Selective laser melting and post-processing stages for enhancing the material behavior of cobalt-chromium alloy in total hip replacement: a review

References

• Kracke, A. Superalloys, the Most Successful Alloy System of Modern Times-Past, Present, and Future. 2016, 13–50. DOI: 10.7449/2010/superalloys_2010_13_50.
   Google Scholar
• Coutsouradis, D.; Davin, A.; Lamberigts, M. Cobalt-Based Superalloys for Applications in Gas Turbines. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1987, 88, 11–19. DOI: 10.1016/0025-5416(87)90061-9.
   Google Scholar
• Selvaraj, S. K.; Prasad, S. K.; Yasin, S. Y.; Subhash, U. S.; Verma, P. S.; Manikandan, M.; Dev, S. J. Additive Manufacturing of Dental Material Parts via Laser Melting Deposition: A Review, Technical Issues, and Future Research Directions. J. Manuf. Process. February, 2022, 76, 67–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.012.
   Google Scholar
• Kassapidou, M.; Franke Stenport, V.; Hjalmarsson, L.; Johansson, C. B. Cobalt-Chromium Alloys in Fixed Prosthodontics in Sweden. Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand. 2017, 3(1), 53–62. DOI: 10.1080/23337931.2017.1360776.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svanborg, P.; Hjalmarsson, L. A Systematic Review on the Accuracy of Manufacturing Techniques for Cobalt Chromium Fixed Dental Prostheses. Biomater. Investig. Dent. 2020, 7(1), 31–40. DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2020.1714445.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manivasagam, G.; Dhinasekaran, D.; Rajamanickam, A. Biomedical Implants: Corrosion and Its Prevention - a Review. Recent Patents Corros. Sci. 2010, 2(1), 40–54. !2009-12-22 !2010-01-20 !2010-05-25 !. DOI: 10.2174/1877610801002010040.
   Google Scholar
• Song, C.; Yang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, D.; Yu, J. Research on Rapid Manufacturing of CoCrmo Alloy Femoral Component Based on Selective Laser Melting. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2014, 75(1–4), 445–453. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-014-6150-7.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, J.; Zhang, F. Q. The Application of Rapid Prototyping in Prosthodontics. J. Prosthodont. 2012, 21(8), 641–644. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849X.2012.00888.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torabi, K.; Farjood, E.; Hamedani, S. Rapid Prototyping Technologies and Their Applications in Prosthodontics, a Review of Literature. J. Dent. (Shiraz, Iran). 2015, 16(1), 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrosion, W.; Nickels, R.; Nickel-Chromium, C. H. R.; Cracking, S. © 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys (#06178G) Www.Asminternational.Org. 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Dilberoglu, U. M.; Gharehpapagh, B.; Yaman, U.; Dolen, M. The Role of Additive Manufacturing in the Era of Industry 4.0. Procedia. Manuf. June, 2017, 11, 545–554. DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.148.
   Google Scholar
• Szymczyk-Ziółkowska, P.; Ziółkowski, G.; Hoppe, V.; Rusińska, M.; Kobiela, K.; Madeja, M.; Dziedzic, R.; Junka, A.; Detyna, J. Improved Quality and Functional Properties of Ti-6al-4V ELI Alloy for Personalized Orthopedic Implants Fabrication with EBM Process. J. Manuf. Process. 2022, 76(May 2021), 175–194. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.011.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, P. F.; Morcuende, J. A. Early Attempts at Hip Arthroplasty–1700s to 1950s. Iowa Orthop. J. 2005, 25, 25–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar, N.; Arora, N. C.; Datta, B. Bearing Surfaces in Hip Replacement - Evolution and Likely Future. Med. J. Armed Forces India. 2014, 70(4), 371–376. DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.04.015.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triclot, P. Metal-On-Metal: History, State of the Art (2010). Int. Orthop. 2011, 35(2), 201–206. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-010-1180-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molli, R. G.; Lombardi, A. V.; Berend, K. R.; Adams, J. B.; Sneller, M. A. Metal-On-Metal Vs Metal-On-Improved Polyethylene Bearings in Total Hip Arthroplasty. J. Arthroplasty. 2011, 26(SUPPL. 6), 8–13. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2011.04.029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, S. R.; Davies, W. A.; DeHeer, D. H.; Swanson, A. B. Long-Term Survival of McKee-Farrar Total Hip Prostheses. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2002, 402(402), 157–163. DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200209000-00013.
   Google Scholar
• McKellop, H.; Park, S. H.; Chiesa, R.; Doorn, P.; Lu, B.; Normand, P.; Grigoris, P.; Amstutz, H. In vivo Wear of 3 Types of Metal on Metal Hip Prostheses During 2 Decades of Use. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1996, 329(SUPPL), S128–S140. DOI: 10.1097/00003086-199608001-00013.
   Google Scholar
• Bezwada, H. P.; Cho, R. H., and Nazarian, D. G. Hemiarthroplasty of the Hip. Oper. Tech. Adult Reconstr. Surg . 2012, 94(19), 39–54.
   Google Scholar
• Galante, R.; Figueiredo-Pina, C. G.; Serro, A. P. Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics for Dental Applications: A Review. Dent. Mater. 2019, 35(6), 825–846. The Academy of Dental Materials. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, S. R.; Aujla, R.; Biswas, S. P. Total Hip Arthroplasty – Over 100 Years of Operative History. Orthop. Rev. (Pavia). 2011, 3(2), 16. DOI: 10.4081/or.2011.e16.
   Google Scholar
• Bota, N. C.; Nistor, D. V.; Caterev, S.; Todor, A. Historical Overview of Hip Arthroplasty: From Humble Beginnings to a High-Tech Future. Orthop. Rev. (Pavia). 2021, 13(1), 19–23. DOI: 10.4081/or.2021.8773.
   Google Scholar
• Arora, K.; Singh, A. K. Magnetorheological Finishing of UHMWPE Acetabular Cup Surface and Its Performance Analysis. Mater. Manuf. Process. 2020, 35(14), 1631–1649. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2020.1784928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. A.; Mishra, A. K. Surface Modification Issues for Orthopaedic Implant Bearing Surfaces. Mater. Manuf. Process. 1992, 7(3), 405–421. DOI: 10.1080/10426919208947429.
   Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, W. S. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Total Hip Acetabular Liners: A Brief Review of Current Status. J. Investig. Surg. 2021, 34(3), 321–323. DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1624898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wawrose, R. A., M.D1; Urish, K. L., M.D., P. Diagnosis and Management of Adverse Reactions to Metal Debris. Physiol. Behav. 2020, 176(1), 100–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.oto.2019.100732.Diagnosis.
   Google Scholar
• Shao, L.; Du, Y.; Dai, K.; Wu, H.; Wang, Q.; Liu, J.; Tang, Y.; Wang, L. β-Ti Alloys for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: A Review of Progress on Improvement of Properties Through Surface Modification. Coatings. 2021, 11(12). DOI: 10.3390/coatings11121446.
   Google Scholar
• Merola, M.; Affatato, S. Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations. Mater. (Basel). 2019, 12(3), 495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haugli, K. H.; Syverud, M.; Samuelsen, J. T. Ion Release from Three Different Dental Alloys – Effect of Dynamic Loading and Toxicity of Released Elements. Biomater. Investig. Dent. 2020, 7(1), 71–79. DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2020.1747471.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Couto, M.; Vasconcelos, D. P.; Sousa, D. M.; Sousa, B.; Conceição, F.; Neto, E.; Lamghari, M.; Alves, C. J. The Mechanisms Underlying the Biological Response to Wear Debris in Periprosthetic Inflammation. Front. Mater. August, 2020, 7. DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2020.00274.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X.; Ding, S.; Yue, W. Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Tribological Behavior of Ti6al4v Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2021, 12, 1979–1987. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.04.012.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Y.; Liu, F.; Zhang, K.; Huang, Q.; Guo, X.; Wang, C. A Study on Tribological Properties of Textured Co-Cr-Mo Alloy for Artificial Hip Joints. Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 2021, 95, 105463. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105463.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, J. H.; Yeoh, F. Y. Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Cobalt-Chrome Alloy Fabricated Using Additive Manufacturing. Mater. Today Proc. 2019, 29(November 2018), 196–201. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.543.
   Google Scholar
• Yap, C. Y.; Chua, C. K.; Dong, Z. L.; Liu, Z. H.; Zhang, D. Q.; Loh, L. E.; Sing, S. L. Review of Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications. Appl. Phys. Rev. 2015, 2(4), 041101. DOI: 10.1063/1.4935926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokuldoss, P. K.; Kolla, S.; Eckert, J. Additive Manufacturing Processes: Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting and Binder Jetting—selection Guidelines. Mater. (Basel). 2017, 10(6), 672. DOI: 10.3390/ma10060672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, J.; Xu, X.; Stringer, J. Support Structures for Additive Manufacturing: A Review. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2018, 2(4). DOI: 10.3390/jmmp2040064.
   Google Scholar
• Ngo, T. D.; Kashani, A.; Imbalzano, G.; Nguyen, K. T. Q.; Hui, D. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): A Review of Materials, Methods, Applications and Challenges. Compos. Part B Eng. February, 2018, 143, 172–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekok, M. A.; Setchi, R.; Ryan, M.; Han, Q.; Gu, D. Effect of Process Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA2024 Fabricated Using Selective Laser Melting. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2021, 112(1–2), 175–192. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-020-06346-y.
   Google Scholar
• Munir, K.; Biesiekierski, A.; Wen, C.; Li, Y. Selective Laser Melting in Biomedical Manufacturing. Met. Biomater. Process. Med. Device Manuf. 2020, 235–269. DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102965-7.00007-2.
   Google Scholar
• Na, T. W.; Kim, W. R.; Yang, S. M.; Kwon, O.; Park, J. M.; Kim, G. H.; Jung, K. H.; Lee, C. W.; Park, H. K.; Kim, H. G. Effect of Laser Power on Oxygen and Nitrogen Concentration of Commercially Pure Titanium Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting. Mater. Charact. February, 2018, 143, 110–117. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maconachie, T.; Leary, M.; Lozanovski, B.; Zhang, X.; Qian, M.; Faruque, O.; Brandt, M. SLM Lattice Structures: Properties, Performance, Applications and Challenges. Mater. Des. 2019, 183, 108137. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, L.; Ding, S.; Wen, C. Additive Manufacturing Technology for Porous Metal Implant Applications and Triple Minimal Surface Structures: A Review. Bioact. Mater. 2019, 4(1), 56–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumtaz, K. A.; Erasenthiran, P.; Hopkinson, N. High Density Selective Laser Melting of Waspaloy®. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2008, 195(1–3), 77–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.04.117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, D.; Hagedorn, Y. C.; Meiners, W.; Meng, G.; Batista, R. J. S.; Wissenbach, K.; Poprawe, R. Densification Behavior, Microstructure Evolution, and Wear Performance of Selective Laser Melting Processed Commercially Pure Titanium. Acta. Mater. 2012, 60(9), 3849–3860. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liverani, E.; Fortunato, A.; Leardini, A.; Belvedere, C.; Siegler, S.; Ceschini, L.; Ascari, A. Fabrication of Co-Cr-Mo Endoprosthetic Ankle Devices by Means of Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Mater. Des. 2016, 106, 60–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.05.083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlehurst, K.; Wang, C. J.; Stanford, M. Evaluation of the Stiffness Characteristics of Square Pore CoCrmo Cellular Structures Manufactured Using Laser Melting Technology for Potential Orthopaedic Applications. Mater. Des. 2013, 51, 949–955. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jevremovic, D.; Puskar, T.; Kosec, B.; Vukelic, D.; Budak, I.; Aleksandrovic, S.; Egbeer, D.; Williams, R. The Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of F75 Co-Cr Alloy for Use in Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Manufacturing of Removable Partial Dentures (RPD). Metalurgija. 2012, 51(2), 171–174.
   Google Scholar
• Ziębowicz, A.; Matus, K.; Matula, M.; Pakieła, W.; Pawlyta, G. Comparison of the Crystal Structure and Wear Resistance of Co-Based Alloys with Low Carbon Content Manufactured by Selective Laser Sintering and Powder Injection Molding. Crystals. 2020, 10(3), 197. DOI: 10.3390/cryst10030197.
   Google Scholar
• Takaichi, A.; Suyalatu; Nakamoto, T.; Joko, N.; Nomura, N.; Tsutsumi, Y.; Migita, S.; Doi, H.; Kurosu, S.; Chiba, A., et al. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Co-29cr-6mo Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Process for Dental Applications. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2013, 21, 67–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.01.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seki, E.; Kajima, Y.; Takaichi, A.; Kittikundecha, N.; Cho, H. H. W.; Htat, H. L.; Doi, H.; Hanawa, T.; Wakabayashi, N. Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Fatigue Strength of CoCrmo Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Mater. Lett. 2019, 245, 53–56. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.02.085.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J. H.; Ren, J.; Liu, W.; Wu, X. Y.; Gao, M. X.; Bai, P. K. Effect of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Co-Cr Alloy. Mater. (Basel). 2018, 11(9). DOI: 10.3390/ma11091546.
   Google Scholar
• Bandyopadhyay, A.; Ciliveri, S.; Bose, S. Metal Additive Manufacturing for Load-Bearing Implants. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 2022, xxx, 1–24. DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00281-x.
   Google Scholar
• Aykut, Ş.; Bagci, E.; Kentli, A.; Yazicioǧlu, O. Experimental Observation of Tool Wear, Cutting Forces and Chip Morphology in Face Milling of Cobalt Based Super-Alloy with Physical Vapour Deposition Coated and Uncoated Tool. Mater. Des. 2007, 28(6), 1880–1888. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.04.014.
   Google Scholar
• Shokrani, A.; Dhokia, V.; Newman, S. T. Environmentally Conscious Machining of Difficult-To-Machine Materials with Regard to Cutting Fluids. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 2012, 57, 83–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2012.02.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosli, N.; Ambak, K.; Daniel, B. D.; Prasetijo, J.; Tun, U.; Onn, H., and Pahat, B. Jurnal. Teknologi. September, 2015. A metallurgical overview of Ti – based alloy in biomedical applications , 1, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kurosu, S.; Matsumoto, H.; Chiba, A. Grain Refinement of Biomedical Co-27cr-5mo-0.16N Alloy by Reverse Transformation. Mater. Lett. 2010, 64(1), 49–52. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2009.10.001.
   Google Scholar
• Monroy, K.; Delgado, J.; Ciurana, J. Study of the Pore Formation on CoCrmo Alloys by Selective Laser Melting Manufacturing Process. Procedia. Eng. 2013, 63, 361–369. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.227.
   Google Scholar
• Marek, I.; Novák, P.; Mlynár, J.; Vojtěch, D.; Kubatík, T. F.; Málek, J. Powder Metallurgy Preparation of Co-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Acta Phys. Pol. A. 2015, 128(4), 597–601. DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.128.597.
   Google Scholar
• Salahshoor, M.; Guo, Y. B. Cutting Mechanics in High Speed Dry Machining of Biomedical Magnesiumcalcium Alloy Using Internal State Variable Plasticity Model. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 2011, 51(7–8), 579–590. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.04.004.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, N.; Gohil, P. A Review on Biomaterials: Scope, Applications & Human Anatomy Significance. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 2012, 2(4), 91–101.
   Google Scholar
• Sahin, O.; Tuncdemir, A. R.; Cetinkara, H. A.; Guder, H. S.; Sahin, E. Production and Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical CoCrmo Alloy. Chinese Phys. Lett. 2011, 28(12), 126201. DOI: 10.1088/0256-307X/28/12/126201.
   Google Scholar
• BomBač, D.; Brojan, M.; Fajfar, P.; Kosel, F.; Turk, R. Review of Materials in Medical Applications Pregled Materialov V Medicinskih Aplikacijah. Rmz–materials and Geoenvironment. 2007, 54(4), 471–499.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-De Jesús, F.; Bolarín-Miró, A. M.; Torres-Villaseñor, G.; Cortés-Escobedo, C. A.; Betancourt-Cantera, J. A. Mechanical Alloying of Biocompatible Co-28cr-6mo Alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2010, 21(7), 2021–2026. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4066-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valero Vidal, C.; Igual Muñoz, A. Study of the Adsorption Process of Bovine Serum Albumin on Passivated Surfaces of CoCrmo Biomedical Alloy. Electrochim. Acta. 2010, 55(28), 8445–8452. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.07.028.
   Google Scholar
• Maria Cristina Tanzi., et al. 2012 Foundations of Biomaterial Engineering, 506, 199–287. DOI: 10.1201/9781003049203-9.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z.; Tang, S. Y.; Scudino, S.; Ivanov, Y. P.; Qu, R. T.; Wang, D.; Yang, C.; Zhang, W. W.; Greer, A. L.; Eckert, J., et al. Additive Manufacturing of a Martensitic Co–cr–mo Alloy: Towards Circumventing the Strength–ductility Trade-Off. Addit. Manuf. November, 2021, 37, 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101725.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, B.; Inam, F.; Reece, M.; Edirisinghe, M.; Bonfield, W.; Huang, J.; Angadji, A. A Novel Route for Processing Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum Orthopaedic Alloys. J. R. Soc. Interface. 2010, 7(52), 1641–1645. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarty, G.; Vashishtha, M.; Leeder, D. Polyethylene in Knee Arthroplasty: A Review. J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma. 2015, 6(2), 108–112. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2015.01.096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunčická, L.; Kocich, R.; Lowe, T. C. Advances in Metals and Alloys for Joint Replacement. Prog. Mater. Sci. April, 2017, 88, 232–280. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talha, M.; Behera, C. K.; Sinha, O. P. A Review on Nickel-Free Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steels for Biomedical Applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2013, 33(7), 3563–3575. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.06.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao, Y.; Pourzal, R.; Stemmer, P.; Wimmer, M. A.; Jacobs, J. J.; Fischer, A.; Marks, L. D. New Insights into Hard Phases of CoCrmo Metal-On-Metal Hip Replacements. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2012, 12, 39–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.03.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barucca, G.; Santecchia, E.; Majni, G.; Girardin, E.; Bassoli, E.; Denti, L.; Gatto, A.; Iuliano, L.; Moskalewicz, T.; Mengucci, P. Structural Characterization of Biomedical Co-Cr-Mo Components Produced by Direct Metal Laser Sintering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2015, 48, 263–269. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, B.; Favaro, G.; Inam, F.; Reece, M. J.; Angadji, A.; Bonfield, W.; Huang, J.; Edirisinghe, M. Cobalt-Based Orthopaedic Alloys: Relationship Between Forming Route, Microstructure and Tribological Performance. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2012, 32(5), 1222–1229. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.03.012.
   Google Scholar
• Cadel, E. S.; Topoleski, L. D. T.; Vesnovsky, O.; Anderson, C. R.; Hopper Jr, R. H.; Engh Jr, C. A., and Di Prima, M. A. A Comparison of Metal Metal and Ceramic Metal Taper‐trunnion Modular Connections. J. Biomed. Mater. Res 110(1), 135–143. 2021. in.Pdf. wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Broomfield, J. A. J.; Malak, T. T.; Thomas, G. E. R.; Palmer, A. J. R.; Taylor, A.; Glyn-Jones, S. The Relationship Between Polyethylene Wear and Periprosthetic Osteolysis in Total Hip Arthroplasty at 12 Years in a Randomized Controlled Trial Cohort. J. Arthroplasty. 2017, 32(4), 1186–1191. DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2016.10.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaveri, T. D.; Dolgova, N. V.; Lewis, J. S.; Hamaker, K.; Clare-Salzler, M. J.; Keselowsky, B. G. Macrophage Integrins Modulate Response to Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Particles and Direct Particle-Induced Osteolysis. Biomaterials. 2017, 115, 128–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez-Vera, M.; Ortega, J. A.; Ortega-Ramos, I. A.; Hdz-García, H. M.; Muñoz-Arroyo, R.; Díaz-Guillén, J. C.; Acevedo-Dávila, J. L.; Hernández-Rodriguez, M. A. L. Tribological and Microstructural Characterization of Laser Microtextured CoCr Alloy Tested Against UHMWPE for Biomedical Applications. Wear. 2021, September 2020, 1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.203819.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, S.; Uhler, M.; Bormann, T.; Schroeder, S.; Jaeger, S.; Sonntag, R.; Kretzer, J. P. Backside Wear in Total Knee Replacement: A New Quantitative Measurement Method and a Comparison of Polished Cobalt-Chromium Tibial Trays with Titanium Tibial Trays. Wear. 2021, 466– 467(November 2020), 203552. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2020.203552.
   Google Scholar
• Shukla, K.; Sugumaran, A. A.; Khan, I.; Ehiasarian, A. P.; Hovsepian, P. E. Low Pressure Plasma Nitrided CoCrmo Alloy Utilising HIPIMS Discharge for Biomedical Applications. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. July, 2020, 111, 104004. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed, R.; de Villiers Lovelock, H. L.; Davies, S. Sliding Wear of Blended Cobalt Based Alloys. Wear. 2021, 466–467, 203533. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2020.203533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagna, C.; Spriano, S.; Faga, M. G. Characterization of Co-Cr-Mo Alloys After a Thermal Treatment for High Wear Resistance. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2012, 32(7), 1868–1877. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsul, J. B.; Nurhidayah, A. Z.; Ruzaidi, C. M. Characterization of Cobalt-Chromium-HAP Biomaterial for Biomedical Application. J. Appl. Sci. Resaech. 2007, 3(11), 1544–1553.
   Google Scholar
• Turell, M. B.; Bellare, A. A Study of the Nanostructure and Tensile Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Biomaterials. 2004, 25(17), 3389–3398. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans, J. T.; Evans, J. P.; Walker, R. W.; Blom, A. W.; Whitehouse, M. R.; Sayers, A. How Long Does a Hip Replacement Last? a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case Series and National Registry Reports with More Than 15 Years of Follow-Up. Lancet (London, England). 2019, 393(10172), 647–654. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31665-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, G. Properties of Crosslinked Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene. Biomaterials. 2001, 22(4), 371–401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00195-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz, S. M.; Ong, K. L.; Lau, E.; Widmer, M.; Maravic, M.; Gómez-Barrena, E.; De Fátima De Pina, M.; Manno, V.; Torre, M.; Walter, W. L., et al. International Survey of Primary and Revision Total Knee Replacement. Int. Orthop. 2011, 35(12), 1783–1789. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1235-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, W.; Chu, P. K. Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethyl- Ene Volume 2. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Patil, N. A.; Njuguna, J.; Kandasubramanian, B. UHMWPE for Biomedical Applications: Performance and Functionalization. Eur. Polym. J. 2020, 125(October 2019), 109529. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109529.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z.; Xiang, S.; Wu, C.; Wang, Y.; Weng, X. Vitamin E Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Reduces Mid-Term Wear in Primary Total Hip Replacement: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials Using Radiostereometric Analysis. EFORT Open Rev. September, 2021, 6(9), 759–770. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200072.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• More, S. E.; Dave, J. R.; Makar, P. K.; Bhoraskar, S. V.; Premkumar, S.; Tomar, G. B.; Mathe, V. L. Surface Modification of UHMWPE Using ECR Plasma for Osteoblast and Osteoclast Differentiation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2020, 506(October 2019), 144665. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144665.
   Google Scholar
• Ouellette, E. S.; Zhu, D.; Liu, Y.; Gilbert, J. L. Long-Term Fretting Corrosion Performance of Modular Head-Neck Junctions with Self-Reinforced Composite Gaskets from PEEK and UHMWPE. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. February, 2022, 129, 105149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zohdi, H.; Emami, M.; Reza, H. Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Dental Alloys. Environ. Ind. Corros. - Pract. Theor. Asp. 2012. DOI: 10.5772/52319.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y.; Yang, W.; Li, X.; Zhang, X.; Wang, C.; Meng, X.; Pei, Y.; Fan, X.; Lan, P.; Wang, C., et al. Improving Osteointegration and Osteogenesis of Three-Dimensional Porous Ti6al4v Scaffolds by Polydopamine-Assisted Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Coating. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2015, 7(10), 5715–5724. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedberg, Y. S.; Qian, B.; Shen, Z.; Virtanen, S.; Odnevall Wallinder, I. In vitro Biocompatibility of CoCrmo Dental Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Dent. Mater. 2014, 30(5), 525–534. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.02.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson, A. W. E.; Kurz, S.; Virtanen, S.; Fervel, V.; Olsson, C. O. A.; Mischler, S. Passive and Transpassive Behaviour of CoCrmo in Simulated Biological Solutions. Electrochim. Acta. 2004, 49(13), 2167–2178. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2003.12.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patntirapong, S.; Habibovic, P.; Hauschka, P. V. Effects of Soluble Cobalt and Cobalt Incorporated into Calcium Phosphate Layers on Osteoclast Differentiation and Activation. Biomaterials. 2009, 30(4), 548–555. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandyopadhyay, A.; Shivaram, A.; Isik, M.; Avila, J. D.; Dernell, W. S.; Bose, S. Additively Manufactured Calcium Phosphate Reinforced CoCrmo Alloy: Bio-Tribological and Biocompatibility Evaluation for Load-Bearing Implants. Addit. Manuf. April, 2019, 28, 312–324. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tower, S. S.; Medlin, D. J.; Bridges, R. L.; Cho, C. S. Corrosion of Polished Cobalt-Chrome Stems Presenting as Cobalt Encephalopathy. Arthroplast. Today. 2020, 6(4), 1022–1027. DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2020.10.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ye, C.; Zhang, C.; Zhao, J.; Dong, Y. Effects of Post-Processing on the Surface Finish, Porosity, Residual Stresses, and Fatigue Performance of Additive Manufactured Metals: A Review. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2021, 30(9), 6407–6425. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-021-06021-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, L. W.; Chung, C. Y.; Tong, Y. X.; Zheng, Y. F. Properties of Porous TiNbzr Shape Memory Alloy Fabricated by Mechanical Alloying and Hot Isostatic Pressing. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2011, 20(4–5), 783–786. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-9913-4.
   Google Scholar
• Cegan, T.; Pagac, M.; Jurica, J.; Skotnicova, K.; Hajnys, J.; Horsak, L.; Soucek, K.; Krpec, P. Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Porosity and Mechanical Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel Prepared by the Selective Laser Melting Method. Mater. (Basel). 2020, 13(19), 1–26. DOI: 10.3390/ma13194377.
   Google Scholar
• Lesyk, D. A.; Martinez, S.; Pedash, O. O.; Dzhemelinskyi, V. V.; Lamikiz, A. Porosity and Surface Defects Characterization of Hot Isostatically Pressed Inconel 718 Alloy Turbine Blades Printed by 3D Laser Metal Fusion Technology. MRS Adv. 2022, 7(9), 197–201. DOI: 10.1557/s43580-021-00187-x.
   Google Scholar
• Tammas-Williams, S.; Withers, P. J.; Todd, I.; Prangnell, P. B. The Effectiveness of Hot Isostatic Pressing for Closing Porosity in Titanium Parts Manufactured by Selective Electron Beam Melting. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 2016, 47(5), 1939–1946. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3429-3.
   Google Scholar
• Razavi, S. M. J.; Avanzini, A.; Cornacchia, G.; Giorleo, L.; Berto, F. Effect of Heat Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of As-Built Notched Co-Cr-Mo Parts Produced by Selective Laser Melting. Int. J. Fatigue. 2021, 142(July 2020), 105926. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105926.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H.; Wang, M.; Lou, D.; Xia, W.; Fang, X. Microstructural Features of Biomedical Cobalt–chromium–molybdenum (CoCrmo) Alloy from Powder Bed Fusion to Aging Heat Treatment. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2020, 45, 146–156. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.11.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing, S. L.; Huang, S.; Yeong, W. Y. Effect of Solution Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Produced Cobalt-28chromium-6molybdenum. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2020, 769, 138511. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaichi, A.; Kajima, Y.; Kittikundecha, N.; Htat, H. L.; Wai Cho, H. H.; Hanawa, T.; Yoneyama, T.; Wakabayashi, N. Effect of Heat Treatment on the Anisotropic Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Co–cr–mo Alloys Produced by Selective Laser Melting. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2020, 102, 103496. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M.; Yang, Y.; Song, C.; Bai, Y.; Xiao, Z. An Investigation into the Aging Behavior of CoCrmo Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. J. Alloys Compd. 2018, 750, 878–886. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasicka-Cydzik, E. Anodic Layer Formation on Titanium and Its Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Titan. Alloy. - Towar. Achiev. Enhanc. Prop. Divers. Appl. 2012. DOI: 10.5772/34395.
   Google Scholar
• Arrés, M.; Salama, M.; Rechena, D.; Paradiso, P.; Reis, L.; Alves, M. M.; Botelho Do Rego, A. M.; Carmezim, M. J.; Vaz, M. F.; Deus, A. M., et al. Surface and Mechanical Properties of a Nanostructured Citrate Hydroxyapatite Coating on Pure Titanium. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. April, 2020, 108, 103794. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bistolfi, A.; Giustra, F.; Bosco, F.; Sabatini, L.; Aprato, A.; Bracco, P.; Bellare, A. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: The Present and the Future. J. Orthop. April, 2021, 25, 98–106. DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, B. P.; Akil, H. M.; Nasir, R. M.; Nurdijati, S. Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Treated and Untreated Zinc Oxide Filled UHMWPE Composites. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2011, 24(5), 653–667. DOI: 10.1177/0892705711399848.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, L.; Gao, P.; Leng, Y. High Strength and Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Nano-Particles Reinforced Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Compos. Part B Eng. 2007, 38(3), 345–351. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.05.004.
   Google Scholar
• Macuvele, D. L. P.; Nones, J.; Matsinhe, J. V.; Lima, M. M.; Soares, C.; Fiori, M. A.; Riella, H. G. Advances in Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Brief Review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 2017, 76, 1248–1262. DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.02.070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, D.; Lin, J.; Fan, D.; Jin, Z. Wear of Nano-TiO 2/UHMWPE Composites Radiated by Gamma Ray Under Physiological Saline Water Lubrication. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2007, 18(11), 2131–2135. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3199-y.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lim, K. L. K.; Mohd Ishak, Z. A.; Ishiaku, U. S.; Fuad, A. M. Y.; Yusof, A. H.; Czigany, T.; Pukanzsky, B.; Ogunniyi, D. S. High Density Polyethylene/ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Blend II. Effect of Hydroxyapatite on Processing, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 100(5), 3931–3942. DOI: 10.1002/app.22866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diani, J.; Gall, K. Finite Strain 3D Thermoviscoelastic Constitutive Model. Society. 2006, 1–10. DOI: 10.1002/pen.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei, M.; Shirzad, A.; Ebrahimi, N. G.; Kontopoulou, M. Surface Modification of Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene. II. Effect on the Physicomechanical and Tribological Properties of Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene/poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006, 99(5), 2352–2358. DOI: 10.1002/app.22688.
   Google Scholar
• Xue, Y.; Wu, W.; Jacobs, O.; Schädel, B. Tribological Behaviour of UHMWPE/HDPE Blends Reinforced with Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. Polym. Test. 2006, 25(2), 221–229. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2005.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaei, M.; Ebrahimi, N. G.; Kontopoulou, M. Thermal Properties, Rheology and Sintering of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Its Composites with Polyethylene Terephthalate. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2005, 45(5), 678–686. DOI: 10.1002/pen.20319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, D. S.; Wang, N.; Lin, J. M.; Zhu, H. G.; Fan, D. L. Tribological Properties of UHMWPE Composites Filled with Nano-Powder of SiO2 Sliding Against Ti-6al-4V. Key Eng. Mater. 2005, 288– 289, 629–632. DOI: 10.4028/scientific.net/kem.288-289.629.
   Google Scholar
• Zoo, Y. S.; An, J. W.; Lim, D. P.; Lim, D. S. Effect of Carbon Nanotube Addition on Tribological Behavior of UHMWPE. Tribol. Lett. 2004, 16(4), 305–309. DOI: 10.1023/B:TRIL.0000015206.21688.87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan, S. L.; Gao, P.; Yang, X. G.; Yu, T. X. Toughening High Performance Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Polymer (Guildf.). 2003, 44(19), 5643–5654. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00628-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishore, N. V.; Nagendra, M.; Rao, T. V. Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of Uhmwpe Polymer by Nitrogen Ion Implantation. J. Manuf. Eng. 2020, 15(4), 101–109. DOI: 10.37255/jme.v15i4pp101-109.
   Google Scholar
• Paladugu, S. R. M.; Ps, R. S. Mechanical and Wear Performances of UHMWPE Composites Used for Orthopaedic Applications– a Review. Mater. Today Proc. 2021. No. xxxx. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.172.
   Google Scholar
• Aliyu, I. K.; Mohammed, A. S.; Al-Qutub, A. Tribological Performance of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Nanocomposites Reinforced with Graphene Nanoplatelets. Polym. Compos. 2019, 40(S2), E1301–E1311. DOI: 10.1002/pc.24975.
   Google Scholar
• Jarosz, M.; Kapusta-Kołodziej, J.; Pawlik, A.; Syrek, K.; Sulka, G. D. Chapter 9 - Drug Delivery Systems Based on Titania Nanostructures; Elsevier Inc., 2017. DOi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-46143-6/00009-9.
   Google Scholar
• Zwilling, V.; Aucouturier, M.; Darque-Ceretti, E. Anodic Oxidation of Titanium and TA6V Alloy in Chromic Media. An Electrochemical Approach. Electrochim. Acta. 1999, 45(6), 921–929. DOI: 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00283-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandyopadhyay, A.; Shivaram, A.; Isik, M.; Avila, J. D.; Dernell, W. S.; Bose, S. Additively Manufactured Calcium Phosphate Reinforced CoCrmo Alloy: Bio-Tribological and Biocompatibility Evaluation for Load-Bearing Implants. Addit. Manuf. May, 2019, 28, 312–324. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducheyne, P.; Healy, K. E. The Effect of Plasma‐sprayed Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Coatings on the Metal Ion Release from Porous Titanium and Cobalt‐chromium Alloys. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1988, 22(12), 1137–1163. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820221207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, K. T. Plasma Sprayed Coatings. 1988, 21, 1375–1381. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0988-112.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, R.; Gane, N.; Bastow, T. J. Structural Characterization of Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxylapatite Coatings. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1995, 6(6), 327–334. DOI: 10.1007/BF00120300.
   Google Scholar
• Kurzweg, H.; Heimann, R. B.; Troczynski, T. Adhesion of Thermally Sprayed Hydroxyapatite-Bond-Coat Systems Measured by a Novel Peel Test. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 1998, 9(1), 9–16. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008822309486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, H. M.; Himeno, T.; Kawashita, M.; Lee, J. H.; Kokubo, T.; Nakamura, T. Surface Potential Change in Bioactive Titanium Metal During the Process of Apatite Formation in Simulated Body Fluid. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A. 2003, 67(4), 1305–1309. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, H. M.; Kaneko, H.; Kawashita, M.; Kokubo, T.; Nakamura, T. Mechanism of Apatite Formation on Anodically Oxidized Titanium Metal in Simulated Body Fluid. Key Eng. Mater. 2004, 254 –256, 741–744. DOI:10.4028/scientific.net/kem.254-256.741.
   Google Scholar
• Li, P.; Ducheyne, P. Quasi-Biological Apatite Film Induced by Titanium in a Simulated Body Fluid. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1998, 41(3), 341–348. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980905)41:3<341:AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-C.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yao, C.; Lu, J.; Webster, T. J. Titanium and Cobalt-Chromium Alloys for Hips and Knees. Biomater. Artif. Organs. 2010, 34–55. DOI: 10.1533/9780857090843.1.34.
   Google Scholar
• Catanio Bortolan, C.; Paternoster, C.; Turgeon, S.; Paoletti, C.; Cabibbo, M.; Lecis, N.; Mantovani, D. Plasma-Immersion Ion Implantation Surface Oxidation on a Cobalt-Chromium Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Biointerphases. 2020, 15(4), 041004. DOI: 10.1116/6.0000278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robin, A.; Bernardes de Almeida Ribeiro, M.; Luiz Rosa, J.; Zenhei Nakazato, R.; Borges Silva, M. Formation of TiO2 Nanotube Layer by Anodization of Titanium in Ethylene Glycol-H2O Electrolyte. J. Surf. Eng. Mater. Adv. Technol. 2014, 04(03), 123–130. DOI: 10.4236/jsemat.2014.43016.
   Google Scholar
• Marijana et al., Novel in-situ synthesis of hydroxyapatite/ titanium oxide composite coatings on titanium by simultaneous anodization / anaphoretic electrodeposition VI International congress “Engineering, Environment and Materials in Processing Industry”. 2019, 1, 630–634.
   Google Scholar
• Sopha, H.; Norikawa, Y.; Motola, M.; Hromadko, L.; Rodriguez-Pereira, J.; Cerny, J.; Nohira, T.; Yasuda, K.; Macak, J. M. Anodization of Electrodeposited Titanium Films Towards TiO2 Nanotube Layers. Electrochem. Commun. 2020, 118, 106788. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106788.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, K.; Cao, S.; Li, C.; Qi, J.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, J.; Zhu, X. Rapid Growth of TiO2 Nanotubes Under the Compact Oxide Layer: Evidence Against the Digging Manner of Dissolution Reaction. Electrochem. Commun. May, 2019, 103, 88–93. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S. Selective Laser Sintering/melting; Elsevier. 2014; Vol. 10. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096532-1.01003-7.
   Google Scholar
• AlMangour, B.; Luqman, M.; Grzesiak, D.; Al-Harbi, H.; Ijaz, F. Effect of Processing Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Co–cr–mo Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. June, 2020, 792, 139456. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabuj, S. R.; Hamamura, M. Random Cognitive Radio Network Performance in Rayleigh-Lognormal Environment. 2017 14th IEEE Annu. Consum. Commun. Netw. Conf. CCNC 2017. 2017, 6(3), 992–997. DOI: 10.1109/CCNC.2017.7983268.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S.; Guo, H. Balling Behavior of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Magnesium Alloy. Mater. (Basel). 2020, 13(16). DOI: 10.3390/MA13163632.
   Google Scholar
• Glardon, R.; Karapatis, N.; Romano, V. Influence of Nd: YAG Parameters on the Selective Laser Sintering of Metallic Powders. CIRP Ann. - Manuf. Technol. 2001, 50(1), 133–136. DOI: 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62088-5.
   Google Scholar
• Savalani, M.; Hao, L.; Harris, R. A. Evaluation of CO2 and Nd:Yag Lasers for the Selective Laser Sintering of HAPEX. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 2006, 220(2), 171–182. DOI: 10.1243/095440505X32986.
   Google Scholar
• Rombouts, M.; Kruth, J. P.; Froyen, L.; Mercelis, P. The Analysis of Flowering Phenology of Clones in Guiyang Pinus Massoniana Second-Generation Seed Orchard. CIRP Ann. 2006, 55(1), 187–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60395-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J.; Song, Y.; Chen, C.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Zhou, C.; Wang, J.; Guo, K.; Sun, J. Effect of Scanning Speed on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting. Mater. Des. 2020, 186, 108355. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108355.
   Google Scholar
• Ngo, T. D.; Kashani, A.; Imbalzano, G.; Nguyen, K. T. Q.; Hui, D. Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing): A Review of Materials, Methods, Applications and Challenges. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 143(December 2017), 172–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012.
   Google Scholar
• Kruth, J. P.; Kumar, S.; Van Vaerenbergh, J. Study of Laser-Sinterability of Ferro-Based Powders. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2005, 11(5), 287–292. DOI: 10.1108/13552540510623594.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, H. H. W.; Takaichi, A.; Kajima, Y.; Htat, H. L.; Kittikundecha, N.; Hanawa, T.; Wakabayashi, N. Effect of Post‐heat Treatment Cooling Conditions on Microstructures and Fatigue Properties of Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum Alloy Fabricated Through Selective Laser Melting. Metals (Basel). 2021, 11(7). DOI: 10.3390/met11071005.
   Google Scholar
• Mirzaali, M. J.; Zadpoor, A. A.; Bed, P. Lattice Structures Made by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Waste Resources Recycling in Achiev- Ing Economic and Environmental Sus- Tainability : Review on Wood Waste In- Dustry. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, K. P. The Co-Cr-Mo (Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum) System. J. Phase Equilibria Diffus. 2005, 26(1), 87–92. DOI: 10.1361/15477030522608.
   Google Scholar
• Koizumi, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Yamanaka, K.; Lee, B. S.; Sato, K.; Li, Y.; Kurosu, S.; Matsumoto, H.; Chiba, A. Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation Near Twin Boundaries in a Biomedical Co-Cr-Mo Alloy with Negative Stacking Fault Energy. Acta Mater. 2013, 61(5), 1648–1661. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.11.041.
   Google Scholar
• McKellop, H.; Clarke, I.; Markolf, K.; Amstutz, H. Friction and Wear Properties of Polymer, Metal, and Ceramic Prosthetic Joint Materials Evaluated on a Multichannel Screening Device. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1981, 15(5), 619–653. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820150503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R. K.; Gangwar, S. An Assessment of Biomaterials for Hip Joint Replacement. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 2021, 13(1), 25–31. DOI: 10.4314/ijest.v13i1.4s.
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer, M. A.; Radice, S.; Janssen, D.; Fischer, A. Fretting-Corrosion of CoCr-Alloys Against TiAl6v4: The Importance of Molybdenum in Oxidative Biological Environments. Wear. 2021, 477(September 2020), 203813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203813.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Redhwi, I.; Lan, T.; Padalkar, S.; Shrotriya, P. Picosecond Laser Based Additive Manufacturing of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Cobalt Chromium Surfaces. Procedia Manuf. January, 2018, 26, 125–131. DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.015.
   Google Scholar
• Niespodziana, K.; Jurczyk, K.; Jakubowicz, J.; Jurczyk, M. Fabrication and Properties of Titanium-Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2010, 123(1), 160–165. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.03.076.
   Google Scholar
• D.F. Williams, Review Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions. J. Mater. Sci. 1987, 22, 3421–3445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungureanu, C.; Dumitriu, C.; Popescu, S.; Enculescu, M.; Tofan, V.; Popescu, M.; Pirvu, C. Enhancing Antimicrobial Activity of TiO2/ti by Torularhodin Bioinspired Surface Modification. Bioelectrochemistry. 2016, 107, 14–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. M.; Yen, S. K. Characterization and Bond Strength of Electrolytic Ha/tio2 Double Layers for Orthopaedic Applications. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2005, 16(10), 889–897. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-005-4423-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Flora, S.; Camoirano, A.; Micale, R. T.; La Maestra, S.; Savarino, V.; Zentilin, P.; Marabotto, E.; Suh, M.; Proctor, D. M. Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Fasted and Fed Human Gastric Fluid. I. Chemical Reduction and Mitigation of Mutagenicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2016, 306, 113–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, X. C.; Jin, L. F.; Yang, Z. P.; Jiang, C. X.; Chen, Q.; Ren, X. B.; Cao, J. Z.; Wang, Q., et al. Chronic Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium Causes DNA Damage in Electroplating Workers. BMC Public Health. 2011, 11(1). DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-224.
   Google Scholar
• Kalidhasan, S.; Santhana Krishna Kumar, A.; Rajesh, V.; Rajesh, N. The Journey Traversed in the Remediation of Hexavalent Chromium and the Road Ahead Toward Greener Alternatives-A Perspective. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2016, 317, 157–166. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianyi Yu, M. D. Chromium (Cr) Toxicity. U.S. Dep. Heal. Hum. Serv. Agency Toxic Subst. Dis. Regist. Div. Toxicol. Environ. Med. Environ. Med. Educ. Serv. Branch, 317. 2019, 1–67.
   Google Scholar
• Lucchetti, M. C.; Fratto, G.; Valeriani, F.; De Vittori, E.; Giampaoli, S.; Papetti, P.; Romano Spica, V.; Manzon, L. Cobalt-Chromium Alloys in Dentistry: An Evaluation of Metal Ion Release. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2015, 114(4), 602–608. DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2015.03.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holm, C.; Morisbak, E.; Kalfoss, T.; Dahl, J. E. In vitro Element Release and Biological Aspects of Base–metal Alloys for Metal-Ceramic Applications. Acta Biomater. Odontol. Scand. 2015, 1(2–4), 70–75. DOI: 10.3109/23337931.2015.1069714.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Achmad, R. T.; Budiawan; Auerkari, E. I. Effects of Chromium on Human Body. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 2017, 13(2), 1–8. DOI: 10.9734/ARRB/2017/33462.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, X.; Xiang, N.; Wei, B. Effect of Fluoride Content on Ion Release from Cast and Selective Laser Melting-Processed Co-Cr-Mo Alloys. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2014, 112(5), 1212–1216. DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2013.12.022.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cumings, J. N. Biochemical. Aspects. 1962, 55. DOI: 10.5005/jp/books/11431_8.
   Google Scholar
• Devoy, J.; Géhin, A.; Müller, S.; Melczer, M.; Remy, A.; Antoine, G.; Sponne, I. Evaluation of Chromium in Red Blood Cells as an Indicator of Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium: An in vitro Study. Toxicol. Lett. 2016, 255, 63–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar