Integration of Police in the United States: Changes and Development after 9/11

References

• Amur , T.N. (2005) , Homing in, American City and County , Primedia Business Magazines & Media Inc. Available online at: http://americancityandcounty.com/mag/government_homing/index.html#top (accessed 26 May 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Bedard , P. ( 2004 ), “Washington whispers” , U.S. News and World Report , Vol. 137 , no. 12 , p. 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumstein , A. (1998) , The context of recent changes in crime rates , in: What can the Federal Government do to Decrease Crime and Revitalize Communities? January 5–7, 1998 Panel Papers , National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Brandl , S.G. (2003) “Back to the future: The implications of September 11, 2001, on law enforcement practice and policy” , Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law , Vol. 1 , no. 1 , pp. 133 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Assistance . (2002) , Regional information sharing systems program , in: Bureau of Justice Assistance Program Brief , Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , J.R. (1995) , “The future terrorists in America” , American Journal of Police , Vol. 14 , no. 3/4 , pp. 71 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Casey , J. (2004) , “Managing joint terrorism task force resources” , FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , Vol. 73 , no. 11 , pp. 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Choo , C.W. (1996) , “The knowing organization: How organizations use information to construct meaning, create language, create knowledge and make decisions,” International Journal of Information Management , Vol. 16 , pp. 329 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole , G.F. , Frankowski , S.J. & Gertz , M.G. (1981) , Major Criminal Justice Systems , Sage , Beverly Hills, CA
   Google Scholar
• Council of State Governments and Eastern Kentucky University (CSG & EKU) . (2005) , The Impact of Terrorism on State Law Enforcement: Adjusting to New Roles and Changing Conditions , Washington, D.C : National Institute of Justice, U.S Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , H.J. & Plotkin , M.R. (2005) , Protecting Your Community From Terrorism: The Strategies for Local Law Enforcement , Police Executive Research Forum , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Devanney , J. & Devanney , D. (2003) , “Homeland security and PATRIOT acts” , Law and Order , August , pp. 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Emeno , A. , Arnold , S.L. & Wood , S. (2002) , “Patchwork crime-fighting: Costly, unequal policing a suburban quandary” , Philadelphia Inquirer , 21 September, A1 , A12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Estrada , F. (2004) , “The transformation of the politics of crime in high crime societies” , European Journal of Criminology , Vol. 1 , no. 4 , pp. 419 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaines , L.K. & Kappeler , V.E. (2005) , Policing in America , Anderson Publishing , Cincinnati, OH .
   Google Scholar
• Gist , N.E. (1998) , Regional information sharing systems program , in: Bureau of Justice Assistance Fact Sheet , Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Global Intelligence Working Group (GIWG) (2003) , The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan , Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , A.L. & Reaves , B.A. (2000) , Sheriffs’ Departments 1997 , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Gorman , S. (2004) , “The survivor” , National Journal , Vol. 36 , no. 34 , p. 2466 .
   Google Scholar
• Hage , J. & Aiken , M. (1970) , Social Change in Complex Organizations , Random House , New York .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , V.E. (2005) , Developing local law enforcement's strategic capacity to combat terrorism in the United States , in: Public Order: A Global Perspective , Pearson Prentice Hall , Upper Saddle River, NJ
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , M.J. (2004) , State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2002 , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , M.J. & Reaves , B.A. (2001a) , Community policing in local police departments, 1997 and 1999 , in: Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , M.J. & Reaves , B.A. (2001b) , Local police departments 1999 , in: Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , M.J. & Reaves , B.A. (2003a) , Sheriffs’ Offices 2000 , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , M.J. & Reaves , B.A. (2003b) , Local police departments 2000 , in: Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Hitz , F.P. and Weiss , B.J. 2004 . “Helping the CIA and FBI connect the dots in the war on terror” . International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence , 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , S.S. & Cohen , S. (2005) , “Most area terrorism funding not spent Washington last in U.S.; $120 million still unused” , Washington Post , 10 April, p. A01. Available online at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40729-2005Apr9.html?nav=rss_topnews (accessed 10 April 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Hunter , R.D. (1990) , “Bringing order to chaos: A model for American police” , Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , Vol. 6 , no. 4 , pp. 205 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Intergovernmental Research (IIR) . (2005) , State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training (SLATT) . Available online at: http://www.iir.com/slatt (accessed 10 February 2006) .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , L.J. (2005) , “Chertoff to overhaul homeland security” , Associated Press , 13 July. Available online at: http://apnews1.iwon.com//article/20050713/D8BAN4U80.html?PG=home (accessed 13 July 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J.F. Jr , Bodrero , D.D. & Martin , R.A. (1999) , “Terrorism” , FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , Vol. 68 , no. 3 , pp. 3 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Lichtbala , E. (2005) , “Judge considers declassifying 9/11 report on the F.B.I” , New York Times , 154 ( 53124 ), p. 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Maguire , E.R. & Katz , C.M. (2002) , “Community policing, loose coupling, and sensemaking in American police agencies” , Justice Quarterly , Vol. 19 , no. 3 , pp. 503 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , P.K. (1997) , Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing , Waveland Press , Prospect Heights, IL .
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , E. (1992) , “The democratic deficit: European Union and the accountability of the British police” , British Journal of Criminology , Vol. 32 , no. 4 , pp. 473 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.W. & Rowan , B. (1977) , “Institutional organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony” , American Journal of Sociology , Vol. 83 , pp. 340 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.W. & Scott , W.R. (1983) , Centralization and the legitimacy problems of local government , in: Meyer , J.W. & Scott , W.R. Organizational Environments , Sage , Beverley Hills, CA
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , G.R. , Plotkin , M.R. & Flynn , E.A. (2003) , Protecting Your Community from Terrorism. Improving Local-federal Partnerships , Police Executive Research Forum , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States . (2004) , The 9/11 Commission Report (authorized edition) , W.W. Norton & Co. , New York
   Google Scholar
• National Criminal Justice Association . (1997) , Easy Bay Public Safety Corridor Partnership: A Voluntary Regional Collaboration in Northern California , Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice . (1999) , Inventory of State and Local Law Enforcement Technology Needs to Combat Terrorism , National Institute of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Orton , J.D. & Weick , K.E. (1990) , “Loosely coupled systems: A reconceptualization” , Academy of Management Review , Vol. 15 , pp. 2003 – 2023 .
   Google Scholar
• Pajak , E. & Green , A. (2003) , “Loosely coupled organizations, misrecognition, and social reproduction” , International Leadership in Education , Vol. 6 , no. 4 , pp. 393 – 413 .
   Google Scholar
• Ragavan , C. (2005) , “Fixing the F.B.I.” , U.S. News and World Report , Vol. 138 , no. 11 , p. 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. (1997) , Federal law enforcement officers, 1996 , in: Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. (2000a) , Federal law enforcement officers, 1998 , in: Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. (2000b) , Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 1999: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. & Bauer , L.M. (2003) , Federal law enforcement officers, 2002 , in: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. & Goldberg , A.L. (2000) , Local Police Departments 1997 , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. & Hart , T.C. (2001) , Federal law enforcement officers, 2000 , in: Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. & Hickman , M.J. (2002a) , Police departments in large cities, 1990–2000 , in: Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. & Hickman , M.J. (2002b) , Census of state and local law enforcement agencies, 2000 , in: Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Reaves , B.A. & Hickman , M.J. (2004) , Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State And Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers , Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Rehm , M.K. & Rehm , W.R. (2000) , “Terrorism preparedness calls for proactive approach” , The Police Chief , Vol. 67 , no. 12 , pp. 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Riley , K.J. & Hoffman , B. (1995a) , State and local responses to terrorism , in: National Institute of Justice Update , National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Riley , K.J. & Hoffman , B. (1995b) , Domestic Terrorism: A National Assessment of State and Local Preparedness , Rand, Santa Monica , CA
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , J. (2004) , “Prevent defense” , New Republic , Vol. 231 , no. 10 , p. 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothkopf , D. (2005) , “Technology can fix U.S. intelligence” , Technology Review , February , Vol. 108 , No. 2 , p. 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon , J. (2005) , “Terror expertise not priority at FBI” , Associated Press , 19 June. Available online at: http://apnews1.iwon.com//article/20050619/D8AQQ0EG1.html?PG=home& SEC= news (accessed 19 June 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , D.J. (2004) , “Origins of police officer stress before and after 9/11” , Police Journal , Vol. 77 , no. 2 , pp. 145 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Strambaugh , H. , Tillery , C. & Schaenman , P. (1999) , Inventory of state and local law enforcement technology needs to combat terrorism , in: National Institute of Justice Research in Brief , National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Thacher , D. (2005) , “The local role in homeland security” , Law and Society Review , Vol. 39 , no. 3 , pp. 635 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Commission on Terrorism . (2005) , The 9/11 Commission Report Executive Summary . Available online at: http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/9/11Report_Exec.pdf (accessed 1 June 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security . (2003) , First 100 Days of Homeland Security. White House News & Policies, Office of the Press Secretary . Available online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/04/20030429-7.html (accessed 30 May 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security . (2005) , White House, News and Releases. Improving Homeland Security . Available online at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland (accessed 1 May 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Van de Ven , A. & Drazin , R. (1985) , “The concept of fit in contingency theory” , Research in Organizational Behavior , Vol. 7 , pp. 333 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Weick , K.E. (1979) , The Social Psychology of Organizing (2nd edn) , Addison-Wesley, Reading , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Weick , K.E. (1993) , “The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster” , Administrative Science Quarterly , Vol. 38 , pp. 628 – 652 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , A. (1998) , Informal information sharing among police agencies , in: National Institute of Justice Research Preview , National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice , Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , P. (1985) , European police cooperation , in: Roach , J. & Thomaneck , J. Police and Public Order in Europe , Croom Helm , London .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , J.J. , Mastrofski , S.D. & Weisburd , D. (2004) , COMPSTAT and bureaucracy: A case study of challenges and opportunities for change , Justice Quarterly , Vol. 21 , no. 3 , pp. 463 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yim , R.A. (2002) , National Preparedness. Integration of Federal, State, Local, and Private Sector Efforts Is Critical to an Effective National Strategy for Homeland Security , U.S. General Accounting Office , Washington, DC Available online at: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02621t.pdf (accessed 3 June 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Yost , P. (2005) , “Report shows FBI misses Sept. 11 chances” , Associated Press , 10 June. Available online at: http://apnews1.iwon.com//article/20050610/D8AKP9VG0.html?PG=home (accessed 10 June 2005) .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , J. , Hi , H. & Lovrich , N.P. (2003) , “Community policing: Did it change the basic functions of policing in the 1990s? A national follow-up study” , Justice Quarterly , Vol. 20 , no. 4 , pp. 697 – 724 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar