R. G., and A. A. Ekdale. 1984. “Chondrites: A Trace Fossil Indicator of Anoxia in Sediments.” Science 224 (4651): 872–874. doi:10.1126/science.224.4651.872.
  • Bromley, R. G., and A. A. Ekdale. 1986. “Composite Ichnofabrics and Tiering of Burrows.” Geological Magazine 123 (01): 59–65. doi:10.1017/S0016756800026534.
  • Bromley, R. G., and R. W. Frey. 1974. “Redescription of the Trace Fossil Gyrolithes and Taxonomic Evalutation of Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha, and Spongeliomorpha.” Bulletin of Geological Society of Denmark 23: 311–335. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Redescription_of_the_Trace_Fossil_Gyroli.html?id=IBnAGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y.
  • Bromley, R. G., S. G. Pemberton, and R. A. Rahmani. 1984. “A Cretaceous Woodground: The Teredolites Ichnofacies.” Journal of Paleontology 58: 488–498. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304797.
  • Buatois, L. A., and M. G. Mángano. 1993. “Trace Fossils from a Carboniferous Turbiditic Lake: Implications for the Recognition of Additional Nonmarine Ichnofacies.” Ichnos 2 (3): 237–258. doi:10.1080/10420949309380098.
  • Buatois, L. A., and M. G. Mángano. 2009. “Applications of Ichnology in Lacustrine Sequence Stratigraphy: Potential and Limitations.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 272 (3–4): 127–142. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.012.
  • Buatois, L. A., and M. G. Mángano. 2011. Ichnology: Organism-Substrate Interactions in Space and Time. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. http://www.cambridgeindia.org/books/searchedbook/Ichnology/9780521855556.
  • Buatois, L. A., and M. G. Mángano. 2013. “Ichnodiversity and Ichnodisparity: Significance and Caveats. Lethaia 46 (3): 281–292. doi:10.1111/let.12018.
  • Buatois, L. A., M. K. Gingras, J. A. MacEachern, M. G. Mángano, J. P. Zonneveld, S. G. Pemberton, R. G. Netto, and A. Martin. 2005. “Colonization of Brackish-Water Systems Through Time: Evidence from the Trace-Fossil Record.” Palaios 20 (4): 321–347. doi:10.2110/palo.2004.p04-32.
  • Buatois, L. A., G. Jalfin, and F. G. Acenolaza. 1997. “Permian Nonmarine Invertebrate Trace Fossils from Southern Patagonia, Argentina: Ichnologic Signatures of Substrate Consolidation and Colonization Sequences.” Journal of Paleontology 71 (02): 324–336. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039238.
  • Buatois, L. A., M. Wisshak, M. A. Wilson, and M. G. Mángano. 2017. “Categories of Architectural Designs in Trace Fossils: A Measure of Ichnodisparity.” Earth-Science Reviews 164: 102–181. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.009.
  • Buckman, J. O. 1995. “A Comment on Annulate Forms of Palaeophycus Hall 1847: With Particular Reference to P. ‘annulatus’ sensu Pemberton and Frey 1982, and the Erection of P. crenulatus Ichnosp. Nov.” Ichnos 4 (2): 131–140. doi:10.1080/10420949509380120.
  • Carmona, N. B., L. A. Buatois, J. J. Ponce, and M. G. Mángano. 2009. “Ichnology and Sedimentology of a Tide-Influenced Delta, Lower Miocene Chenque Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Trace-Fossil Distribution and Response to Environmental Stresses.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 273 (1–2): 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.003.
  • Coates, L., and J. A. Maceachern. 2007. “The Ichnological Signatures of River-and Wave-Dominated Delta Complexes: Differentiating Deltaic and Non-Deltaic Shallow Marine Successions, Lower Cretaceous Viking Formation and Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation, West-Central Alberta.” In Applied Ichnology, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes, edited by MacEachern, J. A., Bann, K. L., Gingras, M. K. and Pemberton, S. G., Vol. 52., 227–254.
  • Corner, G. D., and A. Fjalstad. 1993. “Spreite trace fossils (Teichichnus) in a raised Holocene fjord-delta, Breidvikeidet, Norway.” Ichnos: An International Journal of Plant & Animal 2 (2): 155–164.
  • Counts, J. W., and S. T. Hasiotis. 2009. “Neoichnological Experiments with Masked Chafer Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): Implications for Backfilled Continental Trace Fossils. Palaios 24 (2): 74–91. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-026r.
  • Crimes, T. P. 1970. “A Facies Analysis of the Cambrian of Wales.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7 (2): 113–170. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(70)90072-6.
  • Crimes, T. P. 1973. “From Limestones to Distal Turbidites: A Facies and Trace Fossil Analysis in the Zumaya Flysch (Paleocene—Eocene), North Spain.” Sedimentology 20 (1): 105–131. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1973.tb01609.x.
  • Dashtgard, S. E. 2011. “Neoichnology of the Lower Delta Plain: Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, Canada: Implications for the Ichnology of Deltas.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 307 (1–4): 98–108. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.001.
  • Dashtgard, S. E., J. W. Snedden, and J. A. MacEachern. 2015. “Unbioturbated Sediments on a Muddy Shelf: Hypoxia or Simply Reduced Oxygen Saturation?” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 425: 128–38. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.033.
  • Desai, B. G. 2012. “Trace Fossils from Kaladongar Formation Exposed in Kuar Beyt, Patcham Island, Kachchh Basin, India.” Journal of Paleonotological Society of India 57: 53–59. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234476146_TRACE_FOSSILS_FROM_THE_KALADONGAR_FORMATION_EXPOSED_IN_KUAR_BET_PATCHAM_ISLAND_KACHCHH_BASIN_INDIA.
  • Desai, B. G., S. J. Patel, R. Shukla, and D. Surve. 2008. “Analysis of Ichnoguilds and Their Significance in Interpreting Ichnological Events: A Study from Jhuran Formation (Upper Jurassic), Western Kachchh.” Journal of Geological Society of India 72: 458–466. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/80602.
  • Desai, G., D. M. Shringarpure, and S. S. Merh. 1975. “Western Wagad Mesozoic Sediments and Their Depositional Environments. Symposium on Sediment, Sedimentation and Sedimentary Environment, 311–322. University of Delhi, Theme 1.
  • Desio, A. 1940. “Vestigia Problematiche Paleozoiche Della Libia.” Annali Del Museo Libico di Storia Naturale 2: 47–92.
  • Dott, R. H. 1964. “Wacke, Graywacke and Matrix: What Approach to Immature Sandstone Classification?” Journal of Sedimentary Research 34: 625–632. doi:10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
  • Dunham, R. J. 1962. “Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture.” Classification of Carbonate Rocks, edited by Ham, W. E., Vol. 1., 108–121. McLean, VA: GeoScienceWorld. http://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/carbona2/data/a038/a038/0001/0100/0108.htm.
  • Ehrenberg, K. 1944. “Erganzende Bemerkungen zu Den Seinerzeit aus dem Miozan von Burgsch- Leintz Beschriebenen Gangkeren und Bauten De-Kapoder Krebse.” Paläontologische Zeitschrift 23 (3–4): 354–359. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF03160443?LI=true.
  • Ekdale, A. A. 1985. “Trace Fossils and Mid-Cretaceous Anoxic Events in the Atlantic Ocean.” Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments, edited by Curran, A. H., Vol. 35., 333–342. Tulsa, OK: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/SP35/Trace_Fossils_and_Mid_Cretaceous.htm.
  • Ekdale, A. A. 1988. “Pitfalls of Paleobathymetric Interpretations Based on Trace Fossil Assemblages.” Palaios 3 (5): 464–472. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514720?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
  • Ekdale, A. A. 1992. “Muckraking and Mudslinging: The Joys of Deposit-Feeding.” Trace Fossils, Short Courses in Paleontology, edited by Maples, C. G. and West, R. R., Vol. 5., 145–171. The Paleontological Society.
  • Ekdale, A. A., and T. R. Mason. 1988. “Characteristic Trace-Fossil Associations in Oxygen-Poor Sedimentary Environments.” Geology 16 (8): 720–723. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016%3C0720:CTFAIO%3E2.3.CO;2.
  • Ekdale, A. A., R. G. Bromley, and S. G. Pemberton. 1984. Ichnology: The Use of Trace Fossils in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Vol. 15., 317. Tulsa, OK: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. doi:10.2110/scn.84.15.
  • Evans, J. N., and D. McIlroy. 2016. “Ichnology and Palaeobiology of Phoebichnus Trochoides from the Middle Jurassic of North‐East England.” Papers in Palaeontology 2 (1): 139–154. doi:10.1002/spp2.1035.
  • Falkingham, P. L. 2014. “Interpreting Ecology and Behaviour from the Vertebrate Fossil Track Record.” Journal of Zoology 292 (4): 222–228. doi:10.1111/jzo.12110.
  • Farrow, G. E. 1966. “Bathymetric Zonation of Jurassic Trace Fossils from the Coast of Yorkshire, England.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2: 103–151. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(66)90011-3.
  • Firtion, F. 1958. “Sur la Présence D’ichnites dans le Portlandien de l’Ile d'Oléron (Charente maritime).” Annales Universitatis Saraviensis (Naturw.) 7: 107–112.
  • Fischer-Ooster, V. C. 1858. Die Fossilen Fucoiden der Schweizer-Alpen, Nebst Erörterungen über Deren Geologisches Alter. 72. Bern, Switzerland: Huber und Companie.
  • Frey, R. W. 1973. “Concepts in the Study of Biogenic Sedimentary structures.” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 43: 6–19. doi:10.1306/74D726C1-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
  • Frey, R. W. 1975. “The Realm of Ichnology, Its Strengths and Limitations.” The Study of Trace Fossils, edited by Frey, R. W., 13–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-65923-2_2.
  • Frey, R. W., and R. G. Bromley. 1985. “Ichnology of American Chalks: The Selma Group (Upper Cretaceous), Western Alabama.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22 (6): 801–828. doi:10.1139/e85-087.
  • Frey, R. W., and J. D. Howard. 1985. “Trace Fossils from the Panther Member, Star Point Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Coal Creek Canyon, Utah.” Journal of Paleontology 59: 370–404. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1305033.
  • Frey, R. W., and J. D. Howard. 1990. “Trace Fossils and Depositional Sequences in a Clastic Shelf Setting, Upper Cretaceous of Utah.” Journal of Paleontology 64: 803–820. doi:10.1017/S0022336000019004.
  • Frey, R. W., J. D. Howard, and W. A. Pryor. 1978. “Ophiomorpha: Its Morphologic, Taxonomic, and Environmental Significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 23: 199–229. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(78)90094-9.
  • Frey, R. W., S. G. Pemberton, and J. A. Fagerstrom. 1984. “Morphological, Ethological and Environmental Significance of the Ichnogenera Scoyenia and Anchorichnus.” Journal of Paleontology 58: 511–528. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304799.
  • Frey, R. W., S. G. Pemberton, and T. D. A. Saunders. 1990. “Ichnofacies and Bathymetry: A Passive Relationship.” Journal of Paleontology 64 (01): 155–158. doi:10.1017/S0022336000042372.
  • Fuchs, T. 1895. Studien über Fucoiden und Hieroglyphen (Vol. 62). KK Hof-und Staatsdruckerei.
  • Fürsich, F. T. 1974. “On Diplocraterion Torell 1870 and the Significance of Morphological Features in Vertical, Spreiten-Bearing, U-Shaped Trace Fossils.” Journal of Paleontology 48: 952–962. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1303293.
  • Fürsich, F. T. 1975. “Trace Fossils as Environmental Indicators in the Corallian of England and Normandy.” Lethaia 8 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1975.tb01309.x.
  • Fürsich, F. T. 1981. “Salinity‐Controlled Benthic Associations from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal.” Lethaia 14 (3): 203–223. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1981.tb01690.x.
  • Fürsich, F. T. 1998. “Environmental Distribution of Trace Fossils in the Jurassic of Kachchh (Western India).” Facies 39 (1): 243–272. doi:10.1007/BF02537019.
  • Fürsich, F. T., and D. K. Pandey. 2003. “Sequence Stratigraphic Significance of Sedimentary Cycles and Shell Concentrations in the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous of Kachchh, Western India.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193 (2): 285–309. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00233-5.
  • Fürsich, F. T., J. H. Collomon, D. K. Pandey, and A. K. Jaitly. 2004. “Environments and Faunal Patterns in the Kachchh Rift Basin, Western India, During the Jurassic.” Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 110: 181–190. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/6284.
  • Fürsich, F. T., W. Oschmann, I. B. Singh, and A. K. Jaitly. 1992. “Hardgrounds, Reworked Concretion Levels and Condensed Horizons in the Jurassic of Western India: Their Significance for Basin Analysis.” Journal of Geological Society of London 149 (3): 313–331. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.3.0313.
