Effects of co-patenting across national boundaries on patent quality. An exploration in pharmaceuticals

References

• Abrams, D. S., U. Akcigit, and J. Grennan. 2018. Patent Value and Citations: Creative Destruction or Strategic Disruption? (No. w19647). New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Acosta, M., D. Coronado, and A. Fernández. 2009. “Exploring the Quality of Environmental Technology in Europe: Evidence From Patent Citations.” Scientometrics 80 (1): 131–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta, M., D. Coronado, E. Ferrándiz, and M. Jiménez. 2022. “Effects of Knowledge Spillovers Between Competitors on Patent Quality: What Patent Citations Reveal About a Global Duopoly.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 47 (5): 1451–1487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M. B., D. Avery, F. Narin, and P. McAllister. 1991. “Direct Validation of Citation Counts as Indicators of Industrially Important Patents.” Research Policy 20 (3): 251–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alnuaimi, T., J. Singh, and G. George. 2012. “Not With My Own: Long-Term Effects of Cross-Country Collaboration on Subsidiary Innovation in Emerging Economies Versus Advanced Economies.” Journal of Economic Geography 12 (5): 943–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso-Martínez, D., N. González-Álvarez, and M. Nieto. 2021. “Does International Patent Collaboration Have an Effect on Entrepreneurship?” Journal of International Entrepreneurship, doi:10.1007/s10843-021-00302-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyres, N. S., and B. S. Silverman. 2004. “R&D, Organization Structure, and the Development of Corporate Technological Knowledge.” Strategic Management Journal 25 (8-9): 929–958.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aristodemou, L., and F. Tietze. 2018. “Citations as a Measure of Technological Impact: A Review of Forward Citation-Based Measures.” World Patent Information 53: 39–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts, S., F. P. Appio, and B. Van Looy. 2013. “Inventions Shaping Technological Trajectories: Do Existing Patent Indicators Provide a Comprehensive Picture?” Scientometrics 97 (2): 397–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audretsch, D. B., and M. P. Feldman. 1996. “R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production.” The American Economic Review 86 (3): 630–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azagra-Caro, J. M., D. Barberá-Tomás, M. Edwards-Schachter, and E. M. Tur. 2017. “Dynamic Interactions Between University–Industry Knowledge Transfer Channels: A Case Study of the Most Highly Cited Academic Patent.” Research Policy 46 (2): 463–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azagra-Caro, J. M., and E. M. Tur. 2018. “Examiner Trust in Applicants to the European Patent Office: Country Specificities.” Scientometrics 117 (3): 1319–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker, J., D. Verhoeven, L. Zhang, and B. Van Looy. 2016. “Patent Citation Indicators: One Size Fits All?” Scientometrics 106 (1): 187–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberá-Tomás, D., F. Jiménez-Sáez, and I. Castelló-Molina. 2011. “Mapping the Importance of the Real World: The Validity of Connectivity Analysis of Patent Citations Networks.” Research Policy 40 (3): 473–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basile, R., R. Capello, and A. Caragliu. 2012. “Technological Interdependence and Regional Growth in Europe: Proximity and Synergy in Knowledge Spillovers.” Papers in Regional Science 91 (4): 697–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, M., T. Böhm, B. Knoll, and N. Riedel. 2020. “Corporate Taxes, Patent Shifting, and Anti-Avoidance Rules: Empirical Evidence.” Public Finance Review 48 (4): 467–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belderbos, R., B. Cassiman, D. Faems, B. Leten, and B. Van Looy. 2014. “Co–Ownership of Intellectual Property: Exploring the Value–Appropriation and Value–Creation Implications of Co-Patenting with Different Partners.” Research Policy 43 (5): 841–852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belderbos, R., D. Faems, B. Leten, and B. V. Looy. 2010. “Technological Activities and Their Impact on the Financial Performance of the Firm: Exploitation and Exploration Within and Between Firms.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 27 (6): 869–882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergek, A., and M. Bruzelius. 2010. “Are Patents with Multiple Inventors From Different Countries a Good Indicator of International R&D Collaboration? The Case of ABB.” Research Policy 39 (10): 1321–1334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessen, J. 2008. “The Value of US Patents by Owner and Patent Characteristics.” Research Policy 37 (5): 932–945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessen, J., and E. Maskin. 2009. “Sequential Innovation, Patents, and Imitation.” The Rand Journal of Economics 40 (4): 611–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blind, K., J. Edler, R. Frietsch, and U. Schmoch. 2006. “Motives to Patent: Empirical Evidence From Germany.” Research Policy 35 (5): 655–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. 2005. “Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment.” Regional Studies 39 (1): 61–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, S., E. Dauchy, and L. Robinson. 2015. “Cross-Country Evidence on the Preliminary Effects of Patent Box Regimes on Patent Activity and Ownership.” National Tax Journal 68 (4): 1047–1071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstetter, L. 2005. “Exploring the Link Between Academic Science and Industrial Innovation.” Annals of Economics and Statistics 79 (80): 119–142.
