1,920
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Beyond Child Protection: Afro-Caribbean Service Users of Child Welfare

Pages 223-257 | Published online: 08 Nov 2012

REFERENCES

  • Altman , J. C. 2008 . Engaging families in child welfare services: Workers versus client perspectives . Child Welfare , 87 ( 3 ) : 41 – 61 .
  • American Humane Association. (2008). Family group decision making in child welfare: Purpose, values and processes. http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/docs/protecting-children/PC-fgdm-statements.pdf (http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/docs/protecting-children/PC-fgdm-statements.pdf)
  • Amin , K. and Oppenheim , C. 1992 . Poverty in Black and White: Deprivation in ethnic minorities , London , , UK : Child Poverty Action Group .
  • Ards , S. , Myers , S. L. , Chung , C. , Malkis , A. and Hagerty , B. 2003 . Decomposing Black—White differences in child maltreatment . Child Maltreatment , 8 : 112 – 121 .
  • Aylward , C. 1999 . Canadian critical race theory: Racism and the law , Halifax , , Canada : Fernwood .
  • Ayon , C. , Aisenberg , E. and Erera , P. 2010 . Learning how to dance with the public child welfare system: Mexican parents' efforts to exercise their voice . Journal of Public Child Welfare , 4 ( 3 ) : 263 – 286 .
  • Barn , R. 1993 . Black children in the public care system: Child care policy and practice , London , , UK : Redford Books .
  • Barth , R. P. and Needell , N. Using performance indicators with child welfare policy makers and managers . Paper presented at Joint Centre for Poverty Research Conference “Evaluating State Policy: The Effective Use of Administrative Data,” . Chicago, IL . June .
  • Baskin, C. (2007). Structural determinants as the cause of homelessness for Aboriginal youth. Critical Social Work, 8(1) http://www. uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/structural-determinants-as-the-cause-ofhomelessness- for-aboriginal-youth (http://www. uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/structural-determinants-as-the-cause-ofhomelessness- for-aboriginal-youth)
  • Berger , L. M. 2004 . Income, family structure, and child maltreatment risk . Children and Youth Services Review , 26 : 725 – 748 .
  • Bernard , C. and Gupta , A. 2008 . Black African children and the child protection system . British Journal of Social Work , 38 : 476 – 492 .
  • Brown , T. 2006 . “ Child abuse and domestic violence in the context of parental separation and divorce: New models of intervention ” . In Domestic violence and child protection: Directions for good practice , Edited by: Humphreys , C. and Stanley , N. 155 – 168 . London , , UK : Jessica Kingsley .
  • Buckley , H. 2002 . Child protection and welfare: Innovations and interventions , Dublin , , Ireland : Institute of Public Administration, Dublin .
  • Buckley , H. 2003 . Child protection work: Beyond the rhetoric , London , , UK : Jessica Kingsley .
  • Buckley , H. , Skehill , C. and O'Sullivan , E. 1997 . Child protection practices in Ireland: A case study , Dublin , , Ireland : Oak Tree Press .
  • Buckley, H., Whelan, S., Carr, N., & Murphy, C. (2008). Service users' perception of the Irish child protection system. http://www.omc.gov.ie/documents/publications/CF_service_users.pdf (http://www.omc.gov.ie/documents/publications/CF_service_users.pdf)
  • Callahan , M. , Field , B. , Hubberstey , C. and Wharf , B. 1998 . Best practice in child welfare: Perspectives from parents, social workers and community members , Victoria , , Canada : Child, Family and Community Research Program, University of Victoria School of Social Work .
  • Carter , M. I. 2009 . Prediction of placement into out-of-home care for American Indian/Alaskan Natives compared to non-Indians . Children and Youth Services Review , 31 : 840 – 846 .
  • Chand , A. 2000 . The overrepresentation of Black children in the child protection system: Possible causes, consequences, and solutions . Child and Family Social Work , 5 ( 1 ) : 67 – 77 .
  • Chand , A. and Thoburn , J. 2006 . Child protection referrals and minority ethnic children and families . Child and Family Social Work , 11 ( 4 ) : 168 – 177 .
  • Child Welfare Anti-Oppression Roundtable (2009, October). Anti-oppression in child welfare: Laying the foundation for change. http://www.oacas.org/pubs/external/antioppressionpaper09may06.pdf (http://www.oacas.org/pubs/external/antioppressionpaper09may06.pdf)
  • Chinball , D. , Dutch , N. M. , Jones-Harden , B. , Brown , A. , Gourdine , R. , Smith , J. and Snyder , S. 2003 . Children of color in the child welfare system: Perspectives from the child welfare community. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
  • Chipungu , S. S. and Bent-Goodley , T. B. 2004 . Meeting the challenges of contemporary foster care . Futures of Children , 14 : 74 – 93 .
  • Church , W. T. 2006 . From start to finish: The duration of Hispanic children in out-of-home placements . Children and Youth Services Review , 28 : 1007 – 1023 .
  • Clarke , J. 2002 . Race, poverty and culture: An exploration of Afro-Caribbean families experience with the child welfare system in Toronto (Unpublished major research paper) , Toronto , , Canada : School of Social Work, York University .
  • Clarke , J. 2011 . The challenges of child welfare involvement for Afro-Caribbean families in Toronto . Children and Youth Services Review , 33 : 274 – 283 .
  • Coakley , T. 2008 . Examining African American fathers' involvement in permanency planning: An effort to reduce racial disproportionality . Children and Youth Services Review , 30 : 407 – 417 .
  • Cohen-Schlanger , M. , Fitzpatrick , A. , Hulchanski , J. and Raphael , D. 1995 . Housing as a factor in admission of children to temporary care: A survey . Child Welfare , 73 ( 3 ) : 547 – 562 .
  • Connell , C. M. , Bergeron , N. , Katz , K. H. , Saunders , L. and Tebes , J. K. 2007 . Re-referral to child protective services: The influence of child, family, and case characteristics on risk status . Child Abuse & Neglect , 31 ( 5 ) : 573 – 588 .
  • Corby , B. , Millar , M. and Young , L. 1996 . Parental participation in child protection work: Rethinking the rhetoric . British Journal of Social Work , 26 ( 4 ) : 475 – 492 .
  • Courtney , M. and Skyles , A. 2003 . Racial disproportionality in the child welfare system . Children and Youth Services Review , 25 : 355 – 358 .
  • Courtney , M. E. , Barth , R. P. , Berrick , J. J. , Brooks , D. , Needell , B. and Park , L. 1996 . Race and child welfare services: Past research and future directions . Child Welfare , 75 ( 2 ) : 99 – 137 .
  • Crenshaw , K. W. , Gotanda , N. , Peller , G. and Thomas , K. 1995 . Critical race theory: The key writings that formed the movement , New York , NY : New Press .
  • Cross , T. L. 2008 . Disproportionality in child welfare . Child Welfare , 87 ( 2 ) : 11 – 21 .
  • Delgado , R. and Stefancic , J. 2000 . Critical race theory: The cutting edge , Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press .
  • Delgado , R. and Stefancic , J. 2001 . Critical race theory: An introduction , New York , NY : New York University Press .
  • Derezotes , D. M. 2002 . Examining child maltreatment and the impact of race in receipt of child welfare services in the United States , Champaign-Urbana , IL : Children and Family Research Center .
  • Derezotes , D. M. , Poertner , J. and Testa , M. F. 2005 . Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of African American children in the system , Washington , D.C : Child Welfare League of America .
  • Diorio , W. D. 1992 . Parental perceptions of the authority of public child welfare caseworkers . Families in Society , 73 ( 4 ) : 222 – 235 .
  • Dixson , A. D. and Rousseau , C. K. 2006 . “ And we are still not saved: Critical race theory in education ten years later ” . In Critical race theory in education: All God's children got a song , Edited by: Dixson , A. D. and Rousseau , C. K. 31 – 54 . New York , NY : Routledge .
  • Dougherty, S. (2003). Practices that mitigate the effects of racial/ethnic disproportionality in the child welfare system. http://www.casey.org/NRrdonlyres/F2CF350A-1A46-4E02-80EA-3746F2A70F20/132/casey_mitigating_disporportionality.pdf (http://www.casey.org/NRrdonlyres/F2CF350A-1A46-4E02-80EA-3746F2A70F20/132/casey_mitigating_disporportionality.pdf)
  • Drake , B. 1996 . Consumer and worker perceptions of key child welfare competencies . Children and Youth Services Review , 18 : 261 – 279 .
  • Drake , B. , Jonson-Reid , M. , Way , I. and Chung , S. 2003 . Substantiation and recidivism . Child Maltreatment , 8 ( 4 ) : 248 – 260 .
  • Drake , B. , Lee , S. M. and Jonson-Reid , M. 2009 . Race and child maltreatment reporting: Are Blacks overrepresented? . Children and Youth Services Review , 31 : 309 – 316 .
  • Drake , B. and Zurivan , S. 1998 . Revisiting the myth of classlessness . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 68 ( 2 ) : 295 – 304 .
  • Dua , E. 1999 . “ Introduction: Canadian anti-racist feminist thought: Scratching the surface of racism ” . In Scratching the surface of Canadian anti-racist feminist thought , Edited by: Dua , E. and Robertson , A. 7 – 31 . Toronto, Canada: Women's Press .
  • Dumbrill , G. 2003 . “ Child welfare: AOP's nemesis? ” . In Emerging perspectives on anti-oppressive practice , Edited by: Shera , W. Toronto , , Canada : Canadian Scholars Press .
  • Dumbrill , G. 2006 . Parental experience of child protection intervention: A qualitative study . Child Abuse and Neglect , 30 ( 1 ) : 27 – 37 .
  • Dumbrill , G. 2010 . Power and child protection: The need for a child welfare service users' union or association . Australian Social Work , 63 ( 2 ) : 194 – 206 .
  • Dumbrill , G. C. and Maiter , S. March 1997 . Consumer centered child protection services , March , Toronto , , Canada : Paper presented at the 74th Annual Orthopsychiatry Conference .
  • Dumbrill , G. C. , Maiter , S. and Mason , V. May 1995 . Consumer empowerment: An out-of-home care example , May , Boston , MA : Paper presented at the Child Welfare League of America, Atlantic Region Training Conference .
  • Dunbar, K., & Barth, R. P. (2007). Racial disproportionality, race disparity, and other race-related findings in published works derive from the national survey of child and adolescent well-being. http://www.aecf.org/media/Pubs/Topics/Child%20Welfare%20Permanence/Other/RacialDisproportionalityRaceDisparityandOther/Dunbar%20Barth%20%Racial%20Disparity%20report%2012808.pdf (http://www.aecf.org/media/Pubs/Topics/Child%20Welfare%20Permanence/Other/RacialDisproportionalityRaceDisparityandOther/Dunbar%20Barth%20%Racial%20Disparity%20report%2012808.pdf)
  • Easton, M. (2001). Housing crisis in Toronto affects child welfare system: Living conditions have direct impact upon children's health and development. http://www.newsandevents.utoronto.ca/bin2/011126a.asp (http://www.newsandevents.utoronto.ca/bin2/011126a.asp)
  • Emerson , R. M. , Fretz , R. I. and Shaw , L. L. 1995 . Writing ethnographic field notes , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
  • Everett , J. , Chipungu , S. and Bogart , R. 1991 . Child welfare: An Africentric perspective , New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press .
  • Fallon , B. , MacLaurin , B. , Trocme , N. and Felstiner , C. 2003 . “ A national profile of child protection workers ” . In Child welfare: Connecting research, policy, and practice , Edited by: Kufeldt , K. and McKenzie , B. 41 – 52 . Waterloo, Canada : Wilfred Laurier University Press .
  • Farmer , E. and Owen , M. 1998 . Gender and the child protection process . British Journal of Social Work , 28 : 545 – 564 .
  • Farris-Manning, C., & Zandstra, M. C. (2003). Children in care in Canada: A summary of current issues and trends with recommendations for future research. http://www.nationalchildrensalliance.com/nca/pubs/2003/Children_in_Care_March_2003.pdf (http://www.nationalchildrensalliance.com/nca/pubs/2003/Children_in_Care_March_2003.pdf)
  • Ferguson , H. and O'Reilly , M. 2001 . Keeping children safe: Child abuse, child protection and the promotion of welfare , Dublin , , Ireland : A & A Farmer .
  • Fluke , J. , Yuan , Y. T. , Hedderson , J. and Curtis , P. A. 2003 . Disproportionate representation of race and ethnicity in child maltreatment: Investigation and victimization . Child and Youth Services Review , 25 : 359 – 373 .
  • Fontes , I. A. 2002 . Child discipline and physical abuse in immigrant Latino families: Reducing violence and misunderstandings . Journal of Counselling and Development , 80 : 31 – 40 .
  • Garcia , A. 2009 . Contextual pathways to Latino child welfare involvement: A theoretical model located in the intersections of place, culture, and socio-structural factors . Children and Youth Services Review , 31 : 1240 – 1250 .
  • Garland , A. F. , Landsverk , J. A. and Lau , A. S. 2003 . Racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service use among children in foster care . Children and Youth Services Review , 25 : 491 – 507 .
  • Gibbons , J. and Wilding , J. 1995 . Needs, risks and family support plans: Social services departments' response to neglected children , Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia .
  • Gillborn , D. 2006 . Critical race theory and education: racism and anti-racism in educational theory and praxis . Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education , 27 ( 1 ) : 11 – 32 .
  • Gosine , K. and Pon , G. 2011 . On the frontlines: The voices and experiences of racialized child welfare workers in Toronto, Canada , 135 – 159 . Journal of Progressive Human Services, 22 .
  • Harris , M. S. and Courtney , M. E. 2003 . The interaction of race, ethnicity, and family structure with respect to the timing of family reunification . Children and Youth Services Review , 25 ( 5/6 ) : 409 – 429 .
  • Harris , M. S. and Hackett , W. 2008 . Decision points in child welfare: An action research model to address disproportionality . Children and Youth Services Review , 30 : 199 – 215 .
  • Hetherington , R. and Piquardt , R. 2001 . Strategies for survival: Users' experience of child welfare in three welfare regimes . Child and Family Social Work , 6 : 239 – 248 .
  • Hill , R. B. 2005 . Overrepresentation of children of color in foster care in 2000 , Washington , DC : Westat .
  • Hill, R. B. (2006). Synthesis of research on disproportionality in child welfare: An update. http:/www.racemattersconsortium.org/docs/BobHillPaper_Final.pdf (http://http:/www.racemattersconsortium.org/docs/BobHillPaper_Final.pdf)
  • Hill, R. B. (2007). An analysis of racial/ethnic disproportionality and disparity at the national, state, and county levels. http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/AbalysisOfDisproportionality.htm (http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/AbalysisOfDisproportionality.htm)
  • Hines , A. M. , Lemon , K. , Wyatt , P. and Merdinger , J. 2004 . Factors related to the disproportionate involvement of children of color in the child welfare system: A review and emerging themes . Children and Youth Services Review , 26 : 507 – 527 .
  • Hutchinson , Y. , Nichols , B. , Pare , N. and Pepin , M. 1992 . Profile of clients in the Anglophone youth network: Examining the situation of the Black child , Montreal , , Canada : Association of Black Human Service Workers, McGill School of Social Work, Mount St. Patrick Youth Centre, Villa Marie Social Service Centre .
  • James , C. , Thomas Bernard , W. , Este , D. , Benjamin , A. , Lloyd , B. and Turner , T. 2010 . Race & well-being: The lives, hopes, and activism of African Canadians , Halifax , , Canada : Fernwood .
  • Ladson-Billings , G. 2005 . The evolving role of critical race theory in educational scholarship . Race, Ethnicity and Education , 8 ( 1 ) : 115 – 119 .
  • Ladson-Billings , G. and Tate , W. IV. 1995 . Towards a critical race theory of education . Teachers College Record , 97 ( 1 ) : 47 – 69 .
  • Lane , W. , Rubin , D. , Monteith , R. and Christian , C. 2002 . Racial differences in the evaluation of pediatrics fractures for physical abuse . Journal of the American Medical Association , 288 ( 13 ) : 1603 – 1609 .
  • Lau , A. S. , McCabe , K. M. , Yeh , M. , Garland , A. F. , Hough , R. L. and Landsverk , J. 2003 . Race/ethnicity and rates of self-reported maltreatment among high-risk youth in public sectors of care . Child Maltreatment , 8 ( 3 ) : 183 – 194 .
  • Lavergne , C. , Dufour , S. , Trocme , N. and Larrivee , M. 2008 . Visible minority, Aboriginal, and Caucasian children investigated by Canadian protective services . Child Welfare , 87 ( 2 ) : 59 – 76 .
  • Levine , M. , Doueck , H. and Compaan , C. 1996 . African-American families and child protection . Children and Youth Services Review , 18 : 693 – 711 .
  • Limbert , W. and Bullock , H. 2005 . “Playing the fool”: U.S. welfare policy from a critical race perspective . Feminism & Psychology , 15 ( 3 ) : 253 – 274 .
  • Lu , Y.E. , Landsverk , J. , Ellis-Macleod , E. , Newton , R. , Ganger , W. and Johnson , I. 2004 . Race, ethnicity, and case outcomes in child protective services . Children and Youth Services Review , 26 : 447 – 461 .
  • Maiter , S. , Palmer , S. and Manji , S. 2006 . Strengthening social worker-client relationships in child protective services . Qualitative Social Work , 5 : 167 – 186 .
  • Maxwell , J. A. 1998 . “ Designing a qualitative study ” . In Handbook of applied social research methods , Edited by: Bickman , L. and Rog , D. J. 69 – 100 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • McDaniel , M. and Slack , K. 2005 . Major life events and the risk of a child maltreatment investigation . Children and Youth Services Review , 27 : 171 – 195 .
  • Milan, A., & Tran, K. (2004). Blacks in Canada: A long history. http://dsp-psd.pwgc.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/11-008-XIE/0040311-008-XIE.pdf (http://dsp-psd.pwgc.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/11-008-XIE/0040311-008-XIE.pdf)
  • Morton , T. 1999 . The increasing colorization of America's child welfare system: The overrepresentation of African-American children . Policy and Practice , 57 ( 4 ) : 23 – 30 .
  • Needell , B. , Brookhart , M. A. and Lee , S. 2003 . Black children and foster care placement in California . Children and Youth Services Review , 25 : 393 – 408 .
  • Neuman , W. L. 2003 . Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches , 5th , Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
  • Owens , P. L. , Hoagwood , K. , Horwitz , S. M. , Leaf , P. J. , Poduska , J. M. , Kellam , S. G. and Ialongo , N. 2002 . Barriers to children's mental health services . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 : 731 – 738 .
  • Palmer , S. , Maiter , S. and Manji , S. 2006 . Effective intervention in child protective services: Learning from parents . Children and Youth Services Review , 28 : 812 – 824 .
  • Perry , R. and Limb , G. E. 2004 . Ethnic/racial matching of clients and social workers in public child welfare . Children & Youth Services Review , 26 : 965 – 979 .
  • Pon , G. , Gosine , K. and Phillips , D. 2011 . Immediate response: Addressing anti-Native and anti-Black racism in child welfare . International Journal of Child Youth and Family Studies , 2 ( 3–4 ) : 385 – 409 .
  • Rambally , R. 1995 . The overrepresentation of Black youth in the Quebec social service system: Issues and perspectives . Canadian Social Work Review , 12 ( 1 ) : 85 – 97 .
  • Razack , N. and Jefferey , D. 2003 . Critical race discourse and tenets for social work . Canadian Social Work Review , 19 ( 2 ) : 257 – 272 .
  • Rivera , H. P. 2002 . Developing collaborations between child welfare agencies and Latino communities . Child Welfare , 131 ( 2 ) : 372 – 384 .
  • Roberts , D. 1997 . “ The value of black mothers' work ” . In Critical race feminism: A reader , Edited by: Wing , K. 127 – 135 . New York , NY : New York University Press .
  • Roberts , D. 2002 . Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare , New York , NY : Civitas Books .
  • Rodenborg , N. A. 2004 . Services to African American children in poverty: Institutional discrimination in child welfare . Journal of Poverty , 8 ( 3 ) : 109 – 130 .
  • Ruiz , P. 2002 . Hispanic access to health/mental health services . Psychiatric Quarterly , 73 : 85 – 91 .
  • Scholte , E. , Colton , M. , Casas , F. , Drakeford , M. , Roberts , S. and Williams , M. 1999 . Perceptions of stigma and user involvement in child welfare services . British Journal of Social Work , 29 : 373 – 391 .
  • Scott , D. 1996 . Parental experiences in cases of child sexual abuse . Child and Family Social Work , 1 : 107 – 114 .
  • Sherraden , M. and Barrera , R. 1996 . Maternal support and cultural influences among Mexican immigrant mothers . Families in Society , 77 : 298 – 313 .
  • Sherraden , M. and Segal , U. 1996 . Multicultural issues in child welfare . Children and Youth Services Review , 18 : 497 – 504 .
  • Stahmer , A. C. , Leslie , L. K. , Hurlburt , M. , Barth , R. P. , Webb , M. B. , Landsverk , J. and Zhang , J. 2005 . Developmental and behavioral needs and service use for young children in child welfare . Pediatrics , 116 ( 4 ) : 891 – 900 .
  • Strauss , A. and Corbin , J. 1998 . Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for grounded theory , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Strega , S. 2007 . “ Anti-oppressive practice in child welfare ” . In Doing anti-oppressive practice: Building transformative politicized social work , Edited by: Baines , D. 67 – 82 . Halifax , , Canada : Fernwood .
  • Swift , K. 1995 . Manufacturing “bad mothers”: A critical perspective on child neglect , Toronto , , Canada : University of Toronto Press .
  • Swift , K. 1997 . “ Trends and issues in child welfare ” . In Combating child abuse: International perspectives and trends , Edited by: Gilbert , N. 38 – 71 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Swift , K. and Parada , H. 2004 . Child welfare reform: Protecting children or policing the poor? . Journal of Law and Social Policy , 19 : 1 – 17 .
  • Taylor , E. 2009 . “ The foundations of critical race theory in education: An introduction ” . In Foundations of critical race theory in education , Edited by: Taylor , E. , Gilborn , D. and Ladson-Billings , G. 1 – 13 . New York , NY : Routledge .
  • Theodore , A. , Runyan , D. and Chang , J. 2007 . Measuring the risk for physical neglect in a population-based sample . Child Maltreatment , 12 ( 1 ) : 96 – 105 .
  • Thoburn , J. , Chand , A. and Procter , J. 2005 . Child welfare services for minority ethnic families: The research reviewed , London , , UK : Jessica Kingsley .
  • Thoburn , J. , Norford , L. and Rashid , S. P. 2000 . Permanent family placement for children of minority ethnic origin , London , , UK : Jessica Kingsley .
  • Tilbury , C. and Thoburn , J. 2009 . Using racial disproportionality and disparity indicators to measure child welfare outcomes . Children and Youth Services Review , 31 : 1101 – 1106 .
  • Tjersland , O. A. , Mossige , S. , Gulbrandsen , W. , Jensen , T. K. and Reichelt , S. 2006 . Helping families when child sexual abuse is suspected but not proven . Child and Family Social Work , 10 : 297 – 306 .
  • Todd , S. and Burns , A. 2007 . Post-structural possibilities: Beyond structural practice in child protection . Canadian Social Work Review , 24 ( 1 ) : 23 – 37 .
  • Trocme , N. , Knoke , D. and Blackstock , C. 2004 . Pathways to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in Canada's child welfare system . Social Service Review , 78 ( 4 ) : 281 – 313 .
  • Trotter , C. 2002 . Worker skill and client outcome in child protection . Child Abuse Review , 11 : 38 – 50 .
  • United States Government Accountability Office. (2007). African American children in foster care. http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/110/GAOrptAfAmandfosterCare.pdf (http://waysandmeans.house.gov/media/pdf/110/GAOrptAfAmandfosterCare.pdf)
  • Wharf , B. 1993 . Rethinking child welfare in Canada , Toronto , , Canada : McClelland & Stewart .
  • Winefield , H. and Barlow , J. 1995 . Client and worker satisfaction in a child protection agency . Child Abuse and Neglect , 19 : 897 – 905 .
  • Wing , A. 1997 . Critical race feminism: A reader , New York , NY : New York University Press .
  • Woolfson , R. , Heffernan , E. , Paul , M. and Brown , M. 2010 . Young people's views of the child protection system in Scotland . British Journal of Social Work , 40 : 2069 – 2085 .
  • Yee , J. Y. and Dumbrill , G. 2003 . “ Whiteout: Looking for race in Canadian social work practice ” . In Multicultural social work in Canada , Edited by: Graham , J. R. and Al-Krenawi , A. 98 – 121 . Don Mills , , Canada : Oxford University Press .
  • Yosso , T. J. 2006 . Critical race counterstories along the Chicana/o educational pipeline , New York , NY : Routledge .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.