Pliocene Animal Trackways at Laetoli: Research and Conservation Potential

REFERENCES

• Agnew , N. and Demas , M. 1998 . Preserving the Laetoli footprints . Scientific American , 279 ( 3 ) : 44 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew , N. and Demas , M. 2000 . “ Laetoli project: Report on the 1996–1997 field seasons and the Olduvai Museum exhibition ” . The Getty Conservation Institute
   Google Scholar
• Andrew , P. J. 1989 . Palaeoecology of Laetoli . Journal of Human Evolution , 18 : 173 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonnefille , R. and Riollet , G. 1987 . “ Palynological spectra from the Upper Laetoli beds ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 52 – 61 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Butzer , K. W. 1974 . Paleoecology of South African australopithecines: Taung revisited . Current Anthropology , 15 : 376 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Coffing , E. , Feibel , C. , Leakey , M. and Walker , A. 1994 . Four-million-year-old hominids from east Lake Turkana, Kenya . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 93 ( 1 ) : 55 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coppens , Y. F. , Howell , C. , Isaac , G. L. I. and Leakey , R. E. F. 1976 . “ Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf basin: Introduction ” . In Earliest man and environments in the Lake Rudolf basin , Edited by: Coppens , Y. F. , Howells , C. , Isaac , G. L.I. and Leakey , R. E. F. 615 Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Day , M. H. and Magori , C. C. 1980 . A new fossil hominid skull (L.H. 18) from the Ngaloba beds, Laetoli, northern Tanzania . Nature , 284 : 55 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day , M. H. and Wickens , E. H. 1980 . Laetoli Pliocene hominid footprints and bipedalism . Nature , 286 : 385 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demas , M. , Agnew , N. , Waane , S. , Podany , J. , Bass , A. and Kamamba , D. 1996 . “ Preservation of the Laetoli hominid trackway in Tanzania ” . In Archaeological Conservation and its Consequences , Edited by: Roy , A. and Smith , P. 38 – 42 . London : International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works . Preprints of the contributions to the Copenhagen Congress, August 26–30
   Google Scholar
• Denys , C. 1987 . “ Rodentia and lagomorpha ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 118 – 170 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Drake , R. and Curtis , G. H. 1987 . “ Geochronology of the Laetoli fossil localities ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 48 – 52 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feibel , C. S. , Brown , F. H. and McDougall , I. 1989 . Stratigraphic context of the fossil hominids from the Omo group deposits: Northern Turkana basin, Kenya and Ethiopia . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 78 : 595 – 622 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feibel , C. S. , Agnew , N. , Latimer , B. , Demas , M. , Marshall , F. , Waane , S. A. C. and Schmid , P. 1995 . The Laetoli hominid prints—a preliminary report on the conservation and scientific restudy . Evolutionary Anthropology , 4 ( 5 ) : 149 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. W. 1981 . “ Pliocene and Pleistocene bovidae in Africa ” . In L'environnement des hominidés au Plio-Pléistocène , Edited by: Beden , M. , Eisennmann , V. , Geraads , D. and Guérin , C. 119 – 132 . Paris : Fondation Singer Polignac .
   Google Scholar
• Gentry , A. W. 1987 . “ Pliocene bovidae from Laetoli ” . In Laetoli, A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 378 – 408 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J. M. 1985 . “ Age and paleoecology of the Upper Laetolil beds, Laetoli, Tanzania ” . In Ancestors: The hard evidence , 76 – 81 . New York : Alan Riss, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , T. 2005 . Fossil bird eggs from the Pliocene of Laetoli, Tanzania: Their taxonomic and paleoecological relationships . Journal of African Earth Sciences , 41 : 289 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , R. L. 1978 . Melilitite-Carbonatite tuffs in the Laetoli Beds of Tanzania . Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology , 67 : 357 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , R. L. 1980 . “ Paleoenvironment of the Laetoli beds, northern Tanzania ” . In Hominid sites: Their geologic settings. AAAS Selected Symposium 63 , Edited by: Rapp , G. and Vondra , C. F. 7 – 24 . Boulder : Westview Press Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , R. L. and Leakey , M. D. 1982 . The fossil footprints of Laetoli . Scientific American , 246 : 50 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay , R. L. 1987 . “ Geology of the Laetoli area ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 23 – 47 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johanson , D. and Edey , M. A. 1981 . “ Lucy, the beginnings of humankind ” . 409 New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , P. E. 1941 . The recent history and Pleistocene deposits of the plateau north Lake Eyasi. Tanganyika . Geological Magazine , 78 : 173 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon , J. 1982 . “ East African mammals ” . Vol. III , 358 Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon , J. 1997 . “ The kingdom field guide to African mammals ” . 450 London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kyauka , P. S. 1994 . “ Developmental patterns of the earliest hominids: Amorphological perspective ” . In Integrative paths to the past: Paleoanthropological advances in honor of F. Clark Howell , Edited by: Corruccini , R. S. and Ciochon , R. L. 229 – 250 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Leakey , M. D. 1981 . Tracks and tools . Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London , B 292 : 95 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Leakey , M. D. 1987 . “ The hominid footprints: Introduction ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania. , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 490 – 496 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leakey , M. D. , Hay , R. L. , Curtis , G. H. , Drake , R. E. , Jackes , M. K. and White , T. D. 1976 . Fossil hominids from the Laetolil beds . Nature , 262 : 460 – 466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leakey , M. D. and Hay , R. L. 1979 . Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania . Nature , 278 : 317 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leakey , M. D. , Beden , M. , Guérin , C. , Renders , E. M. and Sondaar , P. 1987 . “ Animal prints and trails ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 451 – 489 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manega , P. C. 1993 . “ Geochronology, geochemistry and isotopic study of the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites and the Ngorongoro volcanic highland in northern Tanzania ” . Boulder, Colorado : Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado .
   Google Scholar
• Musiba , C. M. 1999 . “ Laetoli Pliocene Paleoecology: A Reanalysis via morphological and behavioral approaches ” . Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago
   Google Scholar
• Musiba , C. M. and Magori , C. C. 2006 . “ Functional morphology, taphonomy and paleoecological context of the Upper Laetolil beds (localities 8 & 9), Laetoli in northern Tanzania ” . In African Genesis: A Symposium on Hominid Evolution in South Africa , Johannesburg, , South Africa : January 8–14, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School .
   Google Scholar
• Ndessokia , P. N. S. 1990 . “ The mammalian fauna and archaeology of the Ndolanya and Olpiro beds, Laetoli, Tanzania ” . Berkeley : Ph.D. thesis, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Stuart , C. and Stuart , T. 1994 . “ A field guide to the tracks and signs of southern and East African wildlife ” . 310 Cape Town : Struik Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , R. H. 1987 . “ Kinesiological inferences and evolutionary implications from Laetoli bipedal trails G-1, G-2/3, and A ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 503 – 523 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuttle , R. H. 1992 . “ Footprints and gaits of bipedal apes, bears, and barefoot people: Perspective on Pliocene tracks ” . In Topics in primatology , Edited by: Matano , S. , Tuttle , R. H. , Ishida , H. and Goodman , M. Vol. 3 , 221 – 242 . Tokyo : University of Tokyo Press .
   Google Scholar
• Verdcourt , B. 1987 . “ Mollusca from the Laetolil and Upper Ndolanya beds ” . In Laetoli: A Pliocene site in northern Tanzania. , Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 438 – 450 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vrba , E. S. 1975 . Some evidence of chronology and paleoecology of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai from the fossil Bovidae . Nature , 254 : 301 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrba , E. S. 1985a . Environment and evolution: Alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events . South African Journal of Science , 81 : 229 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrba , E. S. 1985b . African bovidae: Evolutionary events since the Miocene . South African Journal of Science , 81 : 263 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrba , E. S. 1995 . “ The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimates ” . In Paleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins , Edited by: Vrba , E. S. , Denton , G. H. , Partridge , T. C. and Burckle , L. H. 385 – 424 . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vrba , E. S. 2000 . “ Major features of Neogene mammalian evolution in Africa ” . In The cenozoic of southern Africa , Edited by: Partridge , T. C. and Maud , R. R. 277 – 304 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• White , T. D. 1977 . New fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 46 : 197 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White , T. D. 1980 . Additional fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 53 : 487 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• WoldeGabriel , G. , White , T. D. , Suwa , G. , Renne , P. , de Heinzelin , J. , Hart , W. K. and Helken , G. 1994 . Ecological and temporal placement of early Pliocene T . Nature , 371 : 330 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , B. and Collard , M. 1999 . The human genus . Science , 284 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar