Evaluating the role of Tregs in the progression of multiple myeloma

References

• Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia. 2010;24:1121–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International *Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e538–e548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chng WJ, Dispenzieri A, Chim CS, et al. IMWG consensus on risk stratification in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28:269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shain KH, Dalton WS, Tao J. The tumor microenvironment shapes hallmarks of mature B-cell malignancies. Oncogene. 2015;34:4673–4682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lad D, Hoeppli R, Huang Q, et al. Regulatory T-cells drive immune dysfunction in CLL. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59:486–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer M, Kochanek M, Giese T, et al. In vivo peripheral expansion of naive CD4 + CD25high FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006;107:3940–3949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyler S, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Jarmin S, et al. CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells are increased whilst CD3(+)CD4(−)CD8(−)alphabetaTCR(+) double negative T cells are decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma which correlates with disease burden. Br J Haematol. 2009;144:686–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthu Raja KR, Rihova L, Zahradova L, et al. Increased T regulatory cells are associated with adverse clinical features and predict progression in multiple myeloma. PLoS One. 2012;7:e47077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannopoulos K, Kaminska W, Hus I, et al. The frequency of T regulatory cells modulates the survival of multiple myeloma patients: detailed characterisation of immune status in multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer. 2012;106:546–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhala RH, Neri P, Bae JE, et al. Dysfunctional T regulatory cells in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006;107:301–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Ganeshan P, Hakim M, et al. Significantly reduced regulatory T cell population in patients with untreated multiple myeloma. Leuk Res. 2011;35:874–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foglietta M, Castella B, Mariani S, et al. The bone marrow of myeloma patients is steadily inhabited by a normal-sized pool of functional regulatory T cells irrespectiveof the disease status. Haematologica. 2014;99:1605–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Arena G, Rossi G, Laurenti L, et al. Circulating regulatory T-cells in monoclonal gammopathies of uncertain significance and multiple myeloma: in search of a role. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:9271469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prabhala RH, Pelluru D, Fulciniti M, et al. Elevated IL-17 produced by TH17 cells promotes myeloma cell growth and inhibits immune function in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010;115:5385–5392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaloro J, Brown R, Aklilu E, et al. Myeloma skews regulatory T and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 cell balance in favor of a suppressive state. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55:1090–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thome JJ, Yudanin N, Ohmura Y, et al. Spatial map of human T cell compartmentalization and maintenance over decades of life. Cell. 2014;159:814–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblum MD, Way SS, Abbas AK. Regulatory T cell memory. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:90–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S. A brief history of T cell help to B cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:185–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lad DP, Varma S, Varma N, et al. Regulatory T-cells in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: their role in disease progression and autoimmune cytopenias. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:1012–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaguchi S, Miyara M, Costantino CM, et al. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:490–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noonan K, Marchionni L, Anderson J, et al. A novel role of IL-17-producing lymphocytes in mediating lytic bone disease in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010;116:3554–3563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesenacker AM, Bending D, Ursu S, et al. CD161 defines the subset of FoxP3+ T cells capable of producing proinflammatory cytokines. Blood. 2013;121:2647–2658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YC, Chang LY, Huang CT, et al. Effector/memory but not naive regulatory T cells are responsible for the loss of concomitant tumor immunity. J Immunol. 2009;182:6095–6104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raya Sánchez JM, Nieto LH, Brito Barroso ML, et al. CD45RA + and CD45RO + lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with monoclonal gammopathies: correlations with diagnosis, clinical stage and treatment status. Haematologica. 2004;89:755–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guichelaar T, Emmelot ME, Rozemuller H, et al. Human regulatory T cells do not suppress the antitumor immunity in the bone marrow: a role for bone marrow stromal cells in neutralizing regulatory T cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:1467–1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshua D, Suen H, Brown R, et al. The T cell in myeloma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2016;16:537–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist CA, Christiansson LH, Thörn I, et al. Both CD4+ FoxP3+ and CD4+ FoxP3- T cells from patients with B-cell malignancy express cytolytic markers and kill autologous leukaemic B cells in vitro. Immunology. 2011;133:296–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyler S, Scott GB, Parrish C, et al. Tumour cell generation of inducible regulatory T-cells in multiple myeloma is contact-dependent and antigen-presenting cell-independent. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krejcik J, Casneuf T, Nijhof IS, et al. Daratumumab depletes CD38+ immune regulatory cells, promotes T-cell expansion, and skews T-cell repertoire in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2016;128:384–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar