Problems in policing computer crime

References

• 1990 . The Treasurer , 12 ( 3 ) March : 1
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• The Act belatedly brings English law into line with the situation in the US, Canada and much of Europe. For example, in the US virtually all states (excepting District of Columbia, Maine, Vermont and West Virginia) have followed the lead of Florida and Arizona in 1978 (Tapper 1990) and have enacted specific laws against computer abuse often following a model computer law available from the Data Processing Management Association. In 1984 and 1986 Congress enacted two pieces of computer crime legislation (US Public Laws 98–473 and 99–474) and in January 1988 state laws were strengthened by a federal Computer Crime Act. Similarly in Canada, the Criminal Code Section 301.2 states that a mischief is committed by persons who wilfully: destroy or alter data; render data meaningless, useless or ineffective; obstruct, interrupt or interfere with any person in the lawful use of data; or denies access to data to any person who is entitled to access thereto. In France, Article 462–2 of the Law 88–19 provides an offence of fraudulent access to a machine, West German legislation made it illegal to gain unauthorised access to secure computers and the Swedish Data Act 1973 is probably the earliest creation of the offence of gaining unauthorised access to a computer. Currently, according to the Law Commission (1989) only Belgium and Japan of major industrial countries rely upon existing laws to counter computer crime and abuse.
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• The Guardian 01 Mar 90 Computer Guardian: ‘The Stange case of the disappearing Computer Crime statistics’.
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• Council of Europe Committee of Ministers . 1989 . Recommendation No. R (89) 9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Computer‐related Crime , Council of Europe .
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• City of London Police . 1989 . Fraudstop , September
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• Cornwall , H. 1988 . ‘Hacking away at computer law reform’ . New Law Journal , September 30th
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• Ibid.
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• Nasuti , F.W. 1986 . ‘Investigating Computer Crime’ . Journal of Accounting and EDP , Fall : 13 – 19 .
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• Albrecht , W.S. , Howe , K.R. and Romney , M.B. 1984 . Deterring Fraud: The Internal Auditor's Perspective , The Institute of Internal Research Foundation .
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• Ibid.
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• Hutchinson , S. 1990 . ‘Access control of ZAP programs’ . EDPACS , 18 ( 1 ) : 1 – 3 . Zap and Super Zap are privileged access programs for a discussion of their operation and implications see.
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