  • Fürsich, F. T., W. Oschmann, A. K. Jaitly, and I. B. Singh. 1991. “Faunal Response to Transgressive-Regressive Cycles: Example from the Jurassic of Western India.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 85 (3–4): 149–159. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90155-K.
  • Fürsich, F. T., D. K. Pandey, J. H. Callomon, A. K. Jaitly, and I. B. Singh. 2001. “Marker Beds in the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin, Western India: Their Depositional Environment and Sequence Stratigraphic Significance.” Journal of Paleontological Society of India 46: 173–198. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284145515_Marker_beds_in_the_Jurassic_of_the_Kachchh_Basin_Western_India_Their_depositional_environment_and_sequence-stratigraphic_significance.
  • Fürsich, F. T., D. K. Pandey, J. H. Callomon, W. Oschmann, and A. K. Jaitly. 1994. “Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, Western India. II. Bathonian Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of the Sadhara Dome, Pachchham Island.” Beringeria 12: 95–125. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288028412_Contributions_to_the_Jurassic_of_Kachchh_Western_India_II_Bathonian_stratigraphy_and_depositional_environment_of_the_Sadhara_Dome_Pachchham_Island.
  • Fürsich, F. T., M. Wilmsen, and K. Seyed-Emami. 2006. “Ichnology of Lower Jurassic Beach Deposits in the Shemshak Formation at Shahmirzad, Southeastern Alborz Mountains, Iran.” Facies 52 (4): 599–610. doi:10.1007/s10347-006-0082-0.
  • Genise, J. F., and T. M. Bown. 1994. “New Miocene Scarabeid and Hymenopterous Nests and Early Miocene (Santacrucian) Paleoenvironments, Patagonian Argentina.” Ichnos 3 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1080/10420949409386378.
  • Ghare, M. A., and K. G. Kulkarni. 1986. “Jurassic Ichnofauna of Kutch II: Wagad Region.” Biovigyanam 12: 44–62.
  • Gibert, J. M., and J. S. Benner 2002. “The Trace Fossil Gyrochorte: Ethology and Paleoecology.” Revista Española de Paleontología 17: 1–12. https://www.academia.edu/407059/The_trace_fossil_Gyrochorte_ethology_and_paleoecology.
  • Gibert, J., R. Domènech, and J. Martinell. 2004. “An Ethological Framework for Animal Bioerosion Trace Fossils upon Mineral Substrates with Proposal of a New Class, Fixichnia.” Lethaia 37: 429–437. doi:10.1080/00241160410002144.
  • Gierlowski‐Kordesch, E. 1991. “Ichnology of an Ephemeral Lacustrine/Alluvial Plain System: Jurassic East Berlin Formation, Hartford Basin, USA.” Ichnos 1 (3): 221–232. doi:10.1080/10420949109386354.
  • Gingras, M. K., J. A. MacEachern, and S. E. Dashtgard. 2012. “The Potential of Trace Fossils as Tidal Indicators in Bays and Estuaries.” Sedimentary Geology 279: 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.05.007.
  • Gingras, M. K., J. A. MacEachern, and S. G. Pemberton. 1998. “A Comparative Analysis of the Ichnology of Wave-and River-Dominated Allomembers of the Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan Formation.” Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 46: 51–73. http://archives.datapages.com/data/cspg/data/046/046001/0051.htm.
  • Gingras, M. K., C. A. Mendoza, and S. G. Pemberton. 2004. ‘Fossilized Worm Burrows Influence the Resource Quality of Porous Media.” AAPG Bulletin 88 (7): 875–883. doi:10.1306/01260403065.
  • Gingras, M. K., S. E. Dashtgard, J. A. MacEachern, and S. G. Pemberton. 2008. “Biology of Shallow-Marine Ichnology: A Modern perspective.” Aquatic Biology 2 (3): 255–268. doi:10.3354/ab00055.
  • Gingras, M. K., S. G. Pemberton, T. Saunders, and H. E. Clifton. 1999. “The Ichnology of Modern and Pleistocene Brackish-Water Deposits at Willapa Bay, Washington; Variability in Estuarine Settings.” Palaios 14 (4): 352–374. doi:10.2307/3515462.
  • Goldring, R., T. R. Astin, J. E. A. Marshall, S. Gabbott, and C. D. Jenkins. 1998. “Towards an Integrated Study of the Depositional Environment of the Bencliff Grit (Upper Jurassic) of Dorset.” In Development, Evolution and Petroleum Geology of the Wessex Basin. edited by Underhill, J. R., Vol. 133., 355–372. London: The Geological Society. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.133.01.18.
  • Hakes, W. G. 1977. “Trace Fossils in Late Pennsylvanian Cyclothems, Kansas” In Trace Fossils –II, edited by Crimes T. P. and Harper, J., Vol. 9., 209–226. Liverpool, England: Seel House Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xt_eugEACAAJ&dq=TRACE+FOSSILS+2&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGy_fT6IviAhWDZd8KHcgtCdEQ6AEIKjAA.
  • Haldeman, S. S. 1840. Supplement to Number One of ‘A Monograph of the Limniades, and Other Freshwater Bivalve Shells of the Apparently New Animals in Different Classes, and Names and Characters of the Subgenera in Paludina and Anculosa.' J. Dobson, Philadelphia. 3. ASIN: B0008B31FW.
  • Hall, J. 1843. Geology of New York. Part IV. Comprising the Survey of the Fourth Geological District. 525. Albany, NY: Carroll and Cook. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ar3DwgEACAAJ&dq=GEOLOGY+OF+NEW+YORK+PART+IV&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4_oK36YviAhXoT98KHWwzBfYQ6AEIMDAB.
  • Hall, J. 1847. Palaeontology of New York: Containing Descriptions of the OrganicRremains of the Lower Division of the New-York System: (Equivalent of the lower Silurian rocks of Europe). 1:338. Albany, NY: Van Benthuysen.
  • Hall, J. 1852. Palaeontology of New York: Containing Descriptions of the OrganicRemains of the Lower Middle Division of the New-York System: (Equivalent in Part to the Middle Silurian rocks of Europe). Vol. 2., 358. Albany, NY: Van Benthuysen. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zZ45AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA236&dq=GEOLOGY+OF+NEW+YORK+CONTAINING+DESCRIPTIONS+OF+THE+ORGANIC+REMAINS&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie0dvq6YviAhWKdN8KHf4pCcsQ6AEIODAC#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  • Han, Y., and R. K. Pickerill. 1994. Phycodes Templus isp. nov. from the Lower Devonian of Northwestern New Brunswick, Eastern Canada. Atlantic Geology 30: 37–46. http://archives.datapages.com/data/atlantic-geology-journal/data/030/030001/pdfs/37.htm.
  • Häntzschel, W. 1975. “Trace Fossils and Problematica.” In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleonotology, Part. W. Miscellanea, Supplement I, edited by Teichert, C., W269. Lawrence, KS: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=N8x6uQAACAAJ&dq=TRACE+FOSSILS+AND+PROBLEMATICA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_zJem6oviAhX9AGMBHSESB2IQ6AEIKjAA.
  • Hecker, R. F. 1930. “Über einen Rhizocoralliumfundin den Devonablagerungen des FI. Wolchow.” Annuaire de la Société Paléontologique Russe 8: 150–156.
  • Heer, O. 1865. Die urwelt der Schweiz. F. Schulthess (Zürich), 622. Lausanne au temps du miocène (avec illustration): p. 443–446. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SRdCAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=HEER+1865,+DIE+URWELT&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQyPSE64viAhUEyxoKHRVcDlQQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=HEER%201865%2C%20DIE%20URWELT&f=false.
  • Hitchcock, E. 1858. Ichnology of New England: A Report on the Sandstone of the Connecticut Valley Especially its Fossil Footmarks, Made to the Government of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 220. Boston: William White. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Y-ZYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ICHNOLOGY+OF+NEW+ENGLAND&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifmc-j64viAhVQxIUKHS63BFUQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=ICHNOLOGY%20OF%20NEW%20ENGLAND&f=false.
  • Howard, J. D., and R. W. Frey. 1975. “Estuaries of the Georgia Coast, USA: Sedimentology and Biology. II. Regional Animal-Sediment Characteristics of Georgia estuaries.” Senckenbergiana Maritima 7: 33–103.
  • Howard, J. D., and R. W. Frey. 1984. “Characteristic Trace Fossils in Nearshore to Offshore Sequences, Upper Cretaceous of east-central Utah.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21 (2): 200–219. doi:10.1139/e84-022.
  • Howard, J. D. 1968. “X-ray Radiography for Examination of Burrowing in Sediments by Marine Invertebrate Organisms.” Sedimentology 11 (3–4): 249–258. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1968.tb00855.x.
  • Johannessen, P. N. 2003. “Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of Paralic and Shallow Marine Upper Jurassic Sandstones in the Northern Danish Central Graben.” The Jurassic of Denmark and Greenland. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 1: 367–402. http://www.geus.dk/media/12563/nr1_p367-402.pdf.
  • Johnson, S. M., and S. E. Dashtgard. 2014. “Inclined Heterolithic Stratification in a Mixed Tidal–Fluvial Channel: Differentiating Tidal Versus Fluvial Controls on Sedimentation.” Sedimentary Geology 301: 41–53. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.12.004.
  • Joseph, J. K., and S. J. Patel. 2018. “Facies Characterization of Shallow-Water Deltaic Sedimentary Succession (Upper Jurassic Wagad Highland, Kachchh, W India).” Geologos 24: 121–34. doi:10.2478/logos-2018-0013.
  • Joseph, J. K., and S. J. Patel. 2015. “Ichnology of Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Sedimentary Cycles and Their Sequence Stratigraphic Context: Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Kachchh, Western India.” Volumina Jurassica 13: 81–100. doi:10.5604/17313708.1185695.
  • Joseph, J. K., S. J. Patel, and N. Y. Bhatt. 2012a. “Sedimentology and Depositional Environments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India.” Gondwana Geological Magazine 13: 75–86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236208891_Sedimentology_and_Depositional_environments_of_the_Kaladongar_Formation_Middle_Jurassic_Patcham_Island_Kachchh_Western_India.
  • Joseph, J. K., S. J. Patel, and N. Y. Bhatt. 2012b. “Trace Fossil Assemblages in Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Sediments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham island, Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 80 (2): 189–214. doi:10.1007/s12594-012-0131-y.
  • Joseph, J. K., S. J. Patel, and N. Y. Bhatt. 2016. “Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Sediments of the Goradongar Formation, Goradongar Range, Patcham Island, Kachchh.” In Recent Studies on the Geology of Kachchh. Conference Proceedings of Geological Society of India, edited by Thakkar, M. G., Vol. 6. 32–45. Bengaluru, Karnataka, India: Geological Society of India. doi:10.17491/cgsi%2F2016%2F105407.
  • Keij, A. J. 1965. “Miocene Trace Fossils from Borneo.” Paläontologische Zeitschrift 39 (3–4): 220–228. doi:10.1007/BF02990166.
  • Kern, J. P., and J. E. Warme. 1974. “Trace Fossils and Bathymetry of the Upper Cretaceous Point Loma formation, San Diego, California.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 85 (6): 893–900. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C893:TFABOT%3E2.0.CO;2.
  • Knaust, D. 2012. “Trace-Fossil Systematics.” In Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments. Developments in Sedimentology. edited by Knaust, D. and Bromley, R.G., Vol. 64, 79–101. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53813-0.00003-4.
  • Knaust, D. 2013. “The Ichnogenus Rhizocorallium: Classification, Trace Makers, Palaeoenvironments and Evolution.” Earth Science Reviews 126: 1–47. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.04.007.
  • Knaust, D. 2015. Siphonichnidae (New Ichnofamily) Attributed to the Burrowing Activity of Bivalves: Ichnotaxonomy, Behaviour and Palaeoenvironmental Implications. Earth Science Reviews 150: 497–519. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.07.014.
  • Knaust, D. 2018. The Ichnogenus Teichichnus Seilacher, 1955. Earth-Science Reviews 177: 386–403. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.023.
  • Knecht, R. J., J. S. Benner, D. C. Rogers, and J. C. Ridge. 2009. Surculichnus bifurcauda n. igen., n. isp., a Trace Fossil From Late Pleistocene Blaciolacustrine Varves of the Connecticut River Valley, USA, Attributed to Notostracan Crustaceans Based on Neoichnological Experimentation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 272 (3–4): 232–239. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.013.
  • Krishna, J., B. Pandey, and D. B. Pathak. 2009. Characterization of Dichotomoceras in the Oxfordian of Kachchh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 74 (4): 469. doi:10.1007/s12594-009-0153-2.
  • Książkiewicz, M. 1977. Trace Fossils in the Flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Palaeontologica Polonica 36: 208. ASIN: B0006D1O92.
  • Kulkarni, K. G., and M. A. Ghare. 1989. Stratigraphic Distribution of Ichnotaxa in Wagad Region, Kutch, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 33: 259–267. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/66203.
  • Kulkarni, K. G., and M. A. Ghare. 1991. Locomotory Traces (Repichnia) from the Jurassic Sequence of Kutch, Gujarat. Journal of the Geological Society of India 37: 374–387. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/67314.
  • Kundal, P., and B. N. Sanganwar. 1998. Stratigraphy and Palichnology of Nimar Sandstone, Bagh Beds of Jabot Area, Jhabua District, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India 51: 619–634. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/68829.
  • La Croix, A. D., J. A. MacEachern, K. Ayranci, A. Hsieh, and S. E. Dashtgard. 2017. An Ichnological-Assemblage Approach to Reservoir Heterogeneity Assessment in Bioturbated Strata: Insights from the Lower Cretaceous Viking Formation, Alberta, Canada. Marine and Petroleum Geology 86: 636–654.
  • Lebesconte, P. 1883. Présentation des ouevres posthumes de Marie Rouault, suivies d'une note sur les Cruziana et Rysophycus. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France Sér 3 14: 466–472.
  • Lundgren, B. 1891. Studier Ofver Fossilförande Lösa Block. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 13 (2): 111–121.
  • MacEachern, J. A., and S. G. Pemberton. 1992. “Ichnological Aspects of Cretaceous Shoreface Successions and Shoreface Variability in the Western Interior Seaway of North America.” In Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration - A Core Workshop, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop. edited by Pemberton, S. G., Vol. 17., 57–84. McLean, VA: GeoScienceWorld. http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/CW17/Ichnological_Aspects_of_Cretaceous_Shoreface.htm.
  • MacEachern, J. A., and S. G. Pemberton. 1994. “Ichnological Aspects of Incised Valley Fill Systems from the Viking Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Alberta, Canada.” In Incised-Valley Systems: Origin and Sedimentary Sequences, edited by Boyd, R., Dalrymple, B. and Zailtin, B., Vol. 51., 129–157. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. doi:10.2110/pec.94.12.0129.
  • MacEachern, J. A., and K. L. Bann. 2008. “The Role of Ichnology in Refining Shallow Marine Facies Models.” In Recent Advances in Models of Siliciclastic Shallow-Marine stratigraphy, edited by Hampson, G. J., Steel, R. J., Burgess, P. M., and Dalrymple, R. W., Vol. 90., 73–116. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. doi:10.2110/pec.08.90.0073.
  • MacEachern, J. A., K. L. Bann, J. P. Bhattacharya, and C. D. Howell. Jr, 2005. “Ichnology of Deltas: Organism Responses to the Dynamic Interplay of Rivers, Waves, Storms, and Tides.” In River Deltas- Concepts, Models and Examples. edited by Giosan, L. and Bhattacharya, J. P., Vol. 83., 49–85. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. http://www.qsc.uh.edu/pdf/papers/MacEachern_etAl_2005.pdf.
  • MacEachern, J. A., and M. K. Gingras. 2007. “Recognition of Brackish-water Trace-fossil Suites in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of Alberta, Canada.” In Sediment-Organism Interactions: a Multifaceted Ichnology, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication. edited by Bromley, R., Buatois, L. A., Genise, J., Mángano, M. G., and Melchor, R., Vol. 88., 149–193. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. doi:10.2110/pec.07.88.0149.
  • MacEachern, J. A., S. G. Pemberton, M. K. Gingras, and K. L. Bann. 2007a. “The Ichnofacies Paradigm: A Fifty-year Retrospective.” In Trace Fossils Concepts, Problems, Prospects. edited by Miller, W., 52–77. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-044452949-7/50130-3.
  • MacEachern, J. A., S. G. Pemberton, K. L. Bann, and M. K. Gingras. 2007b. “Departures from the Archetypal Ichnofacies: Effective Recognition of Physico-chemical Stresses in the Rock Record.” In Applied Ichnology. edited by MacEachern, J. A., Bann, K. L., Gingras, M.K., and Pemberton, S. G., Vol. 52., 65–93. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. doi:10.2110/pec.07.52.0065.
  • MacSotay, O. 1967. “Huellas Problematicas y su Valor Paleoecologico en Venezuela.” Geos (Venezuela) 16 :7–79.
  • Mayer, G. 1954. “Neue Beobachtungen an Lebensspuren aus dem Unteren Hauptmuschelkalk (Trochitenkalk) von Wiesloch.” Neues Jahrbuch Für Geologie Und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 99: 223–229.
  • McIlroy, D. 2004. “Ichnofabrics and Sedimentary Facies of a Tide-dominated Delta: Jurassic Ile Formation of Kristin Field, Haltenbanken, Offshore Mid-Norway. In The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis, McIlory, D., Vol. 228., 237–272. London: Geological Society of London, Special Publication. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.12.
  • M’Coy, F. 1850. “On Some New Genera and Species of Silurian Radiata in the Collection of the University of Cambridge.” Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6: 270–290.
  • Meunier, S. 1886. “Sur Quelques Empreintes Problématiques des Couches Boloniennes du Pas-de-Calais.” Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 14: 564–568.
  • Miller, S. A., and C. B. Dyer. 1878. “Contributions to Paleontology.” Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History 1: 24–39.
  • Mishra, D., and S. K. Biswas. 2009. “Sedimentology, Aequence Stratigraphy and Syn-rift Model of Younger Part of Washtawa Formation and Early Part of Kanthkot Formation, Wagad, Kachchh Basin, Gujarat.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 73 (4): 519–527. doi:10.1007/s12594-009-0035-7.
  • Moslow, T. F., and S. G. Pemberton. 1988. “An Integrated Approach to the Sedimentological Analysis of Some Lower Cretaceous Shoreface and Delta Front Sandstone Sequences.” In Sequences, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology; Surface and Subsurface: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologist, Memoir. edited by James, D. J., and Leckie, D. A., Vol. 15., 373–386. Canada: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. http://archives.datapages.com/data/cspg_sp/data/015/015001/373_cspgsp0150373.htm.
  • Mount, J. 1985. “Mixed Siliciclastic and Carbonate Sediments: A Proposed First‐order Textural and Compositional Classification.” Sedimentology 32 (3): 435–442. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00522.x.
  • Moussa, M. T. 1970. “Nematode Fossil Trails from the Green River Formation (Eocene) in the Uinta Basin, Utah.” Journal of Paleontology 44: 304–307. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1302544.
  • Mude, S. N., S. A. Jagtap, P. Kundal, P. K. Sarkar, and M. P. Kundal. 2012. “Paleoenvironmental Significance of Ichnofossils from the Mesozoic Jaisalmer Basin, Rajasthan, North Western India.” Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2: 150. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273260077_Paleoenvironmental_significance_of_ichnofossils_from_the_Mesozoic_Jaisalmer_Basin_Rajasthan_north_western_India.
  • Myrow, P. M. 1995. “Thalassinoides and the Enigma of Early Paleozoic Open-framework Burrow Systems.” Palaios 10 (1): 58–74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515007?origin=JSTOR-pdf.
  • Nicholson, H. A. 1873. “Contributions to the Study of the Errant Annelides of the Older Palaeozoic rocks. Abstract.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 21: 288–290. https://www.jstor.org/stable/113046.
  • Palij, V. M. 1974. Bilobite Traces from the Deposits of the Baltic Series in the Dniestr Region.” DokladyAN URSR, Series B 1: 499–503.
  • Patel, S. J., and B. G. Desai. 2009. “Animal-sediment Relationship of the Crustaceans and Polychaetes in the Intertidal Zone Around Mandvi, Gulf of Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 74 (2): 233–259. doi:10.1007/s12594-009-0125-6.
  • Patel, S. J., B. G. Desai, and R. Shukla. 2009. “Paleoecological Significance of the Trace Fossils of Dhosa Oolite Member (Jumara Formation), Jhura Dome, Mainland Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 74 (5): 601–614. doi:10.1007/s12594-009-0175-9.
  • Patel, S. J., N. Y. Bhatt, and B. G. Desai. 2008a. “Asteriacites quinquefolius – Asteroid Trace Maker from the Bhuj Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Mainland Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 71: 129–132. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/80902.
  • Patel, S. J., B. G. Desai, A. D. Vaidya, and R. Shukla. 2008b. “Middle Jurassic Trace Fossils from Habo Dome, Mainland Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 71: 345–362. http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/80885.
  • Patel, S. J., J. K. Joseph, and N. Y. Bhatt. 2013. “Facies Controlled Synaeresis Cracks in Middle Jurassic of Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 82 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1007/s12594-013-0116-5.
  • Patel, S. J., J. K. Joseph, and N. Y. Bhatt. 2010. “Sequence Stratigraphic Significance of Sedimentary Cycles and Trace Fossils in the Middle Jurassic Rocks of Kuar Bet Area, Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India.” Gondwana Geological Magazine, 12: 189–197.
  • Patel, S. J., V. Nenuji, and J. K. Joseph. 2012. “Trace Fossils from the Jurassic Rocks of Gangta Bet, Eastern Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of Palaeontological Society of India 57: 59–73.
  • Patel, S. J., J. K. Joseph, and N. Y. Bhatt. 2014. “Ichnology of the Goradongar Formation, Goradongar Hill Range, Patcham Island, Kachchh, Western India.” Journal of the Geological Society of India 84 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1007/s12594-014-0116-0.
  • Pearse, A. S. 1908. “Observations on the Behavior of the Holothurian, Thyone briareus (Leseur).” The Biological Bulletin 15 (6): 259–288. doi:10.2307/1535923.
  • Pemberton, S. G. 1992. “Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration- A Core Workshop.” Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Core Workshop 17: 429. doi:10.2110/cor.92.17.
  • Pemberton, S. G., and R. G. Frey. 1982. “Trace Fossil Nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus Dilemma.” Journal of Paleontology 56: 843–881. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1304706.
  • Pemberton, S. G., and R. G. Frey. 1984. Ichnology of Storm-influenced Shallow Marine Sequence: Cardium Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Seebe, Alberta. In The Mesozoic of Middle North America. edited by Stott, D. F. and Glass, D.J., Vol. 9., 281–304. Canada: Canadian Society of Petroleum. http://archives.datapages.com/data/cspg_sp/data/009/009001/281_cspgsp0090281.htm.
  • Pemberton, S. G., and R. G. Frey. 1985. The Glossifungites Ichnofacies: Modern Examples from the Georgia Coast, U.S.A. In Biogenic Structures: Their Use in Interpreting Depositional Environments. edited by Curran, H. A., Vol. 35., 237–259. McLean, VA: GeoScienceWorld. http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/SP35/The_Glossifungites_Ichnofacies.htm.
  • Pemberton, S. G., and D. M. Wightman. 1992. Ichnological Characteristics of Brackish Water Deposits. In Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration: A Core Workshop. edited by Pemberton, S. G., Vol. 17., 141–167. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. doi:10.2110/cor.92.01.0141.
  • Pemberton, S. G., and J. A. MacEachern. 1997. “The Ichnological Signature of Storm Deposits: The Use of Trace Fossils in Event Stratigraphy.” In Paleontological Events: Stratigrapic, Ecological and Evolutionary Implications, edited by Brett, C. E. and Baird, G. C., 73–109. New York, NY:Columbia University Press. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/J_Maceachern/publication/313621995_The_ichnological_signature_of_storm_deposits_The_use_of_trace_fossils_in_event_stratigraphy/links/58a1e67692851c7fb4c1bde1/The-ichnological-signature-of-storm-deposits-The-use-of-trace-fossils-in-event-stratigraphy.pdf.
  • Pemberton, S. G., J. A. MacEachern, and M. J. Ranger. 1992a. “Ichnology and Event Stratigraphy: The Use of Trace Fossils in Recognizing Tempestites.” In Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration - A Core Workshop. edited by Pemberton, S. G., 85–117. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/CW17/Ichnology_and_Event_Stratigraphy.htm.
  • Pemberton, S. G., G. E. Reinson, and J. A. MacEachern. 1992b. “Comparative Ichnological Analysis of Late Albian Estuarine Valley Fill and Shelf-shoreface Deposits, Crystal Viking Field, Alberta.” In Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration - A Core Workshop. edited by Pemberton, S. G., 291–317. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/CW17/Comparative_Ichnological_Analysis_of_Late_Albian_Estuarine.htm.
  • Pettijohn, F. J. 1975. Sedimentary rocks. 628. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
  • Pickerill, R. K., M. Romano, and B. Meléndez. 1984. “Arenig Trace Fossils from the Salamanca Area, Western Spain.” Geological Journal 19 (3): 249–269. doi:10.1002/gj.3350190305.
  • Poursoltani, M. R., R. Moussavi-Harami, and M. R. Gibling. 2007. “Jurassic Deep-water Fans in the Neo-Tethys Ocean: The Kashafrud Formation of the Kopet-Dagh Basin, Iran.” Sedimentary Geology 198 (1–2): 53–74. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.11.004.
  • Powell, E. N. 1977. “Particle Size Selection and Sediment Reworking in a Funnel Feeder, Leptosynapta tenuis (Holothuroidea, Synaptidae).” Internationale Revue Der Gesamten Hydrobiologie Und Hydrographie 62 (3): 385–408. doi:10.1002/iroh.1977.3510620305.
  • Quenstedt, F. A. 1879. Petrefactenkunde Deutschlands. Korallen (Rohren- und Sternkorallen). 337–496. Leipzig, Germany: Fues’s Verlag.
  • Rajkonwar, C., R. P. Tiwari, and S. J. Patel. 2013. “Arenicolites helixus isp. nov. and Associated Ichnofossil from the Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (Lower Middle Miocene) of Aizawl, Mizoram, India.” Himalayan Geology 34: 18–37. http://52.172.159.94/index.php/hg/article/view/32516.
  • Richter, R. 1937. “Marken und Spuren aus Allen Zeiten. I-II.” Senckenbergiana 19: 150–69.
  • Rieth, A. 1932. “Neue Funde Spongeliomorpher Fucoiden aus Dem Jura Scwabens.” Geologische Und Palaontologishe Abhandlungen 19: 257–294. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Neue_funde_spongeliomorpher_fucoiden_aus.html?id=zujsHAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y.
  • Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J., A. Uchman, A. Payros, X. Orue-Etxebarria, E. Apellaniz, and E. Molina. 2010. “Sea-level Dynamics and Palaeoecological Factors Affecting Trace Fossil Distribution in Eocene Turbiditic Deposits (Gorrondatxe section, N Spain).” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 285 (1–2): 50–65. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.10.022.
  • Rouault, M. 1850. “Note Préliminaire sur une Nouvelle Formation Découverte Dans le Terrain Silurien Inférieur de la Bretagne.” Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 7: 724–744. https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Note_pr%C3%A9liminaire_sur_une_nouvelle_form.html?id=AKSOGwAACAAJ&redir_esc=y.
  • Salter, J. W. 1857. “On Annelide-burrows and Surface-markings from the Cambrian Rocks of the Longmynd. No. 2.” Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 13 (1–2): 199–206. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1857.013.01-02.29.
  • Saporta, G., de. 1872. “Paleontologie Francaise ou Description des Fossiles de la France.” 2 ser. Vegetaux. Plantes Jurassiques. 506. Paris: Masson. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9704394v.
  • Savrda, C. E. 1991. “Ichnology in Sequence Stratigraphic Studies: An Example from the Lower Paleocene of Alabama.” Palaios 6 (1): 39–53. doi:10.2307/3514952.
  • Savrda, C. E. 1992. “Trace Fossils and Benthic Oxygenation.” In Trace Fossils.edited by Maples, C.G. and West, R.R., 172–196. Baltimore, MA: The Paleontological Society. doi:10.1017/S2475263000002348.
  • Savrda, C. E., and D. J. Bottjer. 1986. “Trace-fossil Model for Reconstruction of Paleo-oxygenatin in Bottom Waters.” Geology 14 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14%3C3:TMFROP%3E2.0.CO;2.
  • Savrda, C. E., and D. J. Bottjer. 1987. “The Exaerobic Zone, A New Oxygen-deficient Marine Biofacies.” Nature 327 (6117): 54. doi:10.1038/327054a0.
  • Savrda, C. E., D. J. Bottjer, and D. S. Gorsline. 1984. “Development of a Comprehensive Ozygen-deficient Marine Biofacies Model: Evidence from Santa Monica, San Pedro, and Santa Barbara Basins, California Continental Borderland.” American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 68: 1179–1192. http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1984-85/data/pg/0068/0009/1150/1179.htm.
  • Schlirf, M. 2000. “Upper Jurassic Trace Fossils from the Boulonnais (Northern France.).” Geologica et Palaeontologica 34: 145–213. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Schlirf/publication/284421166_Upper_Jurassic_trace_fossils_from_the_Boulonnais_northern_France/links/5683b9a808ae1e63f1f1b82f/Upper-Jurassic-trace-fossils-from-the-Boulonnais-northern-France.pdf.
  • Schlirf, M. 2002. “Taxonomic Reassessment of Bolonia Meunier, 1886 (Trace Fossil) Based on New Material from the Type Area in Boulonnais, Northern France.” Paläontologische Zeitschrift 76 (2): 331. doi:10.1007/BF02989868.
  • Schlirf, M. 2003. “Palaeoecologic Significance of Late Jurassic Trace Fossils from the Boulonnais, N France.” Acta Geologica Polonica 53: 123–142. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/agp/article/view/9725/8261.
  • Schlirf, M. 2011. “A New Classification Concept for U-shaped Spreite Trace Fossils.” Neues Jahrbuch Für Geologie Und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 260 (1): 33–54. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0127.
  • Schlirf, M., and A. Uchman. 2005. “Revision of the Ichnogenus Sabellarifex Richter, 1921 and Its Relationship to Skolithos Haldeman, 1840 and Polykladichnus Fürsich, 1981.” Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1017/S1477201905001550.
  • Schmid, E. 1876. Der Muschelkalk des Östlichen Thüringen, Fromann, Jena. 20.
  • Seilacher, A. 1953. “Studien zur Palichnologie. I, Ü ber die Methoden der Palichnologie.” Neues Jahrbuch Für Geologie Und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 96: 421–452.
  • Seilacher, A. 1955. “Spuren und Fazies im Unterkambrium.” In Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Kambriums in der Salt Range (Pakistan), edited by Schindewolf O. H. and Seilacher, A., 11–143. Mainz: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.
  • Seilacher, A. 1964. “Biogenic Sedimentary Structures.” In Approaches to Paleoecology, edited by Imbrie, J. and Newell, N. D., 296–316. New York, NY: Wiley. https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dR_y9EAMdm0C&q=approaches+to+paleoecology&dq=approaches+to+paleoecology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4qtup3o3iAhX7WxUIHWF2AwUQ6AEIKjAA.
  • Seilacher, A. 1967. “Bathymetry of Trace Fossils.” Marine Geology 5 (5–6): 413–28. doi:10.1016/0025-3227(67)90051-5.
  • Seilacher, A. 1978. “Use of Trace fossil Assemblages for Recognizing Depositional Environments.” In Trace Fossil Concepts. edited by Basan, P.B., 175–201. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Sepm Society for Sedimentary. http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm_sp/sc5/Use_of_Trace_Fossil_Assemblages_for_Recognizing_Depositional_Environments.htm.
  • Seilacher, A. 1982. “General Remarks About Event Deposits.” In Cyclic and Event Stratification, edited by Einsele, G and Seilacher, A., 161–174. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-75829-4_11.
  • Shringarpure, D. M., G. Desai, and S. S. Merh. 1976. “Stratigraphic Leakage: A Problem with the Foraminiferal Assemblage of the Wagad Mesozoic Sediments of Eastern Kutch.” Proceedings of the VI Indian Colloquium on Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy 6: 245–258. https://eurekamag.com/research/020/104/020104061.php.
  • Shringarpure, D. M., and G. Desai. 1975. “On the Occurrence of Some Jurassic Nodosariid Foraminifera from the Manfara Section of the Wagad Hill Blocks. Eastern Kutch.” Current Science 44: 123.
  • Smilek, K. R., and D. I. Hembree. 2012. “Neoichnology of Thyonella gemmata: A Case Study for Understanding Holothurian Ichnofossils.” The Open Paleontology Journal 4: 1–10. doi:10.2174/1874425701204010001.
  • Smith, J. 1893. XXII. Peculiar U-shaped tubes in sandstone near Crawfurdland Castle, and in Gowkha Quarry near Kilwinning. Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow 9(2): 289–292.
  • Stanley, C. A., and R. K. Pickerill. 1998. “Systematic Ichnology of the Late Ordovician Georgian Bay Formation of Southern Ontario, Eastern Canada.” Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences Contributions 162: 1–56. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113523#page/3/mode/1up.
  • Stanton, R. J., and J. R. Dodd. 1984. “Teichichnus Pescaderoensis - New Ichnospecies in the Neogene Shelf and Slope Sediments, California.” Facies 11 (1): 219–228. doi:10.1007/BF02536911.
  • Stefani, C. D. 1885. “Studi Paleozoologici Sulle Creta Superiore e Media Dell Ápenninisettentrionale.” Atti Della Reale Accademia Dei Lincei, Memorie Della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali (Serie 4) 1: 73–121.
  • Tanner, L. H., D. L. Smith, and S. G. Lucas. 2006. “Trace Fossils in Eolian Facies of the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Dinosaur Canyon Member, Moenave Formation, Northern Arizona.” Ichnos 13 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1080/10420940500511520.
  • Taylor, A. M., and R. Goldring. 1993. “Description and Analysis of Bioturbation and Ichnofabric.” Journal of the Geological Society 150 (1): 141–148. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.1.0141.
  • Tchoumatchenco, P., and A. Uchman. 2001. “The Oldest Deepsea Ophiomorpha and Scolicia and Associated Trace Fossils from the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Deepwater Turbidite Deposits of SW Bulgaria.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169 (1–2): 85–99. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00218-8.
  • Torell, O. 1870. “Petrificata Suecana Formationis Cambricae.” Lunds Universitets Årsskrift 6 (8):1–14.
  • Uchman, A. 1998. “Taxonomy and Ethology of Flysch Trace Fossils: A Revision of the Marian Ksiazkiewicz Collection and Studies of Complementary Material.” Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae 68: 105–218. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/asgp/article/view/12322.
  • Uchman, A., and J. J. Álvaro. 2000. “Non-marine Invertebrate Trace Fossils from the Tertiary Calatayud-Teruel Basin, NE Spain.” Revista Espanola de Paleontología 15: 203–218. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alfred_Uchman/publication/284612246_Non-marine_invertebrate_trace_fossils_from_the_Tertiary_Calatayud-Teruel_Basin_NE_Spain/links/5672914108ae3aa2fcf0be3a.pdf.
  • Uchman, A., and B. Rattazzi. 2017. “Rhizocorallium hamatum (Fischer-Ooster 1858), a Zoophycos-like Trace Fossil from Deep Sea Cretaceous-Neogene Sediments.” Historical Biology 29 (3): 395–410. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1167481.
  • Vassoevich, N. B. 1932. “O nekotorykh Priznakakh Pozvolyayushchikh Otlicht Óprokinutoe Polo-zhenie Flishevykh Obrazovaniy ot Normalynogo.” Akademii Nauk USSR, Geologiduskiy Institut Trudy 2: 47–64.
  • Verma, K. K. 1970. “Occurrence of Trace Fossils in the Bagh Beds of Amba Dongar Area, Gujatar State.” Journal of the Indian Geosciences Association 12: 37–40.
  • Wanless, H. R., L. P. Tedesco, and K. M. Tyrrell. 1988. “Production of Subtidal Tubular and Surficial Tempestites by Hurricane Kate, Caicos Platform, British West Indies.” Journal of Sedimentary Research 58: 739–750. doi:10.1306/212F8E31-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
  • Weimar, R. J., and J. H. Hoyt. 1964. “Burrows of Callianassa major Say, Geologic Indicators of Littoral and Shallow Neritic Environments.” Journal of Paleontology 38: 761–767. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1301454.
  • Wetzel, A., and A. Uchman. 2001. “Sequential Colonization of Muddy Turbidites in the Eocene Beloveža Formation, Carpathians, Poland.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 168 (1–2): 171–186. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00254-6.
  • Williamson, W. C. 1887. “On Some Undescribed Tracks of Invertebrate Animals from the Yoredale Rocks, and on Some Inorganic Phenomena, Produced on Tidal Shores, Simulating Plant-Remains.” Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Series 3 ( 10): 19–29.
  • Wurm, A. 1911. “Untersuchungen Über den Geologischen Bau und Die Trias von Aragonien.” Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft Abhandlungen 63: 38–174. https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/zdgg_alt/detail/63/66833/%23.
  • Young, F. G. 1972. “Early Cambrian and Older Trace Fossils from the Southern Cordillera of Canada.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1139/e72-001.
  • Zenker, J. C. 1836. Historisch-topographisches Taschenbuch von Jena und Seiner Umgebung Besonders in Naturwissenschaftlicher und Medicinischer Beziehung. 338. Jena: Wackenholder. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yghAAQAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA29&dq=Historisch-topographisches+Taschenbuch+von+Jena+und+Seiner+Umgebung+Besonders+in&ots=N1wYKpPXXC&sig=PHrMAsrZS7lNs8un2A9wEMoceAU&redir_esc=y#v=onepagehx0026;q=Historisch-topographisches%20Taschenbuch%20von%20Jena%20und%20Seiner%20Umgebung%20Besonders%20in&f=false.
  • Zhang, X., G. R. Shi, and Y. Gong. 2008. “Middle Jurassic Trace Fossils from the Ridang Formation in Sajia County, South Tibet, and Their Paleoenvironmental Significance.” Facies 54 (1): 45–60. doi:10.1007/s10347-007-0127-z.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.