   Google Scholar
• Branstetter, L., G. Li, and F. Veloso. 2015. “The Rise of International Coinvention.” In The Changing Frontier: Rethinking Science and Innovation Policy, 135–168. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, K. 2015. “Co-Owner Relationships Conducive to High Quality Joint Patents.” Research Policy 44 (8): 1566–1573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, K., and M. Wade. 2014. “More is Better: Evidence That Joint Patenting Leads to Quality Innovation.” Applied Economics 46 (35): 4370–4379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekel, T., and M. Brachert. 2015. “The Structure and Evolution of Inter-Sectoral Technological Complementarity in R&D in Germany From 1990 to 2011.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 25 (4): 755–785.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, A., and P. Trivedi. 1986. “Econometrics Models Based on Count Data: Comparisons and Applications of Some Estimators and Tests.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 1: 29–53.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, A., and P. Trivedi. 1998. Regression Analysis of Count Data. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, A., and P. Trivedi. 2009. Microeconometrics Using Stata. Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cassiman, B., R. Veugelers, and P. Zuniga. 2008. “In Search of Performance Effects of (In) Direct Industry Science Links.” Industrial and Corporate Change 17 (4): 611–646.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, S. H., H. Y. Chang, and C. Y. Fan. 2018. “Structural Model of Patent Quality Applied to Various Countries.” International Journal of Innovation Science 10 (39): 371–384.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. S., and K. C. Chang. 2010. “The Relationship Between a Firm’s Patent Quality and its Market Value – The Case of US Pharmaceutical Industry.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77 (1): 20–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, W. M., R. Nelson, and J. P. Walsh. 2000. Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Patent (or Not). NBER Working Paper 7552. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w7552.
   Google Scholar
• Criscuolo, P., R. Narula, and B. Verspagen. 2005. “Role of Home and Host Country Innovation Systems in R&D Internationalisation: A Patent Citation Analysis.” Economics of Innovation and new Technology 14 (5): 417–433.
   Google Scholar
• Danguy, J. 2017. “Globalization of Innovation Production: A Patent-Based Industry Analysis.” Science and Public Policy 44 (1): 75–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beule, F., and I. Van Beveren. 2019. “Sources of Open Innovation in Foreign Subsidiaries: An Enriched Typology.” International Business Review 28 (1): 135–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delanghe, H., B. Sloan, and U. Muldur. 2009. “Transnational Collaboration in Public Research Funding and Publicly Supported Research in Europe.” In European Science and Technology Policy, edited by H. Delanghe, U. Muldur, and L. Soete, 175–192. Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• De Prato, G., and D. Nepelski. 2014. “Global Technological Collaboration Network: Network Analysis of International Co-Inventions.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 39 (3): 358–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rassenfosse, G., H. Dernis, and G. Boedt. 2014. “An Introduction to the Patstat Database with Example Queries.” Australian Economic Review 47 (3): 395–408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rassenfosse, G., and A. B. Jaffe. 2018. “Are Patent Fees Effective at Weeding Out Low-Quality Patents?” Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 27 (1): 134–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rassenfosse, G., and F. Seliger. 2020. “Sources of Knowledge Flow Between Developed and Developing Nations.” Science and Public Policy 47 (1): 16–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterby-Smith, M., M. A. Lyles, and E. W. Tsang. 2008. “Inter-Organizational Knowledge Transfer: Current Themes and Future Prospects.” Journal of Management Studies 45 (4): 677–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvers, D., and C. Song. 2014. “R&D Cooperation and Firm Performance-Evaluation of Partnering Strategies in the Automotive Industry.” Journal of Finance and Economics 2 (5): 185–193.
   Google Scholar
• Ernst, C., K. Richter, and N. Riedel. 2014. “Corporate Taxation and the Quality of Research and Development.” International Tax and Public Finance 21 (4): 694–719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frishammar, J., K. Ericsson, and P. C. Patel. 2015. “The Dark Side of Knowledge Transfer: Exploring Knowledge Leakage in Joint R&D Projects.” Technovation 41–42: 75–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch, M., M. Titze, and M. Piontek. 2020. “Identifying Cooperation for Innovation – A Comparison of Data Sources.” Industry and Innovation 27 (6): 630–659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman, J. L., M. K. Kyle, I. Cockburn, and R. Henderson. 2006. “Public & Private Spillovers, Location and the Productivity of Pharmaceutical Research.” Annales D’Économie et de Statistique, 79–80.
   Google Scholar
• Gaessler, F., B. H. Hall, and D. Harhoff. 2021. “Should There be Lower Taxes on Patent Income?” Research Policy 50 (1): 104129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamba, S. 2017. “The Effect of Intellectual Property Rights on Domestic Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Sector.” World Development 99: 15–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambardella, A., D. Harhoff, and B. Verspagen. 2008. “The Value of European Patents.” European Management Review 5 (2): 69–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay, C., C. Le Bas, P. Patel, and K. Touach. 2005. “The Determinants of Patent Citations: An Empirical Analysis of French and British Patents in the US.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 14 (5): 339–350.
   Google Scholar
• Geum, Y., S. Lee, B. Yoon, and Y. Park. 2013. “Identifying and Evaluating Strategic Partners for Collaborative R&D: Index-Based Approach Using Patents and Publications.” Technovation 33 (6-7): 211–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittelman, M., and B. Kogut. 2003. “Does Good Science Lead to Valuable Knowledge? Biotechnology Firms and the Evolutionary Logic of Citation Patterns.” Management Science 49 (4): 366–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani, E., A. Martinelli, and R. Rabellotti. 2016. “Is Co-Invention Expediting Technological Catch Up? A Study of Collaboration Between Emerging Country Firms and EU Inventors.” World Development 77: 192–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith, R., H. Miller, and M. O’Connell. 2014. “Ownership of Intellectual Property and Corporate Taxation.” Journal of Public Economics 112: 12–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, J., and Z. Chen. 2012. “Patent Collaboration and International Knowledge Flow.” Information Processing & Management 48 (1): 170–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guellec, D., and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2000. “Applications, Grants and the Value of Patent.” Economics Letters 69 (1): 109–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guellec, D., and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2001. “The Internationalisation of Technology Analysed with Patent Data.” Research Policy 30 (8): 1256–1266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guellec, D., and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2002. “The Value of Patents and Patenting Strategies: Countries and Technology Areas Patterns.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 11 (2): 133–148.
   Google Scholar
• Guellec, D., and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2004. “Measuring the Internationalisation of the Generation of Knowledge.” In Handbook of Quantitative Science and Technology Research, edited by H. F. Moed, W. Glänzel, and U. Schmoch, 645–662. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hagedoorn, J. 2003. “Sharing Intellectual Property Rights – An Exploratory Study of Joint Patenting Amongst Companies.” Industrial and Corporate Change 12 (5): 1035–1050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, B. H., and D. Harhoff. 2012. “Recent Research on the Economics of Patents.” Annual Review of Economics 4 (1): 541–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, B., C. Helmers, M. Rogers, and V. Sena. 2014. “The Choice Between Formal and Informal Intellectual Property: A Review.” Journal of Economic Literature 52 (2): 375–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, B. H., A. Jaffe, and M. Trajtenberg. 2005. “Market Value and Patent Citations.” The RAND Journal of Economics 36 (1): 16–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhoff, D., J. Henkel, and E. Von Hippel. 2003. “Profiting From Voluntary Information Spillovers: How Users Benefit by Freely Revealing Their Innovations.” Research Policy 32 (10): 1753–1769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhoff, D., F. Narin, F. M. Scherer, and K. Vopel. 1999. “Citation Frequency and the Value of Patented Inventions.” Review of Economics and Statistics 81 (3): 511–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhoff, D., and M. Reitzig. 2004. “Determinants of Opposition Against EPO Patent Grants – The Case of Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals.” International Journal of Industrial Organization 22 (4): 443–480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harhoff, D., and S. Wagner. 2009. “The Duration of Patent Examination at the European Patent Office.” Management Science 55 (12): 1969–1984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrigan, K. R., M. C. Di Guardo, and E. Marku. 2018. “Patent Value and the Tobin’s q Ratio in Media Services.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (1): 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilbron, D. 1994. “Zero–Altered and Other Regression Models for Count Data with Added Zeros.” Biometrical Journal 36 (5): 531–547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henard, D. H., and P. A. Dacin. 2010. “Reputation for Product Innovation: Its Impact on Consumers.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 27 (3): 321–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, K. S., and J. Xiang. 2022. “How Collaboration with G7 Countries Drives Environmental Technology Innovation in Ten Newly Industrializing Countries.” Energy for Sustainable Development 71: 176–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández, H., N. Grassano, A. Tübke, S. Amoroso, Z. Csefalvay, and P. Gkotsis. 2020. The 2019 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard; EUR 30002 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Higham, K., G. De Rassenfosse, and A. B. Jaffe. 2021. “Patent Quality: Towards a Systematic Framework for Analysis and Measurement.” Research Policy 50 (4): 104215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines, J. R. 2010. “Treasure Islands.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24 (4): 103–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschey, M., and V. J. Richardson. 2004. “Are Scientific Indicators of Patent Quality Useful to Investors?” Journal of Empirical Finance 11 (1): 91–107.
   Google Scholar
• Höflinger, P. J., C. Nagel, and P. Sandner. 2018. “Reputation for Technological Innovation: Does it Actually Cohere with Innovative Activity?” Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 3 (1): 26–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. B., and G. de Rassenfosse. 2017. “Patent Citation Data in Social Science Research: Overview and Best Practices.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 68 (6): 1360–1374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. B., M. Trajtenberg, and R. Henderson. 1993. “Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (3): 577–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkinsky, T., and N. Riedel. 2012. “Corporate Taxation and the Choice of Patent Location Within Multinational Firms.” Journal of International Economics 88 (1): 176–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, C., and J. Song. 2007. “Creating new Technology Through Alliances: An Empirical Investigation of Joint Patents.” Technovation 27 (8): 461–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knell, M. A. R. K., and R. Srholec. 2008. Collaboration in Innovation and Foreign Ownership Across Industries in Europe. Europe Innova, Innovation Watch.
   Google Scholar
• Kotabe, M., D. Dunlap-Hinkler, R. Parente, and H. A. Mishra. 2007. “Determinants of Cross-National Knowledge Transfer and its Effect on Firm Innovation.” Journal of International Business Studies 38 (2): 259–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahiri, N. 2010. “Geographic Distribution of R&D Activity: How Does it Affect Innovation Quality?” Academy of Management Journal 53 (5): 1194–1209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakdawalla, D. N. 2018. “Economics of the Pharmaceutical Industry.” Journal of Economic Literature 56 (2): 397–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, D. 1992. “Zero–Inflated Poisson Regression, with an Application to Defects in Manufacturing.” Technometrics 34 (1): 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanjouw, J. O., and M. Schankerman. 2001. “Characteristics of Patent Litigation: A Window on Competition.” RAND Journal of Economics, 129–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanjouw, J. O., and M. Schankerman. 2004. “Patent Quality and Research Productivity: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators.” The Economic Journal 114 (495): 441–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen, K., and A. J. Salter. 2014. “The Paradox of Openness: Appropriability, External Search and Collaboration.” Research Policy 43 (5): 867–878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecocq, C., and B. Van Looy. 2009. “The impact of collaboration on the technological performance of regions: time invariant or driven by life cycle dynamics? An explorative investigation of European regions in the field of Biotechnology.” Scientometrics 80 (3): 845–865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., H. Lee, and C. Lee. 2020. “Open Innovation at the National Level: Towards a Global Innovation System.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 151: 119842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, X. P., Z. Y. Zhao, X. Zhang, D. Z. Chen, M. H. Huang, J. Zheng, and Y. H. Zhao. 2013. “Technological Collaboration Patterns in Solar Cell Industry Based on Patent Inventors and Assignees Analysis.” Scientometrics 96 (2): 427–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, J. 1994. “The Importance of Patent Scope: An Empirical Analysis.” The RAND Journal of Economics 25 (2): 319–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C., Y. J. Wu, C. Chang, W. Wang, and C. Y. Lee. 2012. “The Alliance Innovation Performance of R&D Alliances – The Absorptive Capacity Perspective.” Technovation 32 (5): 282–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lino, T., H. Inoue, Y. U. Saito, and Y. Todo. 2021. “How Does the Global Network of Research Collaboration Affect the Quality of Innovation?” The Japanese Economic Review 72 (1): 5–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., and J. Freese. 2001. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loschky, A. 2008. Reviewing the Nomenclature for High – The Sectoral Approach. Technical Report (2008)9. OECD STD/SES/WPTGS.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Z., Y. Lee, and C. F. P. Chen. 2009. “Booming or Emerging? China’s Technological Capability and International Collaboration in Patent Activities.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 76 (6): 787–796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magazzini, L., F. Pammolli, M. Riccaboni, and M. A. Rossi. 2009. “Patent Disclosure and R&D Competition in Pharmaceuticals.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 18 (5): 467–486.
   Google Scholar
• Maggioni, M. A., M. Nosvelli, and T. E. Uberti. 2007. “Space Versus Networks in the Geography of Innovation: A European Analysis.” Papers in Regional Science 86 (3): 471–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani, M., and M. Romanelli. 2007. “‘Stacking’ and ‘Picking’ Inventions: The Patenting Behavior of European Inventors.” Research Policy 36 (8): 1128–1142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrocu, E., R. Paci, and S. Usai. 2013. “Proximity, Networking and Knowledge Production in Europe: What Lessons for Innovation Policy?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 80 (8): 1484–1498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez, C. 2010. Insight into Different Types of Patent Families. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2010/02. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Martínez, C. 2011. “Patent Families: When Do Different Definitions Really Matter?” Scientometrics 86 (1): 39–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascia, D., F. Pallotti, and F. Angeli. 2017. “Don’t Stand So Close to Me: Competitive Pressures, Proximity and Inter-Organizational Collaboration.” Regional Studies 51 (9): 1348–1361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzola, E., M. Bruccoleri, and G. Perrone. 2016. “Open Innovation and Firms Performance: State of the Art and Empirical Evidences From the Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Journal of Technology Management 70 (2-3): 109–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messeni Petruzzelli, A., D. Rotolo, and V. Albino. 2015. “Determinants of Patent Citations in Biotechnology: An Analysis of Patent Influence Across the Industrial and Organizational Boundaries.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 91: 208–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelino, F., A. Cammarano, E. Lamberti, and M. Caputo. 2017. “Open Innovation for Start-Ups: A Patent-Based Analysis of bio-Pharmaceutical Firms at the Knowledge Domain Level.” European Journal of Innovation Management.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moaniba, I. M., H. N. Su, and P. C. Lee. 2018. “Knowledge Recombination and Technological Innovation: The Important Role of Cross–Disciplinary Knowledge.” Innovation 20 (4): 326–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Morales, F. X., and M. Expósito-Langa. 2013. “Overcoming Undesirable Knowledge Redundancy in Territorial Clusters.” Industry and Innovation 20 (8): 739–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montobbio, F., and V. Sterzi. 2013. “The Globalization of Technology in Emerging Markets: A Gravity Model on the Determinants of International Patent Collaborations.” World Development 44: 281–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser, P., J. Ohmstedt, and P. W. Rhode. 2017. “Patent Citations – An Analysis of Quality Differences and Citing Practices in Hybrid Corn.” Management Science 64 (4): 1926–1940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemet, G. F., and E. Johnson. 2012. “Do Important Inventions Benefit From Knowledge Originating in Other Technological Domains?” Research Policy 41 (1): 190–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxley, J. E., and R. C. Sampson. 2004. “The Scope and Governance of International R&D Alliances.” Strategic Management Journal 25 (8-9): 723–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, D., and M. R. Ward. 2011. “Using Patent Citation Patterns to Infer Innovation Market Competition.” Research Policy 40 (6): 886–894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner-Hahn, J., and J. M. Shaver. 2005. “Does International Research and Development Increase Patent Output? An Analysis of Japanese Pharmaceutical Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (2): 121–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picci, L. 2010. “The Internationalization of Inventive Activity: A Gravity Model Using Patent Data.” Research Policy 39 (8): 1070–1081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picci, L., and L. Savorelli. 2018. “The ‘Inventor Balance’ and the Functional Specialization in Global Inventive Activities.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 27 (1): 39–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponta, L., G. Puliga, R. Manzini, and S. Cincotti. 2022. “Sustainability-Oriented Innovation and Co-Patenting Role in Agri-Food Sector: Empirical Analysis with Patents.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 178: 121595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp, D. 2006. “They Don’t Invent Them Like They Used to: An Examination of Energy Patent Citations Over Time.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 15 (8): 753–776.
   Google Scholar
• Reuer, J. J., and N. Lahiri. 2014. “Searching for Alliance Partners: Effects of Geographic Distance on the Formation of R&D Collaborations.” Organization Science 25 (1): 283–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, V. 2010. “The Backlog Issue in Patents: A Look at the European Case.” World Patent Information 32 (4): 287–290.
   Google Scholar
• Santamaría, L., M. J. Nieto, and A. Rodríguez. 2021. “Failed and Successful Innovations: The Role of Geographic Proximity and International Diversity of Partners in Technological Collaboration.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 166: 120575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapsalis, E., and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2007. “The Institutional Sources of Knowledge and the Value of Academic Patents.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 16 (2): 139–157.
   Google Scholar
• Sapsalis, E., B. V. P. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, and R. Navon. 2006. “Academic Versus Industry Patenting: An In–Depth Analysis of What Determines Patent Value.” Research Policy 35 (10): 1631–1645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schettino, F., A. Sterlacchini, and F. Venturini. 2013. “Inventive Productivity and Patent Quality: Evidence From Italian Inventors.” Journal of Policy Modeling 35 (6): 1043–1056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid, J., and A. Fajebe. 2019. “Variation in Patent Impact by Organization Type: An Investigation of Government, University, and Corporate Patents.” Science and Public Policy 46 (4): 589–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotchmer, S. 1991. “Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent law.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1): 29–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simard, C., and J. West. 2006. “Knowledge Networks and the Geographic Locus of Innovation.” In Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm, edited by H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, and J. West, 220–240. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, J. 2008. “Distributed R&D, Cross–Regional Knowledge Integration and Quality of Innovative Output.” Research Policy 37 (1): 77–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson, O., and L. Fleming. 2004. “Science and the Diffusion of Knowledge.” Research Policy 33 (10): 1615–1634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squicciarini, M., H. Dernis, and C. Crisculo. 2013. Measuring Patent Quality: Indicators of Technological and Economic Value. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2013/03. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sterzi, V. 2013. “Patent Quality and Ownership: An Analysis of UK Faculty Patenting.” Research Policy 42 (2): 564–576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, H. N. 2017. “Collaborative and Legal Dynamics of International R&D-Evolving Patterns in East Asia.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 117: 217–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, H. N. 2021. “How Does Distant Collaboration Influence R&D Quality?” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, doi:10.1080/09537325.2021.1926965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, Y., C. Zhang, and R. A. Kok. 2020. “The Role of Research Outcome Quality in the Relationship Between University Research Collaboration and Technology Transfer: Empirical Results From China.” Scientometrics 122 (2): 1003–1026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahmooresnejad, L., and C. Beaudry. 2019. “Capturing the Economic Value of Triadic Patents.” Scientometrics 118 (1): 127–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Wal, A. L., and R. A. Boschma. 2009. “Applying Social Network Analysis in Economic Geography: Framing Some Key Analytic Issues.” The Annals of Regional Science 43 (3): 739–756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, P. 1999. “The Effect of Technological Impact Upon Patent Renewal Decisions.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 11 (2): 181–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trajtenberg, M. 1990. “A Penny for Your Quotes: Patent Citations and the Value of Innovations.” The RAND Journal of Economics 21 (1): 172–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beers, C., and F. Zand. 2014. “R&D Cooperation, Partner Diversity, and Innovation Performance: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Product Innovation Management 31 (2): 292–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Raan, A. F. 2017. “Patent Citations Analysis and its Value in Research Evaluation: A Review and a New Approach to Map Technology–Relevant Research.” Journal of Data and Information Science 2 (1): 13–50.
   Google Scholar
• van Zeebroeck, N., and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie. 2011. “The Vulnerability of Patent Value Determinants.” Economics of Innovation and New Technology 20 (3): 283–308.
   Google Scholar
• von Proff, S., and A. Dettmann. 2013. “Inventor Collaboration Over Distance: A Comparison of Academic and Corporate Patents.” Scientometrics 94 (3): 1217–1238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. 1999. “Quasi-likelihood Methods for Count Data.” In Handbook of Applied Econometrics Volume II: Microeconomics, edited by M. H. Pesaran, and P. Schmidt, 321–367. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H., C. Phelps, and H. K. Steensma. 2010. “Learning From What Others Have Learned From You: The Effects of Knowledge Spillovers on Originating Firms.” Academy of Management Journal 53 (2): 371–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuniga, P., D. Guellec, H. Dernis, M. Khan, T. Okazaki, and C. Webb. 2009. OECD Patent Statistics Manual. France: OECD Publications.
   Google Scholar