A new patent system to usher in a new economy

References

• Aghion, P., N. Bloom, R. Blundell, R. Griffith, and P. Howitt. 2005. “Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 120 (2): 701–728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonelli, C. 2017. Endogenous Innovation: The Economics of an Emergent System Property. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Antonelli, C. 2019. “Knowledge Exhaustibility and the Appropriability Trade-off: Knowledge-Specific Patents and the Additivity Constraint.” In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, edited by Alain Marciano and Giovanni Battista Ramello. Berlin: Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781461477525
   Google Scholar
• Antonelli, C., and G. Ferraris. 2018. “The Endogenous Dynamics of Pecuniary Knowledge Externalities: An Agent Based Simulation Model.” Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 13 (3): 561–599. Also in Antonelli, C. The Evolutionary Complexity of Endogenous Innovation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Arora, A., M. Ceccagnoli, and W. Cohen. 2003. “R&D and the Patent Premium.” NBER working paper No. 9431.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, W. B. 2009. The Nature of Technology. What It Is and How It Evolves. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baumol, W. J. 2002. The Free Market Innovation Machine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bessen, J., and M. Meurer. 2007. The Private Costs of Patent Litigation, Boston University School of Law Working Paper No. 07-08.
   Google Scholar
• Bessen, J., and M. Meurer. 2008. Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovations at Risk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, N., and J. van Reenen. 2002. “Patents, Real Options and Firm Performance.” Economic Journal 112: 97–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldrin, M., and D. Levine. 2004. “The Case Against Intellectual Monopoly.” International Economic Review 45 (2): 327–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldrin, M., and D. Levine. 2012. “The Case Against Patents.” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper Series, 2012–035A.
   Google Scholar
• Bonatti, L., and S. Comino. 2011. “The Inefficiency of Patents When R&D Projects Are Imperfectly Correlated and Imitation Takes Time.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 167 (2): 327–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. C. 1999. “Patent Pools and the Antitrust Dilemma.” Yale Journal on Regulation 16: 359–399.
   Google Scholar
• Challu, P. 1995. “Effects of the Monopolistic Patenting of Medicine in Italy since 1978.” International Journal of Technology Management 10 (2): 237–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, W. M., R. R. Nelson, and J. P. Walsh. 2000. “Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not).” NBER Working Paper No. 7552.
   Google Scholar
• Denicolo, V. 1996. “Patent Race and Optimal Patent Breadth and Length.” Journal of Industrial Economics 44: 249–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domhoff, G. 2017. Power in America: Wealth, Income, and Power. http://whorulesamerica.net/power/wealth.html.
   Google Scholar
• Dutton, H. 1984. The Patent System and Inventive Activity During the Industrial Revolution 1750-1852. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Encaoua, D., D. Guellec, and C. Martinez. 2006. “Patent Systems for Encouraging Innovation: Lessons from Economic Analysis.” Research Policy 35 (9): 1423–1440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestone, O. 1971. Economic Implications of Patents. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, I. 1933. “The Debt-Deflation Theory of Great Depressions.” Econometrica 1 (4): 337–357.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, N., and A. Breitwieser. 2012. Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Technology Transfer: A Survey, wiiw Working Papers 88, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
   Google Scholar
• Gallini, N. 1992. “Patent Policy and Costly Imitation.” RAND Journal of Economics 23 (1): 52–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, R. 2002. “Antitrust for Patent Pools: Lessons from Recent U.S. Patent Reform.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16: 131–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, R., and C. Shapiro. 1990. “Optimal Patent Length and Breadth.” RAND Journal of Economics 21 (1): 106–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granstrand, O. 1999. The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property – Towards Intellectual Capitalism. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Griliches, Z. 1990. “Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey.” Journal of Economic Literature 28 (4): 1661–1707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, B., G. Thoma, G., and S. Torrisi. 2007. “The Market Values of Patents and R&D: Evidence from European Firms.” NBER Working Paper 13426.
   Google Scholar
• Harari, Y. N. 2016. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. London: Harvill Secker.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, A. W., and E. L. C. Lai. 1996. “Patent Length and the Rate of Innovation.” International Economic Review 37 (4): 785–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. 2000. “The US Patent System in Transition: Policy Innovation and the Innovation Process.” Research Policy 29 (4–5): 531–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A., and J. Lerner. 2004. Innovation and Its Discountents: How Our Broken Patents System is Endangering Innovation and Progress, and What to Do About It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, B., and A. Sokoloff. 1993. “Schemes of Practical Utility: Entrepreneurship and Innovation among Great Inventors in the United States 1790-1865.” Journal of Economic History 53 (2): 289–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klemperer, P. 1990. “How Broad Should the Scope of Patent Protection Be?” RAND Journal of Economics 21: 113–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landes, W., and R. Posner. 2004. The Political Economy of Intellectual Property Law. Washington, DC: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Lenzner, R. 2013. “The Wealthiest 20% Own 72%; The Poorest 20% Only 3%.” Forbes, April 29.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. 2002. “150 Years of Patent Protection.” American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings 92 (2): 221–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. 2009. “The Empirical Impact of Intellectual Property Rights on Innovation: Puzzles and Clues.” American Economic Review Papers & Proceedings 99 (2): 343–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J., M. Strojwas, and J. Tirole. 2003. “The Structure and Performance of Patent Pools: Empirical Evidence.” Working Paper, IDEI – University of Toulouse, France.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner, J., and J. Tirole. 2002. “Efficient Patent Pools.” NBER Working Paper No. 9175.
   Google Scholar
• Levin, R., A. Klevorick, R. Nelson, and S. Winter. 1987. “Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Special Issue on Microeconomics 3: 783–831.
   Google Scholar
• Lunney, G. 2001. “E-obviousness.” Michigan Telecommunications Technology Law Review 7: 363–422.
   Google Scholar
• Mandeville, T. 1996. Understanding Novelty: Information, Technological Change, and the Patent System. Norwood: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Mansfield, E. 1986. “Patents and Innovation: An Empirical Study.” Management Science 32 (2): 173–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield, E., M. Schwartz, and S. Wagner. 1981. “Imitation Costs and Patents: An Empirical Study.” Economic Journal 91 (364): 907–918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merges, R. P. 1999. Institutions for Intellectual Property Transactions: The Case of Patent Pools, Working Paper. Berkeley: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Moir, H. 2013. Patent Policy and Innovation: Do Legal Rules Deliver Effective Economic Outcomes. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaus, W. D. 1967. “The Optimal Life of a Patent.” Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 241, New Haven.
   Google Scholar
• Nordhaus, W. D. 1972. “The Optimum Life of a Patent: Reply.” American Economic Review 62 (3): 428–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxfam. 2017. Eight People Own the Same Wealth as Half the World. https://www.oxfam.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2017/01/eight-people-own-same-wealth-as-half-the-world.
   Google Scholar
• Pretnar, B. 2003. “The Economic Impact of Patents in a Knowledge-based Market Economy.” International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 34 (3): 887–906.
   Google Scholar
• Priest, G. L. 1977. “Cartel and Patent Licensing Arrangements.” Journal of Law and Economics 20: 309–377.
   Google Scholar
• Sakakibara, M., and L. Branstetter. 2001. “Do Stronger Patents Induce More Innovation? Evidence from the 1988 Japanese Patent Law Reforms.” RAND Journal of Economics 32 (1): 77–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, F. M. 2009. “The Political Economy of Patent Policy Reform.” Journal of Telecommunication and High Technology 7: 167–216.
   Google Scholar
• Scherer, F., and S. Weisburst. 1995. “Economic Effects of Strengthening Pharmaceutical Patent Protection in Italy.” International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law 26: 1009–1024.
   Google Scholar
• Scotchmer, S. 1991. “Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent Law.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1): 29–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, C. 2000. “Navigating the Patent Thicket: Cross Licenses, Patent Pools, and Standard Setting.” Innovation Policy and the Economy 1: 119–150.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. T., and Z. A. Silberston. 1973. The Economic Impact of the Patent System: A Study of the British Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, P. 1999. “The Effect of Technological Impact upon Patent Renewal Decisions.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 11 (2): 181–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, S. G. 1993. “Patents and Welfare in an Evolutionary Model.” Industrial and Corporate Change 2 (2): 211–231.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, E. N. 2017. A Century of Wealth in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar