The Four Groups (Simin) and Farmer-Merchant Antithesis in Early Imperial China

List of References

• Bei shi . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Blue, Rhea C. “The Argumentation of the Shih-huo chih.” HJAS 11.1948.
   Google Scholar
• Bray, Francesca. Volume 6: Biology and Biological Technology, Part II: Agriculture. In Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Cai Cixue . 1990. Sui-Tang Wudai caizheng shi . Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jingji chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Cefu yuangui . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, T’ung-tsu. 1965. Land and Society in Traditional China Paris: Mouton & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, T’ung-tsu. 1972. Han Social Structure Seattle: University of Washington Press 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, Kang. Man and Land in Chinese History Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• CHC. 1986. Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe, eds., Cambridge History of China, Volume One: The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221B.C.-A.D.220. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen Yinke Tangdai zhengzhishi shulun gao . Shanghai: Shanghai guji, 1982. Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• Creel, Herlee G. 1970. The Origin of Statecraft in China, Volume One: the Western Chou Empire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dien, Albert, ed. State and Society in Early Meieval China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard, Wolfram. 1962. Social Mobility in Traditional China Leiden: E.J.Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhard, Wolfram. 1965. Conquerors and Rulers: Social Forces in Medieval China. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Ebrey, Patricia. 1978. The Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China, A Case Study of the Po-ling Ts’ui Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
   Google Scholar
• Ebrey, Patricia. 1990. “Toward a Better Understanding of the Later Han Upper Class.” In Dien: 49-72.
   Google Scholar
• Fung, Yu-lan. A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. New York and London: Free Press Paperback, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Gemet, Jacques. A History of Chinese Civilization. Trans, by J.R.Foster. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1987. Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• Guliang zhuan . Shisanjing zhushu edition.
   Google Scholar
• Guanzi . Zhuzi jicheng edition. Taipei: Shijie shuju, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Guo yu . Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Han Feizi . Zhuzi jicheng edition, Taipei: Shijie shuju 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Han shu . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Ho Ping-ti. The Ladder of Success in Imperial China. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Holcombe, Charles. 1989. “The Exemplar State: Ideology, Self-Cultivation, and Power in Fourth-Century China.” HJAS 49.1.
   Google Scholar
• Hou Han shu Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, Cho-yun. 1965. Ancient China in Transition Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, Cho-yun. 1980. Han Agriculture. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huang Yunmei . Gujin weishu kao bu . Jinan: Qilu Shushe, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Ji yi ji . In Bo yi zhi Ji yi ji? Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Jin shu . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Jiu Tang shu . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, David. 1977. The Medieval Chinese Oligarchy. Boulder: Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Kawakatsu Yoshio . Rikucho kizokusei shakai no kenkyii . Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Kojien . 4th edition. Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Lenski, Gerhard E. Power and Privilege, A Theory of Social Stratification. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Loewe, Michael. “The Former Han Dynasty.” In CHC.
   Google Scholar
• MacMullen, Ramsay. Roman Social Relations. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Mao Hanguang 1988. Zhongguo zhonggu shehuishi lun . Taibei: Lianjing chubanshiye gongsi.
   Google Scholar
• Mao shi zhengyi . Shisanjing zhushu edition. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Mencius. Trans, by D.C. Lau. 1970. Penguin Classics, 1983. Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• Mengzi zhushu . Shisanjing zhushu edition. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Miyakawa Hisayuki. Rikucho shi kenkyii: seijishakai hen Tokyo: Nihon Gakujutsu shinkokai.1967.
   Google Scholar
• Miyazaki Ichisada. Kyuhin kanjinho no kenkyii Kyoto: Toyoshi gakkai, 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Nan shi Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Niida Noboru Shina mibunho shi Tokyo: Zayuho kankokai, 1943.
   Google Scholar
• Ochi Shigeaki 1976. “Sha to den” . Toyo gakuho (Tokyo) 57.3-4.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, Scott. 1991. “Status, Labor, and Law: Special Service Households under the Northern Dynasties.” HJAS 51.1.
   Google Scholar
• Quan Hansheng . “Zhonggu de ziran jingji”1. In idem, Zhongguo jingjishi yanjiu Hong Kong: Xinya yanjiusuo, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Quan Tang wen Beijing: Zhonghua shuju punctuated edition, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Redfield, Robert. The Little Community and Peasant Society and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965. Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• Sanguo zhi . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Shangjun shu . Zhuzi jicheng edition. Taipei: Shijie shuju 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Shang shu zhengyi . Shisanjing zhushu edition.
   Google Scholar
• Shi ji . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Shih-shuo hsin-yii, A New Account of Tales of the World. Trans, by Richard. B. Mather. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao Beijing: Zhonghua shuju 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Song shu Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Swann, Nancy Lee, trans. 1950. Food and Money in Ancient China. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taiping guangji . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Taiping yulan . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Tang Changru . 1957. San zhi liu shiji jiangnan da tudi suoyouzhi de fazhan . Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Tang Changru 1990. “Clients and Bound Retainers in the Six Dynasties Period” in Dien: 111-138.
   Google Scholar
• Tang Lan 1963. “Chunqiu Zhanguo shi fengjian geju shidai” Zhonghua wenshi luncong 3.
   Google Scholar
• Tanigawa Michio . 1983. “ChGgoku shitaifu kaikyu to chiiki shakai” In idem, ed. Chugoku shitaifu kaikyu to chiiki shakai to no kankei ni tsuite no sogoteki kenkyii . Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tawney, R.H. 1964. Equality Londaon: Unwin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Romeyn. 1989. “Cinese Hierarchy in Comparative Perspective”. Journal of Adsian Studies 48.3.
   Google Scholar
• Tong dian . Wenyuange Sikuquanshu edition, Vol. 603 Taipei.
   Google Scholar
• Tong Shuye . Zhonggue shougongye shangye fazhan shi . Jinan: Qilu shushe, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Twichett, Denis. T’ang Financial Administration. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Utsunomiya Kiyoyoshi . Kandai shakai keizaishi kenkyu . Tokyo: Kobunkan, 1955.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Yi-t’ung. “Slaves and Other Comparable Groups During the Northern Dynasties (368-618).” HJAS 16.1953.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Zhongluo . 1981. Wei-Jin Nanbeichao shi Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Trans, by Ephraim Fischoff et al. Berkeley: University of California Press. Reprint.
   Google Scholar
• Wei shu . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, K.C. The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Xin Tang shu . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Xunzi jijie . Zhuzi jicheng edition. Taipei: Shijie shuju, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• YamadaKatsuyoshi . 1988. “ChOgoku kodai no sho toko” Toyoshi kenkyu 47:1.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Chung-i. “Lower Castes” in the Tang Dynasty.” In Sun E-tzu Zen, and John de Francis, eds., Chinese Social History. New York: Octagon Books, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Lien-sheng. “Notes on the Economic History of the Chin Dynasty.” In idem, Studies in Chinese Institutional History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Yu Jiaxi 1980. Siku tiyao bianzheng Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Yu Jiaxi 1983. Shishuo xinyu jianshu Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou li zhengyi . Shisanjing zhushu edition.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Dawei “Wei-Jin Nanbeichao nongmin zhanzheng de jige wenti”. . In Zhongguo Shehui Kexueyuan , Lishi Yanjiusuo Wei-Jin Sui-Tang shi lunji , vol. 2. Beijing: Sheke chubanshe, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Zizhi tongjian . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
   Google Scholar
• Zuo zhuan. Chunqiu Zuo zhuan zhengyi . Shisanjing zhushu edition.
   Google Scholar