Hyperleukocytosis and leukostasis in acute and chronic leukemias

References

• Ganzel C, Becker J, Mintz PD, et al. Hyperleukocytosis, leukostasis and leukapheresis: practice management. Blood Rev. 2012;26(3):117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakr R, Renneville A, Saada V, et al. Next-generation sequencing discriminates myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms from paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction in cancer patients with hyperleukocytosis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59(7):1742–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares FA, Landell GAM, Cardoso MCdM. Pulmonary leukostasis without hyperleukocytosis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases. Am J Hematol. 1992;40(1):28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villgran V, Agha M, Raptis A, et al. Leukapheresis in patients newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. Transfus Apher Sci. 2016;55(2):216–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Buchem MA, Te Velde J, Willemze R, et al. Leucostasis, an underestimated cause of death in leukaemia. Blut. 1988;56(1):39–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dutcher JP, Schiffer CA, Wiernik PH. Hyperleukocytosis in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: impact on remission rate and duration, and survival. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5(9):1364–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura GJ, Hester JP, Smith TL, et al. Acute myeloblastic leukemia with hyperleukocytosis: risk factors for early mortality in induction. Am J Hematol. 1988;27(1):34–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcu P, Danielson CF, Orazi A, et al. Therapeutic leukapheresis in hyperleucocytic leukaemias: lack of correlation between degree of cytoreduction and early mortality rate. Br J Haematol. 1997;98(2):433–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Solal-Céligny P, et al. Rituximab plus fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progression-free survival compared with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide alone in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1756–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating MJ, O'Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun 20;23(18):4079–4088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin YZ, Jiang Q, Jiang H, et al. Combination of white blood cell count at presentation with molecular response at 3 months better predicts deep molecular responses to imatinib in newly diagnosed Chronic-Phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Medicine. 2016;95(2):e2486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcu P, Cripe LD, Ng EW, et al. Hyperleukocytic leukemias and leukostasis: a review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000;39(1-2):1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuttner J, Conjalka MS, Reilly M, et al. Association of monocytic leukemia in patients with extreme leukocytosis. Am J Med. 1980;69(4):555–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daver N, Kantarjian H, Marcucci G, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia and hyperleucocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2015;168(5):646–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale RE, Green C, Allen C, et al. The impact of FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutant level, number, size, and interaction with NPM1 mutations in a large cohort of young adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2008;111(5):2776–2784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguiguren JM, Schell MJ, Crist WM, et al. Complications and outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperleukocytosis. Blood. 1992;79(4):871–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson B, Moorman AV, Haas OA, et al. Hematologic malignancies with t(4;11)(q21;q23)–a cytogenetic, morphologic, immunophenotypic and clinical study of 183 cases. European 11q23 workshop participants. Leukemia. 1998;12(5):779–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui CH, Frankel LS, Carroll AJ, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the t(4;11)(q21;q23): a collaborative study of 40 cases. Blood. 1991;77(3):440–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesnel B, Preudhomme C, Philippe N, et al. p16 gene homozygous deletions in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1995;85(3):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cukierman T, Gatt ME, Libster D, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting with extreme hyperleukocytosis and thrombosis of the common femoral vein. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(9):1865–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvidel L, Bairey O, Tadmor T, et al. Absolute lymphocyte count with extreme hyperleukocytosis does not have a prognostic impact in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(5):2861–2866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemmler J, Wittmann GW, Hacker U, et al. Leukapheresis in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with leukostasis syndrome: elevated serum lactate levels as an early sign of microcirculation failure. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(7):1427–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen XD, La Rosée P, Nebe T, et al. Rapid treatment of leukostasis in leukemic mantle cell lymphoma using therapeutic leukapheresis: a case report. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:1554–1559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herman SE, Niemann CU, Farooqui M, et al. Ibrutinib-induced lymphocytosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlative analyses from a phase II study. Leukemia. 2014;28(11):2188–2196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Gong Y. Isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia. Biomark Res. 2019;7:22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, Tallman MS. Differentiation syndrome in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2019;187(2):157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman MA. Rheology of leukocytes, leukocyte suspensions, and blood in leukemia. Possible relationship to clinical manifestations. J Clin Invest. 1973;52(2):350–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stucki A, Rivier AS, Gikic M, et al. Endothelial cell activation by myeloblasts: molecular mechanisms of leukostasis and leukemic cell dissemination. Blood. 2001;97(7):2121–2129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester TJ, Johnson JW, Cuttner J. Pulmonary leukostasis as the single worst prognostic factor in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and hyperleukocytosis. Am J Med. 1985;79(1):43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raab SO, Hoeprich PD, Wintrobe MM, et al. The clinical significance of fever in acute leukemia. Blood. 1960;16:1609–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen Y, Amir G, Da'as N, et al. Acute myocardial infarction as the presenting symptom of acute myeloblastic leukemia with extreme hyperleukocytosis. Am J Hematol. 2002;71(1):47–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell J, Mitchell CA. Acute leg ischaemia as a manifestation of the hyperleukocytosis syndrome in acute myeloid leukaemia. Am J Hematol. 1994;46(2):167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray JC, Dorfman SR, Brandt ML, et al. Renal venous thrombosis complicating acute myeloid leukemia with hyperleukocytosis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1996;18(3):327–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers R, Latif Z, Copland M. How I manage priapism in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients. Br J Haematol. 2012;158(2):155–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotny JR, Müller-Beißenhirtz H, Herget-Rosenthal S, et al. Grading of symptoms in hyperleukocytic leukaemia: a clinical model for the role of different blast types and promyelocytes in the development of leukostasis syndrome. Eur J Haematol. 2005;74(6):501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee LC, Jr., Collins RD. Intravascular leukocyte thrombi and aggregates as a cause of morbidity and mortality in leukemia. Medicine. 1974;53(6):463–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccirillo N, Laurenti L, Chiusolo P, et al. Reliability of leukostasis grading score to identify patients with high-risk hyperleukocytosis. Am J Hematol. 2009;84(6):381–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchini M, Di Minno MN, Coppola A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in hematologic malignancies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2010;36(4):388–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirrakhimov AE, Voore P, Khan M, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome: a clinical review. World J Crit Care Med. 2015;4(2):130–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horr S, Roberson R, Hollingsworth JW. Pseudohypoxemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Respir Care. 2013;58(3):e31–e33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katkish L, Rector T, Ishani A, et al. Incidence and severity of pseudohyperkalemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a longitudinal analysis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016;57(8):1952–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage JO, Goeken JA, Feagler JR. Spurious elevation of the platelet count in acute leukemia. JAMA. 1978;239(5):433–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen ND, Martin-Loeches I, Wentowski C. The effects of red blood cell transfusion on tissue oxygenation and the microcirculation in the intensive care unit: a systematic Review. Transfus Med Rev. 2017;31(4):205–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AL. Leukostasis associated with blood transfusion in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br Med J. 1978;1(6121):1169–1171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossini F, Verga M, Pioltelli P, et al. Incidence and outcome of pneumonia in patients with acute leukemia receiving first induction therapy with anthracycline-containing regimens. Haematologica. 2000;85(12):1255–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portwine C, Mitchell D, Johnston D, et al. Infectious events prior to chemotherapy initiation in children with acute myeloid leukemia. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim H, Dallas R, Zhou Y, et al. Acute respiratory infections in children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2016;122(5):798–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xicoy B, Jiménez MJ, García O, et al. Results of treatment with azacitidine in patients aged ≥ 75 years included in the Spanish registry of myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Lymphoma. 2014;55(6):1300–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberoi S, Lehrnbecher T, Phillips B, et al. Leukapheresis and low-dose chemotherapy do not reduce early mortality in acute myeloid leukemia hyperleukocytosis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Leuk Res. 2014;38(4):460–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short NJ, Rytting ME, Cortes JE. Acute myeloid leukaemia. Lancet. 2018;392(10147):593–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grund FM, Armitage JO, Burns P. Hydroxyurea in the prevention of the effects of leukostasis in acute leukemia. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137(9):1246–1247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma K, Rao S, Bhat SV. Effect of hydroxyurea on blood viscosity in chronic myelogenous leukemia with hyperleukocytosis. Physiol Chem Phys Med Nmr. 1991;23(4):261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquale N, Claudio R, Luca C, et al. Mucositis in patients with hematologic malignancies: an overview. Haematologica. 2007;92(2):222–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trepte ML, Auten JJ, Clark SM, et al. Dose-related mucositis with hydroxyurea for cytoreduction in acute myeloid leukemia. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2019;25(4):801–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bug G, Bonig H. Special clinical scenarios: Hyperleukocytosis. In: Röllig C, Ossenkoppele GJ, editors. Acute myeloid leukemia. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 267–273.
   Google Scholar
• Gowda L, Hosing C. Hyperleukocytosis in cancer patients. In: Nates JL, Price KJ, editors. Oncologic critical care. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 1147–1153.
   Google Scholar
• Kim K, Konopleva M, DiNardo CD, et al. Urgent cytoreductive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed patients with AML is safe and feasible and facilitates enrollment on investigational clinical trials. Blood. 2020;136(Supplement 1):2–4.
   Google Scholar
• Marbello L, Ricci F, Nosari AM, et al. Outcome of hyperleukocytic adult acute myeloid leukaemia: a single-center retrospective study and review of literature. Leuk Res. 2008;32(8):1221–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bug G, Anargyrou K, Tonn T, et al. Impact of leukapheresis on early death rate in adult acute myeloid leukemia presenting with hyperleukocytosis. Transfusion. 2007;47(10):1843–1850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiébaut A, Thomas X, Belhabri A, et al. Impact of pre-induction therapy leukapheresis on treatment outcome in adult acute myelogenous leukemia presenting with hyperleukocytosis. Ann Hematol. 2000;79(9):501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles FJ, Shen Y, Kantarjian HM, et al. Leukapheresis reduces early mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with high white cell counts but does not improve long- term survival. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42(1-2):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood MJ, Seftel MD, Richardson C, et al. Leukocyte count as a predictor of death during remission induction in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(7):1245–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang MC, Chen TY, Tang JL, et al. Leukapheresis and cranial irradiation in patients with hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia: no impact on early mortality and intracranial hemorrhage. Am J Hematol. 2007;82(11):976–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Bewersdorf JP, Jaszczur S, et al. High dose cyclophosphamide for cytoreduction in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with hyperleukocytosis or leukostasis. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62(5):1195–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malani D, Murumägi A, Yadav B, et al. Enhanced sensitivity to glucocorticoids in cytarabine-resistant AML. Leukemia. 2017;31(5):1187–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarah B, Muriel P, Emilie B, et al. Dexamethasone in hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2018;103(6):988–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röllig C, Ehninger G. How I treat hyperleukocytosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2015;125(21):3246–3252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcu P, Farag S, Marcucci G, et al. Leukocytoreduction for acute leukemia. Ther Apher. 2002;6(1):15–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padmanabhan A, Connelly-Smith L, Aqui N, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical Practice - Evidence-Based approach from the writing committee of the american society for apheresis: the eighth special issue. J Clin Apher. 2019;34(3):171–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstaedt R, Berkman E. Rapid cytoreduction in acute leukemia. Transfusion. 1978;18(1):113–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane TA. Continuous-Flow leukapheresis for rapid cytoreduction in leukemia. Transfusion. 1980;20(4):455–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, Pine A, Hendrickson JE, et al. Beliefs and practice patterns in hyperleukocytosis management in acute myeloid leukemia: a large U.S. web-based survey. Leuk Lymphoma. 2018;59(11):2723–2726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe JM, Buck G, Burnett AK, MRC/NCRI Adult Leukemia Working Party, et al. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005;106(12):3760–3767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewersdorf JP, Giri S, Tallman MS, et al. Leukapheresis for the management of hyperleukocytosis in acute myeloid leukemia-A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2020;60(10):2360–2369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi MH, Choe YH, Park Y, et al. The effect of therapeutic leukapheresis on early complications and outcomes in patients with acute leukemia and hyperleukocytosis: a propensity score-matched study. Transfusion. 2018;58(1):208–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl M, Shallis RM, Wei W, et al. Management of hyperleukocytosis and impact of leukapheresis among patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) on short- and long-term clinical outcomes: a large, retrospective, multicenter, international study. Leukemia. 2020;34(12):3149–3160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel SR, Eardley A, Lauwers G, et al. The "retinoic acid syndrome" in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117(4):292–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoriello D, Andal LM, Cox R, et al. Lysozyme-Induced nephropathy. Kidney Int Rep. 2017;2(1):84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar