Arsenic trioxide therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia and beyond: from bench to bedside

References

• Mathews, V., Balasubramanian, P., Shaji, R.V., George, B., Chandy, M. and Srivastava, A. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: a single center experience", American Journal of Hematology, 70, 292— 299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Z.X., Shi, Z.Z., Fang, J., Gu, B.W., Li, J.M., Zhu, Y.M., et al. (2004) "All-trans retinoic acid/As203 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promye-locytic leukemia", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 5328–5335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachleitner-Hofmann, T., Kees, M. and Gisslinger H. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide: acute promyelocytic leukemia and beyond", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 43, 1535 — 1540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman, S. and Anderson, K.C. (2001) "History of the development of arsenic derivatives in cancer therapy", The Oncologist, 6, 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Forkner, C.E. and Scott, T.F.M. (1931) "Arsenic as a therapeutic agent in chronic myelogenous leukemia", The Journal of the American Medical Association, 97, 3–5.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, D.J. and Lawrence, J.S. (1936) "The therapeutic effect of solution of potassium arsenite in chronic myelogenous leukemia", Annals of Internal Medicine, 9, 1317— 1322.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, H.D., Ma, L., Hu, X.C. and Zhang, T.D. (1992) "Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia by Ailing-1 therapy with the use of syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine", Chin. J. Comb. Trad. Chin. Med. West Med., 12, 170 — 171.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, P., Wang, S.Y. and Hu, X.H. (1996) "Arsenic trioxide treated 72 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia", Chin. J. Hematol., 17, 58–62.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, Z.X., Chen, G.Q., Ni, J.H., Li, X.S., Xiong, S.M., Qiu, Q.Y., et al. (1997) "Use of arsenic trioxide (As203) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): II. Clinical efficacy and pharmacolcinetics in relapsed patients", Blood, 89, 3354–3360.
   Google Scholar
• Akao, Y., Yamada, H. and Nakagawa, Y. (2000) "Arsenic-induced apoptosis in malignant cells in vitro", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 37, 53–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemany, M. and Levin, J. (2000) "The effects of arsenic trioxide (As203) on human megakaryocytic leukemia cell lines. With a comparison of its effects on other cell lineages", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 38, 153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck, JA., Maul, G.G., Miller, W.H., Jr., Chen, JD., Kalcizuka, A. and Evans, R.M. (1994) "A novel macromolecular structure is a target of the promyelocyte-retinoic acid receptor oncoprotein", Cell, 76, 333 — 343.
   Google Scholar
• Kastner, P., Perez, A., Lutz, Y., Rochette-Egly, C., Gaub, M.P., Durand, B., et al. (1992) "Structure, localization and transcrip-tional properties of two classes of retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion proteins in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): structural similarities with a new family of oncoproteins", EMBO Journal, 11, 629–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel, MT., Koken, M., Romagne, 0., Barbey, S., Bazarbachi, A., Stadler, M., et al. (1993) "PML protein expression in hematopoietic and acute promyelocytic leukemia cells", Blood, 82, 1858 — 1867.
   Google Scholar
• Weis, K., Rambaud, S., Lavau, C., Jansen, J., Carvalho, T., Carmo-Fonseca, M., et al. (1994) "Retinoic acid regulates aberrant nuclear localization of PML-RAR alpha in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells", Cell, 76, 345–356.
   Google Scholar
• Gianni, M. and de The, H. (1999) "In acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells, the synthetic retinoid CD437 induces contemporaneously apoptosis, a caspase-3-mediated degradation of PML/RARalpha protein and the PML retargeting on PML-nuclear bodies". Leukemia, 13, 739–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., Koken, M.H., Quignon, F., Chelbi-Alix, M.K., Degos, L., Wang, Z.Y., et al. (1997) "Arsenic-induced PML targeting onto nuclear bodies: implications for the treatment of acute promyelo-cytic leukemia", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 3978–3983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lallemand-Breitenbach, V., Zhu, J., Puvion, F., Koken, M., Honore, N., Doubeikovsky, A., et al. (2001) "Role of promyelo-cytic leukemia (PML) sumolation in nuclear body formation, 1 IS proteasome recruitment, and As203-induced PML or PML/ retinoic acid receptor alpha degradation", Journal of Experimental Medicine, 193, 1361 — 1371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternsdorf, T., Puccetti, E., Jensen, K., Hoelzer, D., Will, H., Ottmann, 0.G., et al. (1999) "PIC-1/SUMO-1-modified PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha mediates arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Molecular and Cellular Biology, 19, 5170–5178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, S., Matunis, M.J. and Dejean, A. (1998) "Conjugation with the ubiquitin-related modifier SUMO-1 regulates the parti-tioning of PML within the nucleus", EMBO Journal, 17, 61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, S., Miller, W.H., Jr. and Dejean, A. (1998) "Trivalent antimonials induce degradation of the PML-RAR oncoprotein and reorganization of the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies in acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells", Blood, 92, 4308 — 4316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, W.L., Chen, S.J., Shen, Y., Xu, L., Cai, X., Chen, G.Q., et al. (2001) "Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: clinical and basic studies", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 42, 1265 — 1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X.H., Shen, Y.L., Jing, Y.K., Cai, X., Jia, P.M., Huang, Y., et al. (1999) "Apoptosis and growth inhibition in malignant lymphocytes after treatment with arsenic trioxide at clinically achievable concentrations", Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91, 772–778.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G.Q., Shi, X.G., Tang, W., Xiong, S.M., Zhu, J., Cai, X., et al. (1997) "Use of arsenic trioxide (As203) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): I. As203 exerts dose-dependent dual effects on APL cells", Blood, 89, 3345–3353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleja, E.M. and Warrell, R.P. (2000) "Differentiating agents in pediatric malignancies: all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Curr. Oncol. Rep., 2, 519–523.
   Google Scholar
• Bruserud, 0., Gjertsen, B.T. and Huang, T. (2000) "Induction of differentiation and apoptosis- a possible strategy in the treatment of adult acute myelogenous leukemia", The Oncologist, 5, 454 — 462.
   Google Scholar
• Soignet, S.L., Maslak, P., Wang, Z.G., Jhanwar, S., Calleja, E., Dardashti, Li., et al. (1998) Complete remission after treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide", New England Journal of Medicine, 339, 1341–1348.
   Google Scholar
• Rojewslci, MT., Baldus, C., Knauf, W., Thiel, E. and Schrezen-meier, H. (2002) "Dual effects of arsenic trioxide (As203) on non-acute promyelocytic leukaemia myeloid cell lines: induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation", British Journal of Haematology, 116, 555 — 563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H.Y., Liu, S.X. and Zhang, M. (2003) "Gene expression profile changes in NB4 cells induced by arsenic trioxide", Acta PharmacoL Sin., 24, 646–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., Gianni, M., Kopf, E., Honore, N., Chelbi-Alix, M., Koken, M. (1999) "Retinoic acid induces proteasome-dependent degradation of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) and oncogenic RARalpha fusion proteins", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 14807 — 14812.
   Google Scholar
• Fanelli, M., Minucci, S., Gelmetti, V., Nervi, C., Gambacorti-Passerini, C. and Pelicci, P.G. (1999) "Constitutive degradation of PML/RARalpha through the proteasome pathway mediates retinoic acid resistance", Blood, 93, 1477–1481.
   Google Scholar
• Stallmach, A., Giese, T., Pfister, K., Wittig, B.M., Kunne, S., et al. (2001) "Activation of beta(1) integrins mediates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of intestinal CD4-positive lymphocytes", Eur-opean Journal of Immunology, 31, 1228 — 1238.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G.Q., Zhu, J., Shi, X.G., Ni, J.H., Zhong, Hi., Si, G.Y., et al. (1996) "In vitro studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As203) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: As203 induces NB4 cell apoptosis with down-regulation of Bc1-2 expression and modulation of PML-RAR alpha/PML proteins", Blood, 88, 1052–1061.
   Google Scholar
• Konig, A., Wrazel, L., Warrell, R.P., Jr., Rivi, R., Pandolfi, P.P., Jakubowslci, A., et al. (1997) "Comparative activity of melarsoprol and arsenic trioxide in chronic B- cell leukemia lines", Blood, 90, 562–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Mi., Hsieh, R.K., Lin, C.P., Chang, I.Y. and Liu, Hi. (2002) "The cytotoxicity of arsenic trioxide to normal hemato-poietic progenitors and leukemic cells is dependent on their cell-cycle status", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 43, 219 1— 2199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathas, S., Lietz, A., Janz, M., Hinz, M., Jundt, F., Scheidereit, C., et al. (2003) "Inhibition of NF-{kappa}B essentially con-tributes to arsenic-induced apoptosis", Blood, 3, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai, S., Hsieh, M., Chen, L., Liang, Y., Lin, J. and Lin, S. (2001) "Suppression of Fas ligand expression on endothelial cells by arsenite through reactive oxygen species", Toxicology Letters, 123, 11 — 19.
   Google Scholar
• Dai, J., Weinberg, R.S., Waxman, S. and Jing, Y. (1999) "Malignant cells can be sensitized to undergo growth inhibition and apoptosis by arsenic trioxide through modulation of the glutathione redox system", Blood, 93, 268 — 277.
   Google Scholar
• Wijeweera, J.B., Gandolfi, A.J., Parrish, A. and Lantz, R.C. (2001) "Sodium arsenite enhances AP-1 and NFkappaB DNA binding and induces stress protein expression in precision-cut rat lung slices", Toxicological Sciences, 61, 283–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, N.K., Wong, RN., Leung, K.N. and Fung, M. (2002) "Involvement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in arsenic trioxide induced apoptotic cell death of murine myeloid leukemia cells", Toxicology Letters, 135, 79–87.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, T.C., Cao, E.H. and Qin, J.F. (2002) "Opposite biological effects of arsenic trioxide and arsacetin involve a different regulation of signaling in human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells", Pharmacology, 64, 160— 168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwama, K., Nakajo, S., Aiuchi, T. and Nakaya, K. (2001) "Apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide in leukemia U937 cells is dependent on activation of p38, inactivation of ERK and the Ca2 + -dependent production of superoxide", International Jour-nal of Cancer, 92, 518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Y.J., Park, J.W., Suh, S.I., Mun, K.C., Bae, J.H., Song, D.K., et al. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in U937 cells involve generation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of Akt", International Journal of Oncology, 21, 603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, X., Shen, Y.L., Zhu, Q., Jia, P.M., Yu, Y., Zhou, L., et al. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and differentiation are associated respectively with mitochondrial transmembrane poten-tial collapse and retinoic acid signaling pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Leukemia, 14, 262–270.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, Z.Y., Shen, J., Li, Q.S., Chen, C.Y., Chen, J.Y. and Yi, Z. (2002) "Morphological and functional changes of mitochondria in apoptotic esophageal carcinoma cells induced by arsenic trioxide", World J. Gastroenterol., 8, 31— 35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, Z.Y., Shen, J., Cai, W.J., Hong, C. and Zheng, M.H. (2000) "The alteration of mitochondria is an early event of arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma cells", Inter-national Journal of Molecular Medicine, 5, 155 — 158.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, Z.Y., Shen, W.Y., Chen, M.H., Shen, J., Cai, W.J. and Zeng, Y. (2002) "Mitochondria, calcium and nitric oxide in the apoptotic pathway of esophageal carcinoma cells induced by As203", International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 9, 385–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, T.C., Cao, E.H., Li, J.F., Ma, W. and Qin, J.F. (1999) "Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of human gastric cancer MGC-803 cell growth by arsenic trioxide", European Journal of Cancer, 35, 1258 — 1263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, Y., Akao, Y., Morikawa, H., Hirata, I., Katsu, K., Naoe, T., et al. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis through oxidative stress in cells of colon cancer cell lines", Life Sciences, 70, 2253— 2269.
   Google Scholar
• Shim, Mi., Kim, Hi., Yang, S.J., Lee, IS., Choi, H.I. and Kim, T. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in chronic myelo-genous leukemia K562 cells: possible involvement of p38 MAP kinase", J. Biochem. Ma Biol., 35, 377–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, K., Akhand, A.A., Kato, M., Du, J., Takeda, K., Wu, J., et al. (2000) "Arsenite induces apoptosis of murine T lymphocytes through membrane raft-linked signaling for activation of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase", Journal of Immunology, 165, 4290–4297.
   Google Scholar
• Um, S.J., Lee, S.Y., Kim, E.J., Myoung, J., Namkoong, S.E. and Park, J.S. (2002) "Down-regulation of human papillomavirus E6/ E7 oncogene by arsenic trioxide in cervical carcinoma cells", Cancer Letters, 181, 11— 22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, C., Kim, C.N., Fang, G. and Bhalla, K.N. (2000) "Arsenic induces apoptosis of multidrug-resistant human myeloid leukemia cells that express Bcr-Abl or overexpress MDR, MRP, Bc1-2, or Bc1-x(L)", Blood, 95, 1014 — 1022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, M., Levin, J., Sulpice, E., Sequeira-Le Grand, A., Alemany, M., Caen, J. P., et al. (1999) "Effect of arsenic trioxide on viability, proliferation, and apoptosis in human megakaryocytic leukemia cell lines", Experimental Hematology, 27, 845–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, S., Bengtzen, S., Paul, A., Christensson, B. and Paul, C. (2001) "Effects of arsenic trioxide (As203) on leukemic cells from patients with non-M3 acute myelogenous leukemia: studies of cytotoxicity, apoptosis and the pattern of resistance", European Journal of Haematology, 66, 357–364.
   Google Scholar
• Walter, R., Schoedon, G., Bachli, E., Betts, DR., Hossle, J.P., Calandra, T., et al. (2000) "Establishment and characterization of an arsenic-sensitive monoblastic leukaemia cell line (SigM5)", British Journal of Haematology, 109, 396–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, Y.H. and Ho, P.C. (2001) "Arsenic compounds induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant gynecological cancer cell lines", Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 47, 481 — 490.
   Google Scholar
• Vega, L., Styblo, M., Patterson, R., Cullen, W., Wang, C. and Germolec, D. (2001) "Differential effects of trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals on cell proliferation and cytolcine secretion in normal human epidermal keratinocytes", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 172, 225–232.
   Google Scholar
• Siu, K.P., Chan, J.Y. and Fung, K.P. (2002) "Effect of arsenic trioxide on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells: Inhibi-tion of proliferation and induction of apoptosis", Life Sciences, 71, 275— 285.
   Google Scholar
• Ora, I., Bondesson, L., Jonsson, C., Ljungberg, J., Porn-Ares, I., Garwicz, S., et al.. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide inhibits neuroblastoma growth in vivo and promotes apoptotic cell death in vitro", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 277, 179 — 185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, W.H., Seol, J.G., Kim, ES., Hyun, J.M., Jung, C.W., Lee, C.C., et al. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide-mediated growth inhibition in MC/CAR myeloma cells via cell cycle arrest in association with induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21, and apopto-sis", Cancer Research, 60, 3065–3071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Bode, A.M., Chen, N.Y., Ma, WY., Li, J., Nomura, M. and Dong, Z. (2001) "Transactivation of AP-1 in AP-1-luciferase reporter transgenic mice by arsenite and arsenate", Anticancer Research, 21, 261 —267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Ma, WY., Li, J. and Dong, Z. (1999) "Arsenic induces apoptosis through a c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent, p53-independent pathway", Cancer Research, 59, 3053— 3058.
   Google Scholar
• Uslu, R., Sanli, U.A., Sezgin, C., Karabulut, B., Terzioglu, E., Omay, S.B. and Goker, E. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide-mediated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in prostate and ovarian carcinoma cell lines", Clinical Cancer Research, 6, 4957–4964.
   Google Scholar
• Kanzawa, T., Kondo, Y., Ito, H., Kondo, S. and Germano, I. (2003) "Induction of autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells by arsenic trioxide", Cancer Research, 63, 2103–2108.
   Google Scholar
• Chouchane, S. and Snow, E.T. (2001) "In vitro effect of arsenical compounds on glutathione-related enzymes, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 14, 517–522.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, S., Kitchin, K.T. and Cullen, W.R. (2000) "Arsenic species that cause release of iron from ferritin and generation of activated oxygen", Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 382, 195— 202.
   Google Scholar
• Larochette, N., Decaudin, D., Jacotot, E., Brenner, C., Marzo, I., Susin, S.A., Zamzami. N., et al. (1999) "Arsenite induces apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore", Experimental Cell Research, 249, 413–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körper, S., Nolte, F., Rojewslci, M. and Schrezenmeier, H. (2003) "As203 elevates cytosolic Ca2 + in APL cell line NB-4: induction of differentiation or apoptosis?" Experimental Hematology, 31, 149 — 150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojewslci, MT., Korper, S., Thiel, E. and Schrezenmeier, H. (2004) "Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis is independent of CD95 in lymphatic cell lines The role of mitochondrial targeting in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in myeloid cell lines", Oncology Reports, 11, 509 — 513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., Okumura, H., Ohtake, S., Nakamura, S. and Nakao, S. (2003) "Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in leukemia/lymphoma cell lines via the CD95/CD95L system", Oncology Reports, 10, 705–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, S., Kong, B., Ma, Y. and Jiang, S. (2002) "Apoptosis of drug-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cell line 3A0/cDDP induced by arsenic trioxide and its mechanism", Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 82, 911–914.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seol, J.G., Park, W.H., Kim, E.S., Jung, C.W., Hyun, J.M., Kim, B.K. and Lee, Y.Y. (1999) "Effect of arsenic trioxide on cell cycle arrest in head and neck cancer cell line PCI-1", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 265, 400–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seol, J.G., Park, W.H., Kim, E.S., Jung, C.W., Hyun, J.M., Lee, Y.Y. and Kim B.K. (2001) "Potential role of caspase-3 and -9 in arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis in PCI-1 head and neck cancer cells", International Journal of Oncology, 18, 249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathas, S., Lietz, A., Janz, M., Hinz, M., Jundt, F., Scheidereit, C., et al. (2003) "Inhibition of NF-kappaB essentially contributes to arsenic-induced apoptosis", Blood, 102, 1028–1034.
   Google Scholar
• Kitamura, K., Minami, Y., Yamamoto, K., Akao, Y., Kiyoi, H., Saito, H. and Naoe, T. (2000) "Involvement of CD95-independent caspase 8 activation in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis", Leukemia, 14, 1743–1750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X.H., Wong, B.C., Yuen, S.T., Jiang, S.H., Cho, C.H., Lai, K.C., et al. (2001) "Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells through up-regulation of p53 and activation of caspase-3", International Journal of Cancer, 91, 173— 179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akao, Y., Nakagawa, Y. and Akiyama, K. (1999) "Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell lines through the activation of caspase 3 in vitro", FEBS Letters, 455, 59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, D., Yin, S., Ou, Y., Bai, H., Ding, F., Wang, X., et al. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide (As(2)0(3)) induced apoptosis and its mechan-isms in a human esophageal squamous carcinoma cell line", Chinese Medical Journal, 115, 280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J.W., Choi, Y.J., Jang, M.A., Back, S.H., Lim, J.H., Passaniti, T. and Kwon, T.K. (2001) "Arsenic trioxide induces g2/m growth arrest and apoptosis after caspase-3 activation and bc1-2 phosphorylation in promonocytic u937 cells", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 286, 726–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartenhaus, R.B., Prachand, S.N., Paniaqua, M., Li, Y. and Gordon, L.I. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide cytotoxicity in steroid and chemotherapy-resistant myeloma cell lines: enhancement of apoptosis by manipulation of cellular redox state", Clinical Cancer Research, 8, 566— 572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Ding, X. and Adrian, T.E. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells", Anticancer Research, 22, 2205–2213.
   Google Scholar
• Rojewslci, M.T., Korper, S., Thiel, E. and Schrezenmeier, H. (2004) "Depolarization of mitochondria and activation of caspases are common features of arsenic(III)-induced apoptosis in myelo-genic and lymphatic cell lines", Chemical Research in Toxicology, 17, 119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. and Nie, L. (2001) "Studies of apoptosis of malignant lymphoma cells induced by arsenic trioxide", Cell Biology International, 25, 1003–1006.
   Google Scholar
• Ling, Y.H., Jiang, J.D., Holland, J.F. and Perez-Soler, R. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide produces polymerization of microtubules and mitotic arrest before apoptosis in human tumor cell lines", Molecular Pharmacology, 62, 529–538.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X.J., Wiernik, PH., Klein, R.S. and Gallagher, R.E. (1999) "Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis of myeloid leukemia cells by activation of caspases", Medical Oncology, 16, 58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Jing, Y., Dai, J., Chalmers-Redman, R.M., Tatton, W.G. and Waxman, S. (1999) "Arsenic trioxide selectively induces acute promyelocytic leukemia cell apoptosis via a hydrogen peroxide-dependent pathway", Blood, 94, 2102–2111.
   Google Scholar
• Korper, S., Nolte, F., Thiel, E., Schrezenmeier, H. and Rojewski, M.T. (2004) "The role of mitochondrial targeting in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in myeloid cell lines", British Journal of Haematology, 124, 186— 189.
   Google Scholar
• Oketani, M., Kohara, K., Tuvdendorj, D., Ishitsuka, K., Komorizono, Y., Ishibashi, K., et al. (2002) "Inhibition by arsenic trioxide of human hepatoma cell growth", Cancer Letters, 183, 147— 153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H., Liu, J., Zhao, C.Q., Diwan, BA., Merrick, B.A. and Waalkes, M.P. (2001) "Association of c-myc overexpression and hyperproliferation with arsenite-induced malignant transforma-tion", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 175, 260–268.
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, B.L. and Rossman, T.G. (2001) "Effects of arsenite on p53, p21 and cyclin D expression in normal human fibroblasts — a possible mechanism for arsenite's comutagenicity", Mutation Research, 478, 159–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez, P., Eastmond, D.A., Laclette, J.P. and Ostrosky-Wegman, P. (1997) "Disruption of microtubule assembly and spindle formation as a mechanism for the induction of aneuploid cells by sodium arsenite and vanadium pentoxide", Mutation Research, 386, 291 — 298.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y.M. and Broome, J.D. (1999) "Arsenic targets tubulins to induce apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells", Cancer Research, 59, 776–780.
   Google Scholar
• Hunter, E.S., 3rd and Dix, D.J. (2001) "Heat shock proteins Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-3 Are necessary and sufficient to prevent arsenite-induced dysmorphology in mouse embryos", Molecular Reproduction and Development, 59, 285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Kadiiska, MB., Liu, Y., Lu, T., Qu, W. and Waalkes, M.P. (2001) "Stress-related gene expression in mice treated with inorganic arsenicals", Toxicological Sciences, 61, 314— 320.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, F. and Jan, K.Y. (2000) "DNA damage in arsenite- and cadmium-treated bovine aortic endothelial cells", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 28, 55–63.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sabban, ME., Nasr, R., Dbaibo, G., Hermine, 0., Abboushi, N., Quignon, F., et al. (2000) "Arsenic-interferon-alpha-triggered apoptosis in HTLV-I transformed cells is associated with tax down-regulation and reversal of NF-kappa B activation", Blood, 96, 2849–2855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., Ma, WY., Li, J., Goranson, A. and Dong, Z. (1999) "Requirement of Erk, but not JNK, for arsenite-induced cell transformation", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 14595 — 14601.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, F., Lu, Y., Zhang, Z., Vallyathan, V., Ding, M., Castranova, V., et al. (2001) "Opposite effect of NF-kappa B and c-Jun N-terminal lcinase on p53-independent GADD45 induction by arsenite", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 11414–11419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, A., Mohindru, M., Deb, D.K., Sassano, A., Kambhampa-ti, S., Ravandi, F., et al. (2002) "Activation of Rac 1 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein lcinase pathway in response to arsenic trioxide", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 44988–44995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namgung, U. and Xia, Z. (2001) "Arsenic induces apoptosis in rat cerebellar neurons via activation of JNK3 and p38 MAP lcinases", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 174, 130— 138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namgung, U. and Xia, Z. (2000) "Arsenite-induced apoptosis in cortical neurons is mediated by c-Jun N-terminal protein lcinase 3 and p38 mitogen-activated protein lcinase", Journal of Neu-roscience, 20, 6442–6451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Chen, P., Sinogeeva, N., Gorospe, M., Wersto, R.P., Chrest, F.J., et al. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide promotes histone H3 phosphoacetylation at the chromatin of CASPASE-10 in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 49504–49510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, AC., Fanger, G.R. and Vaillancourt, R.R. (1999) "Signal transduction pathways regulated by arsenate and arsenite", Oncogene, 18, 7794–7802.
   Google Scholar
• Deaglio, S., Canella, D., Baj, G., Arnulfo, A., Waxman, S. and Malavasi, F. (2001) "Evidence of an immunologic mechanism behind the therapeutical effects of arsenic trioxide (As(2)0(3)) on myeloma cells", Leukemia Research, 25, 227–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, M.T. and McCoy, K.L. (2001) "Immunosuppression by arsenic: a comparison of cathepsin L inhibition and apoptosis", Int. Immunopharmacol., 1, 647 — 656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, T., Liu, J., LeCluyse, EL., Zhou, Y.S., Cheng, M.L. and Waalkes, M.P. (2001) "Application of cDNA microarray to the study of arsenic-induced liver diseases in the population of Guizhou, China", Toxicological Sciences, 59, 185— 192.
   Google Scholar
• Marasca, R., Zucchini, P., Galimberti, S., Leonardi, G., Vaccari, P., Donelli, A., et al. (1999) "Missense mutations in the PML/ RARalpha ligand binding domain in ATRA-resistant As(2)0(3) sensitive relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia", Haematologica, 84, 963–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, WY., Chan, G.C., Chim, CS., Shek, T.W., Ooi, G.C., Ho, W.K., et al. (2001) "Unusual sites of involvement by hematologic malignancies. Case 3. External auditory canal tumor: a rare chloroma in acute promyelocytic leukemia with a complete response to arsenic trioxide", Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 3993 — 3995.
   Google Scholar
• Visani, G., Piccaluga, P.P., Martinelli, G., Rossi, M., Malagola, M. and Baccarani, M. (2003) "Sustained molecular remission in advanced acute promyelocytic leukemia with combined pulsed retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide. clinical evidence of synergistic effect and real-time quantification of minimal residual disease", Haematologica, 88, ELT15.
   Google Scholar
• Agis, H., Weltermann, A., Mitterbauer, G., Thalhammer, R., Edelhauser, M., Seewann, H.L., et al. (1999) "Successful treatment with arsenic trioxide of a patient with ATRA- resistant relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia", Annals of Hematology, 78, 329–332.
   Google Scholar
• Che-Pin, L., Huang, M.J., Chang, I.Y., Lin, W.Y. and Sheu, Y.T. (2000) "Retinoic acid syndrome induced by arsenic trioxide in treating recurrent all-trans retinoic acid resistant acute promyelo-cytic leukemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 38, 195–198.
   Google Scholar
• Niu, C., Yan, H., Yu, T., Sun, H.P., Liu, J.X., Li, X.S., et al. (1999) "Studies on treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: remission induction, follow-up, and molecular monitoring in 11 newly diagnosed and 47 relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients", Blood, 94, 3315–3324.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, A. and Firkin, F. (1999) "Arsenic trioxide treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia: initial Australian experi-ence [letter]", Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 29, 385— 386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell, R.P., Jr., Soignet, S.L., Maslak, P., Scheinberg, D.A., Gabrilove, J., Calleja, E., et al. (1998) "Initial Western study of arsenic trioxide in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17 Suppl., 19.
   Google Scholar
• Ohnishi, K., Yoshida, H., Shigeno, K., Nakamura, S., Fujisawa, S., Naito, K., et al. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide therapy for relapsed or refractory Japanese patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: need for careful electrocardiogram monitoring", Leukemia, 16, 617–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, J., Shen, Z.X., Sun, G.L., Chen, S.J., Wang, Z.Y. and Chen Z. (1999) "Long-term survival and prognostic study in acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans-retinoic acid, che-motherapy, and As203: an experience of 120 patients at a single institution", International Journal of Hematology, 70, 248–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, J., Shen, Z., Sun, H., Wu, W., Li, X., Sun, G. and Wang, Z. (2000) "Long-term survey of outcome in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Chinese Medical Journal, 113, 107 — 110.
   Google Scholar
• Soignet, S.L., Frankel, SR., Douer, D., Tallman, M.S., Kantar-jian, H., Calleja, E., et al. (2001) "United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia", Journal of Clinical Oncology, 19, 3852–3860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni, J., Chen, G., Shen, Z., Li, X., Liu, H., Huang, Y., et al. (1998) "Pharmacolcinetics of intravenous arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia", Chinese Medical Journal, 111, 1107–1110.
   Google Scholar
• Jiong, H., Zhixiang, S., Wen, W., Xiusong, L., Guanlin, S. and Zhenyi, W. (2000) "Long-term survey of outcome in acute promyelocytic leukemia", Chinese Medical Journal, 113, 107–110.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, C.P., Huang, M.J., Chang, I.Y. and Lin, W.Y. (2000) "Successful treatment of all-trans retinoic acid resistant and chemotherapy naive acute promyelocytic patients with arsenic trioxide— two case reports", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 38, 191 — 194.
   Google Scholar
• Camacho, L.H., Soignet, S.L., Chanel, S., Ho, R., Heller, G., Scheinberg, D.A., et al. (2000) "Leukocytosis and the retinoic acid syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide", Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 2620–2625.
   Google Scholar
• Mathews, V., Chandy, M. and Srivastava, A. (2001) "Arsenic trioxide in the management of acute promyelocytic leukaemia", National Medical Journal of India, 14, 215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, X.C., Zhang, C. and Li, J.M. (2000) Use of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia: clinical efficacy in 34 patients [abstract]. Presented at: Advances in Cancer differ-entiation Therapy - A Meeting Combining The East and the West, Shanghai, China.
   Google Scholar
• Wiernik, PH., Dutcher, J.P. and Gallagher, R. (1999) "Phase II trial of arsenic trioide (As203) in patients (pts) with relapsed/ refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), blast crisis of CML or myelodysplasia (MDS)", Blood, 94, 510a.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, R., Kirkhart B. and Singer, J. (2003) "Update safety experience with Trisenox (R) (arsenic trioxide) injection", The Haematological Journal, 4, 216–217.
   Google Scholar
• Soignet, S.L., Tong, W.P., Hirschfeld, S. and Warrell, R.P., Jr. (1999) "Clinical study of an organic arsenical, melarsoprol, in patients with advanced leukemia", Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 44, 417–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rosee, P., Johnson, K., Corbin, AS., Stoffregen, E.P., Moseson, E.M., Willis, S., et al. (2003) "In vitro efficacy of combined treatment depends on the underlying mechanism of resistance in imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl positive cell lines", Blood, 21, 21.
   Google Scholar
• Nimmanapalli, R., Bali, P., O'Bryan, E., Fuino, L., Guo, F., Wu, J., et al. (2003) "Arsenic trioxide inhibits translation of mRNA of bcr-abl, resulting in attenuation of Bcr-Abl levels and apoptosis of human leukemia cells", Cancer Research, 63, 7950–7958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Rosee, P., Johnson, K., Corbin, AS., Stoffregen, E.P., Moseson, E.M., Willis, S., et al. (2004) "In vitro efficacy of combined treatment depends on the underlying mechanism of resistance in imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl-positive cell lines", Blood, 103, 208 — 215.
   Google Scholar
• Munshi, N.C., Tricot, G., Desikan, R., Badros, A., Zangari, M., Toor, A., et al. (2002) "Clinical activity of arsenic trioxide for the treatment of multiple myeloma", Leukemia, 16, 1835–1837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munshi, N.C. (2001) "Arsenic trioxide: an emerging therapy for multiple myeloma", The Oncologist, 6, 17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munshi, N.C., Desikan, R. and Zangari, M. (1999) "Marked anti-tumor effect of arsenic trioxide (As203) in high risk refractory multiple myeloma", Blood, 94, 123a.
   Google Scholar
• Bahlis, N.J., McCafferty-Grad, J., Jordan-McMurry, I., Neil, J., Reis, I., Kharfan-Dabaja, M., et al. (2002) "Feasibility and correlates of arsenic trioxide combined with ascorbic acid-mediated depletion of intracellular glutathione for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma", Clinical Cancer Re-search, 8, 3658 — 3668.
   Google Scholar
• Berenson, J.R., Yang, H., Vescio, R., Swift, R., Sadler, K. and Ellison, R. (2003) "Preliminary findings in a phase 1/2 study of Trisenox(R) (arsenic trioxide) dosed twice weekly in patients with advanced multiple myeloma", The Hematology Journal, 4, S255.
   Google Scholar
• Kito, M., Akao, Y., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K. and Nozawa, Y. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and its enhancement by buthionine sulfoximine in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 291, 861 — 867.
   Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay, S., Ghosh, S., Debnath, J. and Ghosh, D. (2001) "Protection of sodium arsenite-induced ovarian toxicity by coadministration of L-ascorbate (vitamin C) in mature wistar strain rat", Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicol-ogy, 41, 83–89.
   Google Scholar
• Grad, J.M., Bahlis, N.J., Reis, I., Oshiro, MM., Dalton, W.S. and Boise, L.H. (2001) "Ascorbic acid enhances arsenic trioxide-induced cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells", Blood, 98, 805 — 813.
   Google Scholar
• Bachleitner-Hofmann, T., Gisslinger, B., Grumbeck, E. and Gisslinger, H. (2001) "Arsenic trioxide and ascorbic acid: synergy with potential implications for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia?", British Journal of Haematology, 112, 783–786.
   Google Scholar
• Pu, Y.S., Hour, T.C., Chen, J., Huang, C.Y., Guan, J.Y. and Lu, S.H. (2002a) "Arsenic trioxide as a novel anticancer agent against human transitional carcinoma—characterizing its apoptotic path-way", Anti-Cancer Drugs, 13, 293–300.
   Google Scholar
• Pu, Y.S., Hour, T.C., Chen, J., Huang, C.Y., Guan, J.Y. and Lu, S.H. (2002b) "Cytotoxicity of arsenic trioxide to transitional carcinoma cells", Urology, 60, 346— 350.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, MA., Elson, P., Reed, J., Kelly, M., Platt, L., Karam, M.A.and Srkalovic, G. (2003a) "Arsenic trioxide (TrisenoxTm), ascorbic acid (AA), and dexamethasone (Dex) pulses-TAD for relapsed refractory progressive multiple myeloma patients", The Hematology Journal, 4, S257.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, MA., Elson, P., Reed, J., Kelly, M., Platt, L., Karam, MA. and Srkalovic G. (2003b) "Arsenic trioxide (TrisenoxTm), ascorbic acid (AA), and dexamethasone (Dex) pulses-TAD for relapsed refractory progressive multiple myeloma patients", The Hematology Journal, 4, 166.
   Google Scholar
• Berenson, J.R., Borad, M.J., Vescio, R.A., Yang, H.H. and Swift, R. (2003) "Melphalan, arsenic trioxide (ATO) and ascorbic acid combination therapy (MAC) in refractory and relapsing multiple myeloma (MM)", The Hematology Journal, 4, S256.
   Google Scholar
• Cheson, B.D., Zwiebel, J.A., Dancey, J. and Murgo, A. (2000) "Novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes", Seminars in Oncology, 27, 560–577.
   Google Scholar
• Donelli, A., Chiodino, C., Panissidi, T., Roncaglia, R. and Torelli, G. (2000) "Might arsenic trioxide be useful in the treatment of advanced myelodysplastic syndromes?" Haematologica, 85, 1002 — 1003.
   Google Scholar
• List, A.F. (2002) "New approaches to the treatment of myelodys-plasia", The Oncologist, 7, 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Dutcher, J.P., Wiernik, P.H. and Garl, S. (2000) "Major hematologic response in a patient with myelodysplasia (MDS) to arsenic trioxide (ATO)", Blood, 96, 260b.
   Google Scholar
• Chun, Y.J., Park, IC., Park, Mi., Woo, S.H., Hong, S.I., Chung, H.Y., et al. (2002) "Enhancement of radiation response in human cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by arsenic trioxide (As(2)0(3))", FEBS Letters, 519, 195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sezgin, C., Sanli, U.A., Uslu, R. and Goker, E. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide has additive cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with taxanes", Turkish Journal of Medical Science, 32, 439 — 444.
   Google Scholar
• Pu, Y.S., Hour, T.C., Chen, J., Huang, C.Y., Guan, J.Y. and Lu, S.H. (2002) "Arsenic trioxide as a novel anticancer agent against human transitional carcinoma-characterizing its apoptotic path-way", Anti-Cancer Drugs, 13, 293— 300.
   Google Scholar
• Lew, Y.S., Brown, S.L., Griffin, R.J., Song, C.W. and Kim, J.H. (1999) "Arsenic trioxide causes selective necrosis in solid murine tumors by vascular shutdown", Cancer Research, 59, 6033–6037.
   Google Scholar
• Roboz, G.J., Dias, S., Lam, G., Lane, W.J., Soignet, S.L., Warrell, R.P., Jr. and Rafii, S. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide induces dose- and time-dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis", Blood, 96, 1525— 1530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barchowsky, A., Roussel, R.R., Klei, L.R., James, P.E., Ganju, N., Smith, K.R. and Dudek, E.J. (1999) "Low levels of arsenic trioxide stimulate proliferative signals in primary vascular cells without activating stress effector pathways", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 159, 65–75.
   Google Scholar
• Vuky, J., Yu, R., Schwartz, L. and Motzer, R.J. (2002) "Phase II trial of arsenic trioxide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma", Investigational New Drugs, 20, 327 — 330.
   Google Scholar
• Kumana, CR., Au, WY., Lee, N.S., Kou, M., Mak, R.W., Lam, C.W. and Kwong, Y.L. (2002) "Systemic availability of arsenic from oral arsenic-trioxide used to treat patients with hematological malignancies", European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58, 521— 526.
   Google Scholar
• Au, WY., Kumana, CR., Kou, M., Mak, R., Chan, G.C., Lam, C.W. and Kwong, Y.L. (2003) "Oral arsenic trioxide in the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia", Blood, 102, 407 —408.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, D.R. and Marshall, W.J. (1999) "Heavy metal poisoning and its laboratory investigation", Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 36, 267–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, T. and Darlington, G. (1896) "Poisonous face powders", British Medical Journal, 2, 1662.
   Google Scholar
• Przygoda, G., Feldmann, J. and Cullen, W.R. (2001) "The arsenic eaters of Styria: a different picture of people who were chronically exposed to arsenic", Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 15, 457 — 462.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartze, E.W. (1922) "The so-called habituation to 'arsenic': Variation in the toxicity of arsenic oxide", Journal of Pharmacol-ogy and Experimental Therapeutics, 20, 181 — 203.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, H.A. and Balassa, LI. (1966) "Abnormal trace metals in man: arsenic", Journal of Chronic Diseases, 19, 85— 106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aposhian, H.V., Gurzau, ES., Le, X.C., Gurzau, A., Healy, S.M., Lu, X., et al. (2000) "Occurrence of monomethylarsonous acid in urine of humans exposed to inorganic arsenic", Chemical Research in Toxicology, 13, 693–697.
   Google Scholar
• Aposhian, H.V. (1997) "Enzymatic methylation of arsenic species and other new approaches to arsenic toxicity", Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 37, 397–419.
   Google Scholar
• Saelci, K., Sakakibara, H., Sakai, H., Kunito, T. and Tanabe, S. (2000) "Arsenic accumulation in three species of sea turtles", Biometals, 13, 241 —250.
   Google Scholar
• Feldmann, J., John, K. and Pengprecha, P. (2000) "Arsenic metabolism in seaweed-eating sheep from Northern Scotland", Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 368, 116 — 121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin, S., Shi, Q., Nix, F.B., Styblo, M., Beck, MA., Herbin-Davis, KM., et al. (2002) "A novel S-adenosyl-L-methionine:arsenic(III) methyltransferase from rat liver cytosol", Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277, 10795— 10803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, L.L., George, SE., Kohan, Mi., Styblo, M. and Thomas, D.J. (1997) "In vitro methylation of inorganic arsenic in mouse intestinal cecum", Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 147, 101 —109.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, G.Q., Zhou, L., Styblo, M., Walton, F., Jing, Y., Weinberg, R., et al. (2003) "Methylated metabolites of arsenic trioxide are more potent than arsenic trioxide as apoptotic but not differentia-tion inducers in leukemia and lymphoma cells", Cancer Research, 63, 1853 — 1859.
   Google Scholar
• Menzel, D.B., Hamadeh, H.K., Lee, E., Meacher, D.M., Said, V., Rasmussen, RE., et al. (1999) "Arsenic binding proteins from human lymphoblastoid cells", Toxicology Letters, 105, 89–101.
   Google Scholar
• Ohnishi, K., Yoshida, H., Shigeno, K., Nakamura, S., Fujisawa, S., Naito, K., et al. (2000) "Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular tachycardia in patients treated with arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia", Annals of Internal Medicine, 133, 881 —885.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, S.Y., Chang, CS., Tang, J.L., Tien, H.F., Kuo, T.L., Huang, S.F., et al. (1998) "Acute and chronic arsenic poisoning associated with treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia", British Journal of Haematology, 103, 1092— 1095.
   Google Scholar
• Barbey, J.T., Pezzullo, J.C. and Soignet, S.L. (2003) "Effect of arsenic trioxide on qt interval in patients with advanced malignancies", Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 3609 — 3615.
   Google Scholar
• Barbey, J.T. and Soignet, S. (2001) "Prolongation of the QT interval and ventricular tachycardia in patients treated with arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia", Annals of Internal Medicine, 135, 842–843.
   Google Scholar
• Westervelt, P., Brown, R.A., Adkins, DR., Khoury, H., Curtin, P., Hurd, D., et al. (2001) "Sudden death among patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide", Blood, 98, 266 — 271.
   Google Scholar
• Unnikrishnan, D., Dutcher, J.P., Varshneya, N., Lucariello, R., Api, M., Garl, S., et al. (2001) "Torsades de pointes in 3 patients with leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide", Blood, 97, 1514 — 1516.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, W., Wang, H., Wang, X., Wu, F., Guo, W., Qu, B., et al. (2001) "Effects of all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide on the hemostatic disturbance associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia", Thrombosis Research, 102, 197 — 204.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, T.F., Sprague, K., Schenkein, D., Miller, K.B. and Relias, V. (2000) "Hyperleukocytosis during induction therapy with arsenic trioxide for relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia associated with central nervous system infarction", Blood, 96, 4000–4001.
   Google Scholar
• Mathews, V., Balasubramanian, P., Shaji, VS., George, B., Chandy, M. and Srivastava, A. (2001) "Central nervous system relapse in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia treated with arsenic tri-oxide", British Journal of Haematology, 113, 257 — 258.
   Google Scholar
• Huan, S.Y., Yang, C.H. and Chen, Y.C. (2000) "Arsenic trioxide therapy for relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia: an useful salvage therapy", Leukemia and Lymphoma, 38, 283–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, J.W. (2001) "Cardiac toxicity of arsenic trioxide", Blood, 98, 1633; discussion 1633— 1634.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Sun, X., Wang, L., Zhou, Z. and Kang, Y.J. (2002) "Myocardial toxicity of arsenic trioxide in a mouse model", Cardiovasc. Toxicol., 2, 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Barchowsky, A., Klei, L.R., Dudek, E.J., Swartz, H.M. and James, P.E. (1999) "Stimulation of reactive oxygen, but not reactive nitrogen species, in vascular endothelial cells exposed to low levels of arsenite", Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27, 1405–1412.
   Google Scholar
• Samikkannu, T., Chen, C.H., Yih, L.H., Wang, AS., Lin, S.Y., Chen, T.C. and Jan, K.Y. (2003) "Reactive oxygen species are involved in arsenic trioxide inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity", Chemical Research in Toxicology, 16, 409–414.
   Google Scholar
• McCafferty, J.M., Bahlis, N.J., Aguilar, TM., Reis, I., Lee, K.P. and Boise, L.H. (2003) "Mechanisms of action and determinants of sensitivity for arsenic trioxide in multiple myeloma", The Hematology Journal, 4, S255–S256.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, W.C., Chen, S.H., Wu, H.L., Shi, G.Y., Murota, S. and Morita. I. (1991) "ytoprotective effect of reduced glutathione in arsenical-induced endothelial cell injury", Toxicology, 69, 101 — 110.
   Google Scholar
• Zakharyan, R.A., Sampayo-Reyes, A., Healy, S.M., Tsaprailis, G., Board, P.G., et al. (2001) "Human monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) reductase is a member of the glutathione-S-transferase superfamily', Chemical Research in Toxicology, 14, 1051 — 1057.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, P., Wang, S., Hu, L., et al. (2000) " 'Seven years' summary report on the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide—An analysis of 242 cases", Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi, 21, 67 — 70.
   Google Scholar
• Slack, J.L., Waxman, S., Tricot, G., Tallman, M.S. and Bloom-field, C.D. (2002) "Advances in the management of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other hematologic malignancies with arsenic trioxide", The Oncologist, 7, 1— 13.
   Google Scholar
• Soignet, S.L., Calleja, E., Cheung, N., Pezzuli, S., Vngprachanch, P., Spriggs, D. and Warrell, R.P. (1999) . "Phase I study of arsenic trioxide in patients with solid tumors [abstract]", Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 18, 228a.
   Google Scholar
• Gianni, M., Koken, M.H., Chelbi-Alix, M.K., Benoit, G., Lanotte, M., Chen, Z. and de The, H. (1998) "Combined arsenic and retinoic acid treatment enhances differentiation and apoptosis in arsenic-resistant NB4 cells", Blood, 91, 4300–4310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwiche, N., El-Sabban, M., Bazzi, R., Nasr, R., Al-Hashimi, S., Hermine, 0., et al. (2001) "Retinoic acid dramatically enhances the arsenic trioxide-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in retinoic acid receptor alpha-positive human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I-transformed cells", The Haematological Journal, 2, 127–135.
   Google Scholar
• Lallemand-Breitenbach, V., Guillemin, M.C., Janin, A., Daniel, MT., Degos, L., Kogan, S.C., et al. (1999) "Retinoic acid and arsenic synergize to eradicate leukemic cells in a mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia", Journal of Experimental Medicine, 189, 1043–1052.
   Google Scholar
• Jing, Y., Wang, L., Xia, L., Chen, G.Q., Chen, Z., Miller, W.H. and Waxman, S. (2001) "Combined effect of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo", Blood, 97, 264–269.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X. (2000) "Potentiation of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis by retinoic acid in retinoic acid sensitive and resistant HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells", Chinese Medical Journal, 113, 498 — 501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew, Y.S., Kolozsvary, A., Brown, S.L. and Kim, J.H. (2002) "Synergistic interaction with arsenic trioxide and fractionated radiation in locally advanced murine tumor", Cancer Research, 62, 4202–4205.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Q., Zhang, J.W., Zhu, H.Q., Shen, Y.L., Flexor, M., Jia, P.M., et al. (2002) "Synergic effects of arsenic trioxide and cAMP during acute promyelocytic leukemia cell maturation subtends a novel signaling cross-talk", Blood, 99, 1014–1022.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Jia, P., Huang, Y., Cai, X. and Chen, G. (2002) "Diamide and cyclosporin A enhanced arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells", Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi, 23, 254–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Rosee, P., Johnson, K., O'Dwyer, M.E. and Druker, B.J. (2002) "In vitro studies of the combination of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) and arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) in chronic myelogenous leukemia", Experimental Hematology, 30, 729–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar