Privilege as Privileging: Making the Dynamic and Complex Nature of Privilege and Marginalization Accessible

References

• Abrams, L. S., & Gibson, P. (2007). Reframing multicultural education: Teaching White privilege in the social work curriculum. Journal of Social Work Education, 43, 147–160. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2007.200500529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams, L. S., & Moio, J. A. (2009). Critical race theory and the cultural competence dilemma in social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 45, 245–261. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2009.200700109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4, 139–158. doi:10.1177/089124390004002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20, 441–464. doi:10.1177/0891243206289499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, M., Bell, L. A., & Griffin, P. (2007). Teaching for diversity and social justice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Durhan, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barkan, S. E. (2010). Toward a new abolitionism: Race, ethnicity, and social transformation. Social Problems, 57(1), 1–4. doi:10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto, M., & Ellemers, N. (2005). The perils of political correctness: Men’s and women’s responses to old-fashioned and modern sexist views. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 75–88. doi:10.1177/019027250506800106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, R. B., & Smith, E. A. (2005). Signaling theory, strategic interaction, and symbolic capital. Current Anthropology, 46, 221–248. doi:10.1086/427115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, L. L., & Stone, D. (2005). Expanding the definition of privilege: The concept of social privilege. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 33, 243–255. doi:10.1002/jmcd.2005.33.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer, M. L. C., Green, M. S., Thomte, N. L., & Green, P. M. (2013). Are we queer yet? Addressing heterosexual and gender-conforming privilege. In K. A. Case (Ed.), Deconstructing privilege: Teaching and learning as allies in the classroom (pp. 151–168). Oxford, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender discrimination at work: Connecting gender stereotypes, institutional policies, and gender composition of workplace. Gender & Society, 25, 764–786. doi:10.1177/0891243211424741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byron, R. A. (2010). Discrimination, complexity, and the public/private sector question. Work and Occupations, 37, 435–475. doi:10.1177/0730888410380152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, K. A. (2013a). Beyond diversity and whiteness: Developing a transformative and intersectional model of privilege studies pedagogy. In K. A. Case (Ed.), Deconstructing privilege: Teaching and learning as allies in the classroom (pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Case, K. A. (Ed.). (2013b). Deconstructing privilege: Teaching and learning as allies in the classroom. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Case, K. A., & Cole, E. R. (2013). Deconstructing privilege when students resist: The journey back into the community of engaged learners. In K. A. Case (Ed.), Deconstructing privilege; teaching and learning as allies in the classroom (pp. 34–48). Oxford, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, P. N. (2013). The persistence of workplace gender segregation in the US. Sociology Compass, 7, 889–899. doi:10.1111/soc4.12083
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Dessel, A. B., Massé, J. C., & Walker, L. T. (2013). Intergroup dialogue pedagogy: Teaching about intersectional and under-examined privilege in heterosexual, Christian, and Jewish identities. In K. A. Case (Ed.), Deconstructing privilege; teaching and learning as allies in the classroom (pp. 132–148). Oxford, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• DiPrete, T. A, & Eirich, G. M. (2006). Cumulative advantage as a mechanism for inequality: A review of theoretical and empirical developments. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 271–297. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiTomaso, N. (2012). The American non-dilemma: Racial inequality without racism. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• DiTomaso, N., Post, C., & Parks-Yancy, R. (2007). Workforce diversity and inequality: Power, status, and numbers. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 473–501. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbin, F. (2009). Inventing equal opportunity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, P. (1990). Everyday racism: Reports from women of two cultures. Claremont, CA: Hunter House.
   Google Scholar
• Essed, P. (2002). Everyday racism. In D. T. Goldberg, & J. Solomos (Eds.), A companion to racial ethnic studies (pp. 202–216). Malden, MA: Blackman.
   Google Scholar
• Estrada, D., Poulsen, S., Cannon, E., & Wiggins, M. (2013). Orienting counseling students toward multiculturalism: Exploring privilege during a new student orientation. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 52, 80–91. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1939.2013.00034.x
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, D. J. (2011). Promoting diversity and social justice: Educating people from privileged groups. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, E. H. (2005). Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women: Evidence from law firms. American Sociological Review, 70, 702–728. doi:10.1177/000312240507000408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, M. J. (2013). Social work futures: Reflections from the UK on the demise of antiracist social work and emerging issues in a “post-race” era. In R. E. Hall (Ed.), The melanin millennium: Skin color as 21st century international discourse (pp. 139–149). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, J. (2010). Victims, resistance, and civilized oppression. Journal of Social Philosophy, 41, 13–27. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.2009.01475.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlavka, H. R. (2014). Normalizing sexual violence: Young women account for harassment and abuse. Gender & Society, 28, 337–358. doi:10.1177/0891243214526468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffrage, U., & Reimer, T. (2004). Models of bounded rationality: The approach of fast and frugal heuristics. Management Revue, 15, 437–459.
   Google Scholar
• hooks, b. (1984). Feminist theory: From margin to center. Boston, MA: South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, R. (2005). The heart of whiteness: Confronting race, racism and White privilege. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. G. (2001). Privilege, power, and difference. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, C. R., & Pratt-Hyatt, J. S. (2009). Distributing prejudice unequally: Do Whites direct their prejudice toward strongly identified minorities? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 432–445. doi:10.1037/a0012877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, R. L. (2002). Assessing alternative perspectives on race and sex employment segregation. American Sociological Review, 67, 547–572. doi:10.2307/3088945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, E. B., Dunleavy, D. G., Dunleavy, E. M., Jaffer, S., Morgan, W. B., Elder, K., & Graebner, R. (2011). Discrimination in the 21st century: Are science and the law aligned? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17, 54–75. doi:10.1037/a0021673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurin, K., Gaucher, D., & Kay, A. (2013). Stability and the justification of social inequality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 246–254. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowery, B. S., Knowles, E. D., & Unzueta, M. M. (2007). Framing inequity safely: Whites’ motivated perceptions of racial privilege. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1237–1250. doi:10.1177/0146167207303016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loya, M. (2011). Color-blind racial attitudes in White social workers: A cross-sectional study. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 81, 201–217. doi:10.1080/00377317.2011.589341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Social hierarchy: The self‐reinforcing nature of power and status. Academy of Management Annals, 2, 351–398. doi:10.1080/19416520802211628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo, C. (2004). Certain privilege: Rethinking White agency. Philosophy of Education Archive, 308–316.
   Google Scholar
• McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2007). Priming meritocracy and the psychological justification of inequality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 341–351. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy, S. K., Wellman, J. D., Cosley, B., Saslow, L., & Epel, E. (2013). Is the belief in meritocracy palliative for members of low status groups? Evidence for a benefit for self-esteem and physical health via perceived control. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 307–318. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarty, C., Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Spears, R. (2002). Stereotypes as explanations: The formation of meaningful beliefs about social groups. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, P. (1988, April). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women’s studies. Paper presented at the Virginia Women’s Studies Association Conference, Richmond, VA.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, P. (1989). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. Peace and Freedom, 49(4), 10–12.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, P. (2013). Teaching about privilege: Transforming learned ignorance into usable knowledge. In K. A. Case (Ed.), Deconstructing privilege: Teaching and learning as allies in the classroom (pp. xi–xvi). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mintz, B., & Krymkowski, D. H. (2010). The intersection of race/ethnicity and gender in occupational segregation. International Journal of Sociology, 40(4), 31–58. doi:10.2753/IJS0020-7659400402
   Google Scholar
• Mullaly, B. (2010). Challenging oppression and confronting privilege: A critical social work approach (2nd ed.). Don Mills, Canada: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Niemonen, J. (2007). Antiracist education in theory and practice: A critical assessment. American Sociologist, 38, 159–177. doi:10.1007/s12108-007-9006-x
   Google Scholar
• Norton, M. I., & Sommers, S. R. (2011). Whites see racism as a zero-sum game that they are now losing. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 215–218. doi:10.1177/1745691611406922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, J. D., & Cañas, A. J. (2006). The origins of the concept mapping tool and the continuing evolution of the tool. Information Visualization, 5, 175–184. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ivs.9500126
   Google Scholar
• Novak, J. D., & Cañas, A. J. (2008). The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct and use them. Retrieved from http://cmap.ihmc.us/Publications/ResearchPapers/TheoryCmaps/TheoryUnderlyingConceptMaps.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (1991). Rational choice theory and institutional analysis: Toward complementarity. American Political Science Review, 85, 237–243. doi:10.2307/1962889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (1998). A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action: Presidential address, American Political Science Association, 1997. American Political Science Review, 92, 1–22. doi:10.2307/2585925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (2009). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice reduction: What works? A review and assessment of research and practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339–367. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, L. F. (2013). Blazing the trail: Teaching the privileged about privilege. In K. A. Case (Ed.), Deconstructing privilege: Teaching and learning as allies in the classroom (pp. 207–222). Oxford, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Puwar, N. (2004). Space invaders; race, gender, and bodies out of place. Oxford, UK: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Ravaud, J., & Stiker, H. (2001). Inclusion/exclusion: An analysis of historical and cultural meanings. In G. Albrecht, K. Seelman, & M. Bury (Eds.), Handbook of disability studies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Reskin, B. F. (2000). The proximate causes of employment discrimination. Contemporary Sociology, 29, 319–328. doi:10.2307/2654387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reskin, B. F. (2008). Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. In L. B. Nielsen, & R. L. Nelson (Eds.), Handbook of employment discrimination research (pp. 75–97). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rozas, L. W. (2007). Engaging dialogue in our diverse social work student body: A multilevel theoretical process model. Journal of Social Work Education, 43, 5–30. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2007.200400467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savani, K., & Rattan, A. (2012). A choice mind-set increases the acceptance and maintenance of wealth inequality. Psychological Science, 23, 796–804. doi:10.1177/0956797611434540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaggs, S., & Bridges, J. (2013). Race and sex discrimination in the employment process. Sociology Compass, 7, 404–415. doi:10.1111/soc4.12037
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, N. M., & Levine, C. S. (2011). Opting out or denying discrimination? How the framework of free choice in American society influences perceptions of gender inequality. Psychological Science, 22, 1231–1236. doi:10.1177/0956797611417260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271–286. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, S. (2006). Revealing whiteness: The unconscious habits of racial privilege. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (1998). Durable inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. (2001). Past and future inequalities. International Social Science Review, 2(1), 5–18.
   Google Scholar
• van der Valk, A. (2014, January 15). Peggy McIntosh: Beyond the knapsack [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.tolerance.org/magazine/number-46-spring-2014/feature/peggy-mcintosh-beyond-knapsack
   Google Scholar
• Walls, N. E., Johnston, C., Griffin, R., Moorman, N., Arnold-Renicker, H., Nelsen, J., … Schutte, E. C. (2009). Mapping graduate social work student learning journeys about heterosexual privilege. Journal of Social Work Education, 45, 289–307. doi:10.5175/JSWE.2009.200800004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. (2014). After colorblindness: Teaching antiracism to White progressives in the U.S. In K. Haltinner (Ed.), Teaching race and anti-racism in contemporary America; Adding context to colorblindness (pp. 109–121). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar