Hematological manifestations of COVID-19

References

• Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang Y. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):401–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(6):1011–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
   Google Scholar
• Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus infections—more than just the common cold. JAMA. 2020;323(8):707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR. Covid-19 - navigating the uncharted. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1268–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu B, Zeng L-P, Yang X-L, et al. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLOS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006698.
   Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;506:145–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan S, Xiang Y, Fang W, et al. Clinical features and treatment of COVID-19 patients in northeast Chongqing. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):797–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, et al. Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York Hospital System. Cancer Discov. 2020;10:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Which lessons shall we learn from the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak? Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(3):48–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg Y, Kudose S, D’Agati V, et al. Acute kidney injury due to collapsing glomerulopathy following COVID-19 infection. Kidney Int Rep. 2020;5(6):940–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;e200994.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;e200950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpos E, Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, et al. Hematological findings and complications of COVID‐19. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(7):834–847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, et al. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang N, Li D, Wang X, et al. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, et al. A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating possible person-to-person transmission during the incubation period. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1757–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanan R, Chittka B, Hadam M, et al. Measles virus infection causes transient depletion of activated T cells from peripheral circulation. J Clin Virol. 1999;12(3):201–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha BA, McDermott BP, Mohan SS. Prognostic importance of lymphopenia in West Nile encephalitis. Am J Med. 2004;117(9):710–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iampietro M, Younan P, Nishida A, et al. Ebola virus glycoprotein directly triggers T lymphocyte death despite of the lack of infection. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13(5):e1006397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell DR, Carrington D. Peripheral blood lymphopenia and neutrophilia in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002;34(2):128–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Zhao H, Song P, et al. Dynamic changes of lymphocyte counts in adult patients with severe pandemic H1N1 influenza A. J. Infect Public Health. 2019;12(6):878–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chng WJ, Lai HC, Earnest A, et al. Haematological parameters in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Lab Haematol. 2005;27(1):15–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan BE, Chong VCL, Chan SSW, et al. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID‐19 infection. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(6):131–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, et al. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle Region — case series. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):2012–2022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang D, et al. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng H-Y, Zhang M, Yang C-X, et al. Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(5):541–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Lan Y, Yuan X, et al. Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):469–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Lu H, Zhang W. Clinical observation and management of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):687–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Sharma A, Arora SK. High producer haplotype (CAG) of -863C/A, -308G/A and -238G/A polymorphisms in the promoter region of TNF-α gene associate with enhanced apoptosis of lymphocytes in HIV-1 subtype C infected individuals from North India. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e98020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal S, Gollapudi S, Gupta S. Increased TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes from aged humans: changes in TNF-alpha receptor expression and activation of caspases. J Immunol. 1999;162(4):215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, et al. The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer K, Hoffmann P, Voelkl S, et al. Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells. Blood. 2007;109(9):3812–3819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderschueren S, De Weerdt A, Malbrain M, et al. Thrombocytopenia and prognosis in intensive care. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1871–1876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Z, Yang Y, Chen J, et al. Prognostic factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome: a clinical analysis of 165 cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(4):483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yang Q, Wang Y, et al. Thrombocytopenia and its association with mortality in patients with COVID‐19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:1469–1472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu R, Ling Y, Zhang Y, et al. Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is associated with prognosis in patients with Corona Virus Disease‐19. J Med Virol. 2020;67:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Sun W, Guo Y, et al. Association between platelet parameters and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective cohort study. Platelets. 2020;31(4):490–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan J-W, Kok K-H, Zhu Z, et al. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):221–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, et al. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature. 1992;357(6377):420–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu P, Zhou Q, Xu J. Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(6):1205–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi M, Tomlinson S, Greco MA, et al. Complement-independent, peroxide-induced antibody lysis of platelets in HIV-1-related immune thrombocytopenia. Cell. 2001;106(5):551–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillicrap D. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):786–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1131–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodelo JR, De la Rosa G, Valencia ML, et al. d-dimer is a significant prognostic factor in patients with suspected infection and sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):1991–1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;e201017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor F, Toh C-H, Hoots K, et al. Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2001;86(11):1327–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmann B, Massberg S. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(1):34–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchens CS. Thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Hematology. 2009;2009(1):240–246.
   Google Scholar
• Cui S, Chen S, Li X, et al. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(6):1421–1424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1089–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poissy J, Goutay J, Caplan M, et al. Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients: awareness of an increased prevalence. Circulation. 2020. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llitjos J-F, Leclerc M, Chochois C, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID‐19 patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. DOI:10.1111/jth.14869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panigada M, Bottino N, Tagliabue P, et al. Hypercoagulability of COVID‐19 patients in Intensive Care Unit. A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. DOI:10.1111/jth.14850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in the young. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(20):e60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodigiani C, Iapichino G, Carenzo L, et al. Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in Milan, Italy. Thromb Res. 2020;191:9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wang M, Zhou Y, et al. Acute cerebrovascular disease following COVID-19: a single center, retrospective, observational study. SSRN Electron J. 2020. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3550025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID‐19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. DOI:10.1111/jth.14849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res. 2020;220:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors JM, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood. 2020;135(23):2033–2040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher PE, Ferrario CM, Tallant EA. Regulation of ACE2 in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(6):H2373–H2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Circulation. 2005;111(20):2605–2610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417–1418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction: a marker of atherosclerotic risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell CM, Kahwash R. Will complement inhibition be the new target in treating COVID-19-related systemic thrombosis? Circulation. 2020;141(22):1739–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar