Old is gold? The effects of employee age on innovation and the moderating effects of employment turnover

References

• Agrawal, A., I. Cockburn, and J. Mchale. 2006. “Gone but not Forgotten – Knowledge Flows, Labor Mobility and Enduring Social Relationships.” Journal of Economic Geography 6 (5): 571–591. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbl016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, P., and B. Kogut. 1999. “Localization of Knowledge and the Mobility of Engineers in Regional Networks.” Management Science 45 (7): 905–917. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.45.7.905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, M., and S. Klepper. 2013. “Characteristics and Performance of New Firms and Spinoffs in Sweden.” Industrial and Corporate Change 22 (1): 245–280. doi: 10.1093/icc/dts046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, M., and H. Lööf. 2009. “Learning by Exporting Revisited – the Role of Intensity and Persistence.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 111 (4): 893–916. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2009.01585.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, M., B. Johansson, C. Karlsson, and H. Lööf, eds. 2012. Innovation and Growth – from Innovating Firms to Economy-Wide Technological Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Angrist, J., and S. Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baptista, R. 2000. “Do Innovations Diffuse Faster within Geographical Clusters?” International Journal of Industrial Organization 18 (3): 515–535. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7187(99)00045-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basalla, G. 1988. The Evolution of Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Behagel, L., E. Caroli, and M. Roger. 2011. “Age Biased Technological Change, Training and Employment Prospects of Older Workers.” IZA Discussion Papers No. 5544.
   Google Scholar
• Binnewies, C., S. Ohly, and C. Niessen. 2008. “Age and Creativity at Work – The Interplay between Job Resources, Age and Idea Creativity.” Journal of Managerial Psychologies 23 (4): 438–457. doi: 10.1108/02683940810869042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breschi, S., F. Malerba, and L. Orsenigo. 2001. “Technological Regimes and Schumpeterian Patterns of Innovation.” Economic Journal 110 (463): 388–410. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner, A. 2008. “Is Sweden's Fiscal Framework Sustainable? The Effects of Population Ageing on Public Finances and Economic Growth.” Swedish Economic Policy Review 15: 131–167.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, W., and D. Levinthal. 1990. “Absorptive Capacity – A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1): 128–152. doi: 10.2307/2393553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dachs, B., B. Ebersberger, and H. Lööf. 2008. “The Innovative Performance of Foreign-Owned Enterprises in Small Open Economies.” Journal of Technology Transfer 33 (4): 393–406. doi: 10.1007/s10961-007-9058-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Croix, D., T. Lindh, and B. Malmberg. 2009. “Demographic Change and Economic Growth in Sweden: 1750–2050.” Journal of Macroeconomics 31 (1): 132–148. doi: 10.1016/j.jmacro.2007.08.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dosi, G. 1982. “Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories.” Research Policy 11 (3): 147–162. doi: 10.1016/0048-7333(82)90016-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. P. 1999. “The New Economics of Innovation, Spillovers and Agglomeration: A Review of Empirical Studies.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 8 (1): 5–25.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, L. 2001. “Recombinant Uncertainty in Technology Search.” Management Science 47 (1): 117–132. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.47.1.117.10671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedberg, L. 2003. “The Impact of Technological Change on Older Workers – Evidence from Data on Computer Use.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56 (3): 511–529. doi: 10.2307/3590922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geroski, P., S. Machin, and J. Van Reenen. 1993. “The Profitability of Innovating Firms.” Rand Journal of Economics 24 (2): 198–211. doi: 10.2307/2555757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L. 1994. “Cities, Information and Economic Growth.” Cityscape 1: 9–47.
   Google Scholar
• Grimpe, C., and U. Kaiser. 2010. “Balancing Internal and External Knowledge Acquisition: The Gains and Pains from R&D Outsourcing.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (8): 1483–1509. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00946.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, B., J. Mairesse, and P. Mohnen. 2010. “Measuring Returns to R&D.” In Handbook of the Economics of Innovation, edited by B. Hall and N. Rosenberg, 1033–1082. Amsterdam: North Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Hensley, W. 1977. “Probability, Personality, Age, and Risk-Taking.” The Journal of Psychology 95 (1): 139–145. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1977.9915870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, A. S. 2001. “WAIS-III IQs, Horn's Theory, and Generational Changes from Young Adulthood to Old Age.” Intelligence 29 (2): 131–167. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2896(00)00046-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen, K., and A. J. Salter. 2006. “Open Innovations: The Role of Openness in Explaining Innovation Performance Among UK Manufacturing Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 27 (2): 131–150. doi: 10.1002/smj.507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lööf, H., B. Johansson, M. Andersson, and C. Karlsson. 2012. “R&D Strategy and Firm Performance – What is the Long-Run Impact of Persistent R&D?.” In Innovation and Growth – from Innovating Firms to Economy-wide Technological Change, edited by Martin Andersson, Börje Johansson, Charlie Karlsson and Hans Lööf, 181–206. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mairesse, J., and P. Mohnen. 2002. “Accounting for Innovation and Measuring Innovativeness: An Illustrative Framework and Application.” American Economic Review 92 (2): 226–230. doi: 10.1257/000282802320189302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maliranta, M., P. Mohnen, and P. Rouvinen. 2008. “Is Inter-Firm Labor Mobility a Channel of Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence from a Linked Employer-Employee Panel.” ETLA Discussion Paper 116.
   Google Scholar
• March, J. G. 1991. “Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning.” Organization Science 2 (1): 71–87. doi: 10.1287/orsc.2.1.71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, T. K., E. Parry, J. Lee, and M. Pitt-Catsouphes. 2012. “The Effect of Training on Organizational Performance: Differences by Age Composition and Cultural Context.” The International Journal of Human Resource Management 23 (6): 1226–1244. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2011.561253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. 2011. “Workforce Age and Technology Adoption in Small and Medium-Sized Service Firms.” Small Business Economics 37 (3): 305–324. doi: 10.1007/s11187-009-9246-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder, P., H. De Groot, and M. W. Hofkes. 2001. “Economic Growth and Technological Change: A Comparison of Insights from a Neo-Classical and an Evolutionary Perspective.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 68 (2): 151–171. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1625(00)00078-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundlak, Y. 1978. “On the Pooling of Times Series and Cross Section Data.” Econometrica 46 (1): 69–85. doi: 10.2307/1913646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, R. R., and S. G. Winter. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nieto, M. J., and A. Rodrìguez. 2011. “Offshoring of R&D: Looking Abroad to Improve Innovation Performance.” Journal of International Business Studies 42 (3): 345–361. doi: 10.1057/jibs.2010.59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard, C. R., B. Timmermans, and K. Kristinsson. 2011. “Does a Different View Create Something New? The Effect of Employee Diversity on Innovation.” Research Policy 40 (7): 500–509. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2010.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimet, P., and R. Zarutskie. 2011. “Who Works for Start-Ups? – The Relation between Firm Age, Employee Age and Growth.” US Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies Paper No. CES-WP-11-31.
   Google Scholar
• Parrotta, P., D. Pozzoli, and M. Pytlikova. 2012. “The Nexus between Labor Diversity and Firm's Innovation.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 6972.
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffermayr, M., and C. Bellak. 2002. “Why Foreign-owned Firms are Different: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Evidence for Austria.” In Foreign-Owned Firms: Are they Different?, edited by R. Jungnickel, 13–57. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeifer, C., and J. Wagner. 2012. “Is Innovative Firm Behavior Correlated with Age and Gender Composition of the Workforce? Evidence from a New Type of Data for German Enterprises.” IZA Discussion Papers No. 7050.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer, F., and K. Reuß. 2008. “Age-dependent Skill Formation and Returns to Education.” Labour Economics 15 (4): 631–646. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2008.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, D., and M. Lundmark. 2004. “Working through Knowledge Pools: Labour Market Dynamics, the Transference of Knowledge and Ideas, and Industrial Clusters.” Urban Studies 41 (5–6): 1025–1044. doi: 10.1080/00420980410001675850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin, S., and T. Schubert. 2012. “Cooperation with Public Research Institutions and Success in Innovation: Evidence from France and Germany.” Research Policy 42 (1): 149–166. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2012.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkopf, L., and P. Almeida. 2003. “Overcoming Local Search through Alliances and Mobility.” Management Science 49 (6): 751–766. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.49.6.751.16026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, C., Wegge, J., and K. H. Schmidt. 2007. “Consequences of Demographic Change for the Management of Human Resources in Organizations.” Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie 6 (3): 99–116. doi: 10.1026/1617-6391.6.3.99
   Google Scholar
• SCB. 2009. “Innovation Activity in Swedish Enterprises 2006–2008, Official Statistics of Sweden.” Investments, R&D and IT Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, L. 2008. “Alterung und technologisches Innovationspotential: Eine Linked Employer-Employee Analyse.” Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft 33 (1): 37–54. doi: 10.1007/s12523-008-0004-z
   Google Scholar
• Schubert, T., and L. Simar. 2011. “Innovation and export activities in the German mechanical engineering sector: an application of testing restrictions in production analysis.” Journal of Productivity Analysis 36 (1): 55–69. doi: 10.1007/s11123-010-0199-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, J., P. Almeida, and G. Wu. 2003. “Learning-by-Hiring: When is Mobility More Likely to Facilitate Interfirm Knowledge Transfer?” Management Science 49 (4): 351–365. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.49.4.351.14429
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher, A. P. 1954. A History of Mechanical Invention. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Utterback, J. 1996. Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verworn, B. 2009. “How are Older Engineers Perceived? A Study of Age Stereotypes and Gender.” Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie 8 (2): 77–87. doi: 10.1026/1617-6391.8.2.77
   Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross-Section and Panel Data. London: MIT Press, 735 pp.
   Google Scholar