References
- Acoca, S. (2017). The associated press stylebook 2017 and briefing on media law . New York, NY: Basic Books.
- Areheart, B. A. (2008). When disability isn’t just right: The entrenchment of the medical model of disability and the Goldilocks dilemma. Indiana Law Journal , 83, 181–232.
- Associated Press . (2014a, July 20). Sharpton says apparent NYC chokehold death, attacks on police officers both deserve justice. U.S . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/07/20/sharpton-says-nyc-chokehold-death-and-attacks-on-police-officers-both-deserve.html
- Associated Press . (2014b, July 26). Widow of man who died in NYPD custody demands justice. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/us/2014/07/26/widow-man-who-died-in-nypd-custody-demands-justice.html
- Associated Press . (2015a, July 12). After Garner: Sadness and anger linger, but a movement grows in the year since his death. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/07/12/after-garner-sadness-and-anger-linger-but-movement-grows-in-year-since-his.html
- Associated Press . (2015b, July 13). City reaches $5.9 million settlement in chokehold death case. Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/news/city-reaches-5-9-million-settlement-in-chokehold-death-case/
- Associated Press . (2015c). NYC reaches $5.9 million settlement in chokehold death case. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/us/nyc-reaches-5-9-million-settlement-in-chokehold-death-case
- Associated Press . (2016a, February 2). Hospital to pay $1m to family of Eric Garner. Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/news/hospital-to-pay-1m-to-family-of-eric-garner/
- Associated Press . (2016b, July 16). After 2 years, probe of Eric Garner chokehold death in limbo. U.S . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/07/16/after-2-years-probe-eric-garner-chokehold-death-in-limbo.html
- Bergin, B. (2015). Staten Island candidates avoid talk of Eric Garner case. National Public Radio: Weekend Edition Sunday . Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2015/04/26/402353855/staten-island-candidates-avoid-talk-of-eric-garner-cas
- Bonilla-Silva, E. (2007). “New racism,“ color-blind racism, and the future of whiteness in America. In M. T. Segal & T. A. Martinez (Eds.), Intersection of gender, race, and class (pp. 483–496). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Bos, A. E. R. , Pryor, J. B. , Reeder, G. D. , & Stutterheim, S. E. (2013). Stigma: Advances in theory and research. Basic & Applied Social Psychology , 35(1), 1–9. doi:10.1080/0197’3533.2012.746147
- Brunelle, W. (2014, July 24). Golden defends police bill, Garner officers. Politico: New York . Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2016/05/golden-defends-police-bill-garner-officers-048178
- Cornish, A. (2014, December 3). On the history of chokeholds in the NYPD. National Public Radio: All Things Considered . Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2014/12/03/368318014/on-the-history-of-chokeholds-in-the-nypd
- Coulter on Garner incident: “Do not stand between a liberal and his taxes.” . (2014, December 5). Breitbart TV . Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/video/2014/12/05/coulter-on-garner-incident-do-not-stand-between-a-liberal-and-his-taxes/
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum , 1(8), 139–167. Retrieved from https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
- Crenshaw, K. (2016, October). The urgency of intersectionality [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/kimberle_crenshaw_the_urgency_of_intersectionality
- Curry, C. , Crudele, M. , Margolin, J. , & Katersky, A. (2014, August 1). NYPD chokehold death ruled a homicide. ABC News . Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-chokehold-death-homicide-medical-examiner-rules/story?id=24811834
- Delgado, R. , & Stefancic, J. (2012). Critical race theory: An introduction . New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Demby, G. (2014, October 8). Videos of deadly police encounters grab the media spotlight, but why? National Public Radio: Morning Edition . Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/08/354507430/videos-of-deadly-police-encounters-grab-media-spotlight
- DiAngelo, R. (2011). White fragility. International Journal of Critical Pedagogy , 3(3), 54–70. Retrieved from: https://libjournal.uncg.edu/index.php/ijcp/article/download/249/116
- Dukes, K. N. , & Gaither, S. E. (2017). Black racial stereotypes and victim blaming: Implications for media coverage and criminal proceedings in cases of police violence against racial and ethnic minorities. Journal of Social Issues , 73, 789–807. doi:10.1111/josi.12248
- Erevelles, N. , & Minear, A. (2010). Unspeakable offenses: Untangling race and disability in discourses of intersectionality. Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies , 4, 127–145. doi:10.3828/jlcds.2010.11
- Eric Garner death lawsuit against New York City settled for $5.9 million . (2015, July 13). Breitbart News . Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/07/13/eric-garner-death-lawsuit-against-new-york-citysettled-for-5-9-million/
- Fereday, J. , & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods , 5(1), 80–92. doi:10.1177/160940690600500107
- Fiske, S. T. (1993). Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping. American Psychologist , 48, 621–628.
- Fook, J. (2002). Social work critical theory and practice . London, UK: SAGE.
- Gardner, M. (2009). The qualities of a citizen: Women, immigration, and citizenship, 1870–1965 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Garner grand jury decision divide . (2014, December 4). Fox News . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2014/12/04/garner-grand-jury-decision-divide.html
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on a spoiled identity . Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Goldstein, J. , & Santora, M. (2014, August 01). Staten Island man died from chokehold during arrest, autopsy finds. New York Times . Retrieved from https//nyti.ms/2jOMUHy
- Hannity, S. (2014, December 3). Dr. Michael Baden offers insight into death of Eric Garner. Fox News . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2014/12/04/dr-michael-baden-offers-insight-death-eric-garner.html
- Harris, A. P. , Crenshaw, K. , Gotanda, N. , Peller, G. , & Thomas, K. (2012). Critical race theory. International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences , Retrieved from https://works.bepress.com/angela_harris/17/download/
- Harro, B. (2013). The cycle of socialization. In M. Adams , W. Blumenfeld , C. R. Castañeda , H. W. Hackman , M. L. Peters , & X. Zúñiga (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed., pp. 45–52). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L. , Phelan, J. C. , & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health , 103, 813–821. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069
- Hynds, P. (1990). News: Balance bias with critical questions. Retrieved from http://www.medialit.org/reading-room/news-balance-bias-critical-questions
- Kaste, M. (2014, July 23). New York death reignites decades-old debate over neck restraints. National Public Radio: Morning Edition . Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2014/07/23/334275922/new-york-death-reignites-decades-old-debate-over-neck-restraints
- Keneally, M. (2014, December 3). Eric Garner’s wife lashes out at cop who killed her husband. ABC News . Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/eric-garners-wife-lashes-cop-killed-husband/story?id=27350764
- Kwate, N. O. A. , Yau, C. Y. , Loh, J. M. , & Williams, D. (2009). Inequality in obesigenic environments: Fast food density in New York City. Health & Place , 15(1), 364–373. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.07.003
- Leopold, J. , & Bell, M. P. (2017). News media and the racialization of protest: An analysis of Black Lives Matter articles. Equality, Diversity & Inclusion , 36, 720–735. doi:10.1108/EDI-01-2017-0010
- Link, B. G. , & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 80–94. doi:10.2307/2626958
- Link, B. G. , & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology , 27(1), 363–385. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
- Lipschultz, H. J. , & Hilt, M. L. (2003). Race and local television news crime coverage. Communication Faculty Publications: Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education , 3(4), 1–10. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=commfacpub
- Lowery, W. (2016, April 7). Study finds police fatally shoot unarmed Black men at disproportionate rates. Washington Post . Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/study-finds-police-fatally-shoot-unarmed-black-men-at-disproportionate-rates/2016/04/06/e494563e-fa74-11e5-80e4-c381214de1a3_story.html?utm_term=.ee53d8a32c1f
- Margolin, J. , & Curry, C. (2014, July 22). NYPD to retrain every officer on use of force after ‘chokehold’ death. ABC News . Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/nypd-retrain-officer-force-chokehold-death/story?id=24663805
- Mattsson, T. (2014). Intersectionality as a useful tool: Anti-oppressive social work and critical reflection. Affilia , 29, 8–17. doi:10.1177/0886109913510659
- McCalmont, L. (2014, July 12). Rep King: Health issues led to death. Politico . Retrieved from: http://www.politico.com/story/2014/12/peter-king-eric-garner-reaction-113319
- Moore, S. E. , Robinson, M. A. , Adedoyin, A. C. , Brooks, M. , Harmon, D. K. , & Boamah, D. (2016). Hands up—Don’t shoot: Police shooting of young Black males: Implications for social work and human services. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment , 26, 254–266. doi:10.1080/10911359.2015.1125202
- Mukasey, M. (2014, December 5). Ex-US attorney general: Linkage of Michael Brown, Eric Garner cases irresponsible. Fox News: Opinion . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2014/12/05/ex-us-attorney-general-linkage-michael-brown-eric-garner-cases-irresponsible.html
- Mullaly, B . (2010). Challenging oppression and confronting privilege (2nd ed . Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.
- Neil, T. (2002). Social movements, social justice and social work. British Journal of Social Work , (6), 711–722. doi:10.1093/bjsw/32.6.711
- No charges for NYPD officer in choking death of Eric Garner . (2014, December 3). United Press International . Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/news/no-charges-for-nypd-officer-in-choking-death-of-eric-garner/
- Nylund, D. (2006). Critical multiculturalism, whiteness, and social work: Towards a more radical view of cultural competence. Journal of Progressive Human Services , 17(2), 27–42. doi:10.1300/J059v17n02_03
- Paybarah, A. (2014a, August 1). P.B.A. president cites Garner’s serious health problems. Politico: New York . Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2014/08/pba-president-cites-garners-serious-health-problems-014788
- Paybarah, A. (2014b, September 19). Garner family doctor supports medical examiner’s findings. Politico: New York . Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2014/09/garner-family-doctor-supports-city-examiners-findings-015953
- Paybarah, A. (2017, March 31). New York playbook interview with Bo Dietle. Politico . Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/story/2017/03/new-york-playbook-interview-with-bo-dietl-236736
- Perry, D. , & Carter-Long, L. (2016). The Ruderman white paper on media coverage of law enforcement use of force and disability . Retrieved from http://rudermanfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/MediaStudy-PoliceDisability_final-final.pdf
- Pew Research Center (2014). Political polarization and media habits. Retrieved from https://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/
- Reynolds, J. M. (2017). “I’d rather be dead than disabled”—The ableist conflation and the meanings of disability. Review of Communication , 17, 149–163. doi:10.1080/15358593.2017.1331255
- Rich, E. (2011). “I see her being obesed!”: Public pedagogy, reality media and the obesity crisis. Health: an Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine , 15(1), 3–21. doi:10.1177/1363459309358127
- Rose, J. (2014, December 3). Grand jury declines to indict police officer in chokehold case. National Public Radio: All Things Considered . Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2014/12/03/368282841/grand-jury-declines-to-indict-police-officer-in-chokehold-case
- Rose, J. (2015, July 14). New York City reaches $5.9 million settlement with Eric Garner family. National Public Radio: All Things Considered . Retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/2015/07/14/422952321/new-york-city-reaches-5-9-million-settlement-with-eric-garner-family
- Sakamoto, I. , & Pitner, O. R. (2005). Use of critical consciousness in anti-oppressive social work practice: Disentangling power dynamics at personal and structural levels. British Journal of Social Work , 4 , 435–452. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch190
- Shapiro, B. (2014, December 3). The actual facts of the Eric Garner case. Breitbart . Retrieved from http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2014/12/03/actual-facts-eric-garner/
- Susman, J. (1994). Disability, stigma and deviance. Social Science & Medicine , 38(1), 15–22. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90295-X
- Taibbi, M. (2017). I can’t breathe: A killing on Bay Street . New York, NY: Random House.
- Tharps, L.L . (2014). The case for Black with a capital B. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/opinion/the-case-for-black-with-a-capital-b.html
- Tolliver, W. F. , Hadden, B. R. , Brown-Manning, R. , & Snowden, F. (2016). Police killings of unarmed Black people: Centering race and racism in human behavior and the social environment content. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment , 26, 279–286. doi:10.1080/10911359.2015.1125207
- Tukachinsky, R. (2015). Where we have been and where we can go from here: Looking to the future in research on media, race, and ethnicity. Journal of Social Issues , 71(1), 186–199. doi:10.1111/josi.12104
- Wang, H. L. (2015, July 14). New York will pay Eric Garner family $5.9 million to avoid lawsuit. National Public Radio: Morning Edition . Retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/2015/07/14/422800610/new-york-will-pay-eric-garner-family-5-9-million-to-avoid-lawsuit
- Weill, K. (2015, March 13). Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza. Politico: New York . Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/states/new-york/city-hall/story/2015/03/edits-to-wikipedia-pages-on-bell-garner-diallo-traced-to-1-police-plaza-087652
- White, A . (2018). Untold Stories: How corruption and conflicts of interest stalk the newsroom. Retrieved from: https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/assets/docs/220/136/92a87dc-d968188.pdf
- Williams, D. R. , & Mohammed, S. A. (2013). Racism and health I: Pathways and scientific evidence. American Behavioral Scientist , 57, 1152–1173. doi:10.1177/0002764213487340
- Wolf, C. D. (2015, July 14). Union leader blasts multimillion dollar Eric Garner settlement. Fox News: Politics . Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/07/14/union-leader-blasts-multimillion-dollar-eric-garner-settlement.html