Is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia more akin to myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative neoplasms and does it matter?

References

• Bennett J M, Catovsky D, Daniel M T, Flandrin G, Galton D A, Gralnick H R, et al. Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 1982; 51: 189–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett J M, Catovsky D, Daniel M T, Flandrin G, Galton D A, Gralnick H, et al. The chronic myeloid leukaemias: guidelines for distinguishing chronic granulocytic, atypical chronic myeloid, and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Proposals by the French-American-British Cooperative Leukaemia Group. Br J Haematol 1994; 87: 746–754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardiman J W, Brunning R D, Harris N L. WHO histological classification of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. World Health Organization Classification of Tumors: Tumours of the Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, E S Jaffe, N L Harris, H Stein, J W Vardiman. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), LyonFrance 2001; 17–44
   Google Scholar
• Germing U, Gattermann N, Minning H, Heyll A, Aul C. Problems in the classification of CMML – dysplastic versus proliferative type. Leuk Res 1998; 22: 871–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onida F, Kantarjian H M, Smith T L, Ball G, Keating M J, Estey E H, et al. Prognostic factors and scoring systems in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: a retrospective analysis of 213 patients. Blood 2002; 99: 840–849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Vardiman J W. Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: the 2008 World Health Organization criteria and point-of-care diagnostic algorithms. Leukemia 2008; 22: 14–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen J W, Buschle M, Layton M, Drexler H G, Lyons J, van den Berghe H, et al. Clonal analysis of myelodysplastic syndromes: evidence of multipotent stem cell origin. Blood 1989; 73: 248–254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialkow P J, Denman A M, Singer J, Jacobson R J, Lowenthal M N. Human myeloproliferative disorders: clonal origin in pluripotent stem cells. Differentiation of Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoietic Cells, B Clarkson, et al. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor 1978; 5: 131–144
   Google Scholar
• Steensma D P, Dewald G W, Lasho T L, Powell H L, McClure R F, Levine R L, et al. The JAK2 V617F activating tyrosine kinase mutation is an infrequent event in both “atypical” myeloproliferative disorders and myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 2005; 106: 1207–1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardanani A D, Levine R L, Lasho T, Pikman Y, Mesa R A, Wadleigh M, et al. MPL515 mutations in myeloproliferative and other myeloid disorders: a study of 1182 patients. Blood 2006; 108: 3472–3476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo F, Nishii K, Monma F, Kuwagata S, Usui E, Shiku H. Mutational analysis of the KIT gene in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and MDS-derived leukemia. Leuk Res 2006; 30: 1235–1239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A. JAK and MPL mutations in myeloid malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49: 388–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Gilliland D G. Oncogenes in myeloproliferative disorders. Cell Cycle 2007; 6: 550–566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch-Ginsberg C, LeMaistre A C, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, Cork A, Freireich E J, et al. RAS mutations are rare events in Philadelphia chromosome-negative/bcr gene rearrangement-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia, but are prevalent in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 1990; 76: 1214–1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sole F, Luno E, Sanzo C, Espinet B, Sanz G F, Cervera J, et al. Identification of novel cytogenetic markers with prognostic significance in a series of 968 patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica 2005; 90: 1168–1178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breccia M, Cannella L, Frustaci A, Stefanizzi C, D'Elia G M, Alimena G. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with antecedent refractory anemia with excess of blast: further evidence for the arbitrary nature of current classification systems. Leuk Lymphoma 2008, In press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S A, Galili N, Cerny J, Sechman E, Chen S S, Loew J, et al. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia evolving from preexisting myelodysplasia shares many features with de novo disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 126: 789–797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran M, Wen S, Shen Y, Onida F, Jelinek J, Cortes J, et al. Prognostic factors and risk assessment in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: validation study of the M.D. Anderson Prognostic Scoring System. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48: 1150–1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarjian H, Oki Y, Garcia-Manero G, Huang X, O'Brien S, Cortes J, et al. Results of a randomized study of 3 schedules of low-dose decitabine in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 2007; 109: 52–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Hoagland H C, Therneau T M, Pierre R V. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: natural history and prognostic determinants. Mayo Clin Proc 1989; 64: 1246–1254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Barbui T. bcr/abl-negative, classic myeloproliferative disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 1220–1232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Elliott M A, Pardanani A. Atypical myeloproliferative disorders: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc 2006; 81: 553–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelsi-Boyer V, Cervera N, Bertucci F, Trouplin V, Remy V, Olschwang S, et al. Gene expression profiling separates chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in two molecular subtypes. Leukemia 2007; 21: 2359–2362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools J, DeAngelo D J, Gotlib J, Stover E H, Legare R D, Cortes J, et al. A tyrosine kinase created by fusion of the PDGFRA and FIP1L1 genes as a therapeutic target of imatinib in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1201–1214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardanani A, Brockman S R, Paternoster S F, Flynn H C, Ketterling R P, Lasho T L, et al. FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion: prevalence and clinicopathologic correlates in 89 consecutive patients with moderate to severe eosinophilia. Blood 2004; 104: 3038–3045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zota V, Miron P M, Woda B A, Wang S A, Raza A. Eosinophilia with FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2040–2041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson M K, Meade K E, Nakamura R, Barrett J, Dunbar C E. Activity of STI571 in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with a platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor fusion oncogene. Blood 2002; 100: 1088–1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steer E J, Cross N C. Myeloproliferative disorders with translocations of chromosome 5q31-35: role of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor Beta. Acta Haematol 2002; 107: 113–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardanani A, Tefferi A. Imatinib targets other than bcr/abl and their clinical relevance in myeloid disorders. Blood 2004; 104: 1931–1939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Lasho T L, Mesa R A, Pardanani A, Ketterling R P, Hanson C A. Lenalidomide therapy in del(5)(q31)-associated myelofibrosis: cytogenetic and JAK2V617F molecular remissions. Leukemia 2007; 21: 1827–1828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg P, Cox C, LeBeau M M, Fenaux P, Morel P, Sanz G, et al. International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes [published erratum appears in Blood 1998 Feb 1;91(3):1100]. Blood 1997; 89: 2079–2088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer S R, Tefferi A, Hanson C A, Steensma D P. Platelet count is an IPSS-independent risk factor predicting survival in refractory anaemia with ringed sideroblasts. Br J Haematol 2008; 140: 722–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Manero G, Shan J, Faderl S, Cortes J, Ravandi F, Borthakur G, et al. A prognostic score for patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 2008; 22: 538–543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Huang J, Schwager S, Li C Y, Wu W, Pardanani A, et al. Validation and comparison of contemporary prognostic models in primary myelofibrosis: analysis based on 334 patients from a single institution. Cancer 2007; 109: 2083–2088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar