Smoldering multiple myeloma: Reviewing the rationale for intervention

References

• Kyle RA, Greipp PR. Smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 1980;302(24):1347–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle RA, Greipp PR. "Idiopathic" Bence Jones proteinuria: long-term follow-up in seven patients. N Engl J Med. 1982;306(10):564–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle RA, Remstein ED, Therneau TM, et al. Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(25):2582–2590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi G, Kyle RA, Colby CL, et al. Impact of optimal follow-up of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance on early diagnosis and prevention of myeloma-related complications. Blood. 2010;116(12):2019–2025; quiz 2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Persona E, Vidriales M-B, Mateo G, et al. New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells. Blood. 2007;110(7):2586–2592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertz MA. The importance of immunoparesis in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62(4):769–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill E, Mena E, Morrison C, et al. Diagnostic performance of 18 F-FDG-PET/CT compared to standard skeletal survey for detecting bone destruction in smouldering multiple myeloma: time to move forward. Br J Haematol. 2021;193(1):125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennmann M, Hielscher T, Kintzele L, et al. Analyzing longitudinal wb-MRI data and clinical course in a cohort of former smoldering multiple myeloma patients: connections between MRI findings and clinical progression patterns. Cancers. 2021;13(5):961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshman A, Rajkumar SV, Buadi FK, et al. Risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma incorporating revised IMWG diagnostic criteria. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(6):59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mateos M-V, Kumar S, Dimopoulos MA, et al. International myeloma working group risk stratification model for Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM). Blood Cancer J. 2020;10(10):102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demyanets S, Kaider A, Simonitsch-Klupp I, et al. Biological properties of bone marrow plasma cells influence their recovery in aspirate specimens: impact on classification of plasma cell disorders and potential bias to evaluation of treatment response. Ann Hematol. 2020;99(11):2599–2609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendiola VL, Kesireddy M, Jana BR. Concordance and discordance in myeloma bone marrow studies. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(15_suppl):e19508–e19508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N, Moon SY, Lee J, et al. Discrepancies between the percentage of plasma cells in bone marrow aspiration and BM biopsy: impact on the revised IMWG diagnostic criteria of multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2017;7(2):e530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murng SH, Follows L, Whitfield P, et al. Defining the impact of individual sample variability on routine immunoassay of serum free light chains (sFLC) in multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2013;171(2):201–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry BM, Korde N, Kwok M, et al. Modeling progression risk for smoldering multiple myeloma: results from a prospective clinical study. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(10):2215–2218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill E, Dew A, Morrison C, et al. Assessment of discordance among smoldering multiple myeloma risk models. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(1):132–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainley L, Camilleri M, Chavda SJ, et al. Applying current smouldering myeloma risk models to a UK single-centre cohort and clinical features at progression. Br J Haematol. 2022;196(6):e63–e66. doi:10.1111/bjh.17969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soomro MA, Hoffman J, Goodman AM, Sborov DW, Mohyuddin GR, Heterogeneity of enrolment criteria for ongoing smouldering myeloma trials [published online ahead of print, 2022 Feb 28]. Br J Haematol. 2022; doi:10.1111/bjh.18102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manasanch EE, Han G, Mathur R, et al. A pilot study of pembrolizumab in smoldering myeloma: report of the clinical, immune, and genomic analysis. Blood Adv. 2019;3(15):2400–2408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartier S, Zhang B, Rosen VM, et al. Relationship between treatment effects on progression-free survival and overall survival in multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published clinical trial data. Oncol Res Treat. 2015;38(3):88–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holstein SA, Suman VJ, McCarthy PL. Should overall survival remain an endpoint for multiple myeloma trials? Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2019;14(1):31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohyuddin GR, Ouchveridze E, Goodman A, et al. The landscape of trials for smoldering multiple myeloma: endpoints, trial design, and lessons learnt. Leuk Lymphoma. 2021;62(11):2793–2795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SC, Wang JD, Wang SY. Considering lead-time bias in evaluating the effectiveness of lung cancer screening with real-world data. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan JA, Varricchio C. Quality of life endpoints in prostate chemoprevention trials. Urology. 2001;57(4 Suppl 1)1:235–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• San-Miguel JF, Mateos MV. Can multiple myeloma become a curable disease? Haematologica. 2011;96(9):1246–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mina R, Oliva S, Boccadoro M. Erratum: Mina R; et al. Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. J. Clin. Med. 2020;9:2142. J Clin Med. 2020;9(8):2630. Published 2020 Aug 13. doi:10.3390/jcm9082630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshua DE, Wearne A, Kronenberg H. Indication for therapy in multiple myeloma: should it be stage or stability? Lancet. 1985;2(8448):210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SH, Gumbel J, Luo S, et al. Post-MGUS diagnosis serum monoclonal-protein velocity and the progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(12):2055–2061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández de Larrea C, Isola I, Pereira A, et al. Evolving M-protein pattern in patients with smoldering multiple myeloma: impact on early progression. Leukemia. 2018;32(6):1427–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atrash S, Robinson M, Slaughter D, et al. Evolving changes in M-protein and hemoglobin as predictors for progression of smoldering multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8(11):107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook G, Larocca A, Facon T, et al. Defining the vulnerable patient with myeloma-a frailty position paper of the European myeloma network. Leukemia. 2020;34(9):2285–2294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonello F, Boccadoro M, Larocca A. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the management of intermediate and frail elderly multiple myeloma patients. Cancers. 2020;12(11):3106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateos M-V, Hernandez M-T, Giraldo P, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(5):438–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonial S, Jacobus S, Fonseca R, et al. Randomized trial of lenalidomide versus observation in smoldering multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(11):1126–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay F, Musto P, Rota-Scalabrini D, et al. Carfilzomib with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone or lenalidomide and dexamethasone plus autologous transplantation or carfilzomib plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone, followed by maintenance with carfilzomib plus lenalidomide or lenalidomide alone for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (FORTE): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(12):1705–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorhees PM, Kaufman JL, Laubach J, et al. Daratumumab, lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the GRIFFIN trial. Blood. 2020;136(8):936–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki S, Yoshimoto G, Kohno K, et al. Risk of secondary primary malignancies in multiple myeloma patients with or without autologous stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2019;109(1):98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles B, Mackey JD. Increased risk of second primary malignancy and mortality at ten years after stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma: an analysis of 14,532 patients. Cureus. 2021;13(7):e16372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oben B, Froyen G, Maclachlan KH, et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals progressive versus stable myeloma precursor conditions as two distinct entities. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar