1,593
Views
259
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

National Innovation Systems: Why They Are Important, And How They Might Be Measured And Compared

&
Pages 77-95 | Received 03 Feb 1994, Published online: 28 Jul 2006

References

  • Abernathy , W. and Hayes , R. 1980 . Managing our Way to Economic Decline, Harvard Business Review , July/August
  • Archibugi , D. and Pianta , M. 1992 . The Technological Specialisation of Advanced Countries , Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Arrow , K. 1962a . The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing. Review of Economic Studies , 29 : 155 – 173 .
  • Arrow , K. 1962b . “ Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention ” . In The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity , Edited by: Nelson , R . Princeton UP : New Jersey .
  • Bell , M. and Pavitt , K. 1993 . Technological Accumulation and Industrial Growth: Contrasts between Developed and Developing Countries, Industrial and Corporate Change , 2 : 157 – 210 .
  • Bertin , G. and Wyatt , S. 1988 . Multinationals and Industrial Property , Hemel Hempstead : Harvester-Wheatsheaf .
  • Cantwell , J. 1989 . Technological Innovation and Multinational Corporations , Oxford : Blackwell .
  • Corbett , J. and Mayer , C. 1991 . Financial Reform in Eastern Europe Discussion paper No. 603. Centre for Economic Policy Research , London : CEPR .
  • David , P. 1975 . “ Innovation and Economic Growth ” . In Technical Choice , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Dosi , G. , Pavitt , K. and Soete , L. 1990 . The Economics of Technical Change and International Trade , Wheatsheaf .
  • Ergas, H. (1984) Why do some countries innovate more than others Centre for European Policy Studies, Paper no. 5, Brussels
  • Fagerberg , J. 1987 . “ A Technology Gap Approach to Why Growth Rates Differ ” . In Output Measurement in Science and Technology: Essays in Honour of Y. Fabian , Edited by: Freeman , C . Amsterdam : North Holland .
  • Fagerberg , J. 1988 . International Competitiveness, Economic Jounlal , 98 : 355—374
  • Franko , L. 1989 . Global Corporate Competition: who's winning, who's losing, and the R & D factor as one reason why. Strategic Management Journal , 10 : 449 – 474 .
  • Freeman , C. 1987 . Output Measurement in Science and Technology: Essays in Honour of Y. Fabian , Nonh-Holland : Amsterdam .
  • Freeman , C. 1988 . “ Japan: a New National System of Innovation ” . In Technical Change and Economic Theory , Edited by: Dosi , G , Freeman , C , Nelson , R , Silverberg , G and Soete , L . London : Pinter .
  • Geroski , P. , Machin , S. and van Reenen , J. 1993 . The Profitability of Innovating Firms . RAND Journal of Economics , 24 : 198 – 211 .
  • Grilliches , Z. 1990 . Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: a Survey . Journal of Economic Literature , 28 : 1661 – 1707 .
  • Guerrieri , P. 1991 . Technology and International Trade Performance of the Most Advanced Countries , BRIE Working papers, Berkeley : University of California .
  • Hanson , P. and Pavitt , K. 1987 . The Comparative Economics of Research , Development and Innovation in East and West : A Survey .
  • Hu , Y-S. 1975 . National Attitudes and the Financing of Industry, Political and Economic Planning , Vol. XLI , London : Broadsheet No. 559 .
  • Irvine , J. , Martin , B. and Isard , P. 1990 . Investing in the Future , Elgar : Aldershot .
  • Jaffe , A. 1989 . Real Effects of Academic Research . American Economic Review , 79 : 957 – 970 .
  • Kline , S. 1990 . A Numerical Measure for the Complexity of Systems the Concept and Some Implications , Report INN-5 : Dept of mechanical engineering .
  • Lawrence , P. 1980 . Managers and Management in W. Germany , London : Croom Helm .
  • Levin , R. , Klevorick , A. , Nelson , R. and Winter , S. 1987 . Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development . Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 3 : 783 – 820 .
  • Lundvall , B-A . 1988 . “ lnnovation as an Interactive Process: From User-Producer Interaction to the National System of Innovation ” . In Technical Change and Economic Theory , Edited by: Dosi , G. , Freeman , C. , Nelson , R. , Silverberg , G. and Soete , L. London : Pinter .
  • Maizels , A. 1963 . Industrial Growth and World Trade , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Mansfield , E. , Schwartz , M. and Wagner , S. 1981 . Imitation Costs and Patents: an Empirical Study . Economic Journal , 91 : 907 – 918 .
  • Martin , B. 1992 . The Position of British Science . Nature , 355 : 760
  • Mason , G. , Prais , S. and van Ark , B. 1992 . Vocational Educatiori and Productivity . the Netherlands and Britain, National Institute Economic Review , May : 46 – 63 .
  • Mitchell , G. and Hamilton , W. 1988 . Managing R & D as a Strategic Option . Research-Technology Management , 31 : 15 – 22 .
  • Mowery , D. and Rosenberg , N. 1979 . The Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: a Critical Review of Some Recent Empirical Studies . Research Policy , 8 : 102 – 153 .
  • Myers , S. 1984 . Finance Theory and Finance Strategy . Interfaces , 14 : 126 – 137 .
  • Nelson , R. 1990 . US Technological Leadership: where did it come from and where did it go . Research Policy , 19 : 117 – 132 .
  • Nelson , R. 1990 . Capitalism as an Engine of Progress, Research Policy. , 19 : 193
  • Nelson , R. 1993 . National Innovation Systems: a Comparative Analysis , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Nelson , R. and Winter , S. 1982 . An Evolutionary Theory of Econornic Change. Cambridge , Mass : Belknap Press .
  • Newton, K., de Broucker, P., McDougal, G., McMullen, K., Schweitzer, T., Siedule, T. (1992) Education and Training in Canada, Canada Communication Group, Ottawa.
  • Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques . 1991 . “ Science et Technologie: Indicateurs ” . In Economica Paris
  • Patel , P. 1994 . Localised Production of Technology for Global Markets . Cambridge Journal of Economics , forthcoming
  • Patel , P. and Pavitt , K. 1991 . Large Firms in the Production of the World's Technology: an Important Case of Non-Globalisation, Journal of International Business Studies , 22 : 1—21
  • Patel , P. and Pavitt , K. 1991 . Europe's Technological Performance , Edited by: Freeman , C. , Sharp , M. and Walker , W. Pinter, London : Technology in Europe's Future .
  • Patel , P. and Pavitt , K. 1994 . “ Patterns of Technological Activity: their Measurement and Interpretation ” . In The Economics of Innovation and Technical Change , Edited by: Stoneman , P. Oxford : Basil Blackwell . forthcoming
  • Pavitt , K. 1991 . What makes Basic Research Economically Useful, Research Policy , 20 : 109 – 119 .
  • Pavitt , K. and Patel , P. 1988 . The International Distribution and Determinants of Technological Activities, Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 4 : 35 – 55 .
  • Porter , M. 1990 . The Competitive Advantage of Nations , London : Macmillan .
  • Posner , M. 1961 . International Trade and Technical Change, Oxford Economic Papers , 13 : 323 – 341 .
  • Prais , S. 1993 . “ Economic Performance and Education: the Nature of Britain's Deficiencies ” . In Discussion Paper no. 52. National Institute for Economic and Social Research London
  • van Raan , A. 1988 . Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology , Amsterdam : North-Holland .
  • Ray , G. 1989 . Full Circle: The Diffusion of Technology, Research Policy , 18 : 1 – 18 .
  • Romer , P. 1990 . Endogenous Technical Change, Journal of Political Economy , 98 : 71 – 102 .
  • Rosenberg , N. 1976 . “ Science, Invention and Economic Growth ” . In Perspectives on Technology , 84 Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press . Originally published in Economic Journal
  • Rosenberg , N. and Nelson , R. 1992 . American Universities and Technical Advance in Industry , Centre for Economic Policy Research : Stanford University .
  • Salter , W. 1966 . Productivity and Technical Change , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Schmookler , J. 1966 . Invention and Economic Growth , Boston : Mass: Harvard UP .
  • 1990 . Four Fields where Japan leads and US lags , 1 February
  • Science Watch . World Standings in Science Vol. 2 , February, 1991
  • Sharp , M. Europe: a Renaissance?, Science and Public Policy , 18 393 – 400 .
  • Soete , L. 1981 . A General Test of Technological Gap Trade Theory, Weltwirtschafrliches Archiv. , 117 : 638 – 666 .
  • Soete , L. and Verspagen , B. 1993 . “ Technology and Growth: the Complex Dynamics of Catching Up, and Taking Over ” . In Explaining Economic Growth , Edited by: Szirmai , A. , van Ark , B. and Pilat , D. Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Stiglitz , J. 1987 . “ Learning to learn, localised learning and technological progress ” . In Economic Policy and Technological Performance , Edited by: Dasgupta , P. and Stoneman , P. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Teece, D., Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1990) Firm Capabilities, Resources, and the Concept of Strategy, CCC Working Paper No. 90–8, Centre for Research in Management, Berkeley, CA.
  • Vernon , R. 1966 . International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 80 : 190 – 207 .
  • Vernon , R. 1979 . The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , 41 : 255 – 267 .
  • Walsh , V. 1984 . Invention and Innovation in the Chemical Industry: Demand-Pull or Discovery-Push? Research Policy , 13 : 211 – 234 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.