Demystifying confidence in different levels of the police: evidence from Shanghai, China

References

• Albrecht, S.L. and Green, M., 1977. Attitudes toward the police and the larger attitude complex. Criminology, 15 (1), 67–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, L., et al., 2015. Do in-group and out-group trusts matter in predicting confidence in order institutions: a study of three culturally distinctive countries. International sociology, 30, 674–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, L. and Cullen, F.T., 2001. Thinking about crime and control: a comparative study of Chinese and American ideology. International criminal justice review, 11, 58–81.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, L. and Dai, M., 2006. Confidence in the police: where does Taiwan rank in the world? Asian journal of criminology, 1, 71–84.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, L. and Hou, C., 2001. A comparison of confidence in the police in China and in the United States. Journal of criminal justice, 29 (2), 87–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, A., 2002. From propaganda to hegemony: Jiaodian Fangtan and China’s media policy. Journal of contemporary China, 11 (30), 35–51.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, K.-H., 2010. Asia as method. Durham, NC: Duke.
   Google Scholar
• Creemers, R., 2017. Cyber China: upgrading propaganda, public opinion work and social management for the twenty-first century. Journal of contemporary China, 26, 85–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, M., 2008. Policing in the people’s Republic of China: a review of recent literature. Crime, Law and social change, 50 (3), 211–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delhey, J., Newton, K., and Welzel, C., 2011. How general is trust in “most people”? Solving the radius of trust problem. American sociological review, 76 (5), 786–807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di, X. and Wu, Y., 2009. The developing trend of the people’s mediation in China. Sociological focus, 42, 228–245.
   Google Scholar
• Dutton, M., 1992. Policing and punishment in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fei, X., 1992. From the soil. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frederickson, G., and Frederickson, D., 1995. Public perceptions of ethics in governments. The ANNALS of the American academy of political and social science, 537 (1), 163–172.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F., 1995. Trust. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, V. and Cao, L., 2005. Race and satisfaction with the police in a small city. Journal of criminal justice, 33 (2), 191–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, B., Xia, Y., and Cheng, G., 2017. Power structure and media autonomy in China: the case of Southern weekend. Journal of contemporary China, 26 (104), 233–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, W., 2007. The police and the rule of law: commentary on ‘principals and secret agents’. The China quarterly, 191, 671–674.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., 2001. Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviours, institutions, and organizations across the nations. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, M.K., 1998. Political trust and the roots of devolution. In: Valerie Braithwaite and Margaret Levi, ed. Trust and governance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 218–244.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, S., Sun, I.Y., and Wang, J., 2012. Citizens’ satisfaction with police in Guangzhou, China. Policing: An international journal of police strategies & management, 35 (4), 801–821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao, A.Y., 2001. Police and culture: a comparison between China and the United States. Police quarterly, 4 (2), 156–185.
   Google Scholar
• King, G., Pan, J., and Roberts, M.E., 2014. Reverse-engineering censorship in China: randomized experimentation and participant observation. Science, 345 (6100), 891–901.
   Google Scholar
• Kish, L., 1949. A procedure for objective respondent selection within the household. Journal of the American statistical association, 44 (247), 380–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutnjak Ivković, S.K., 2008. A comparative study of public support for the police. International criminal justice review, 18, 406–434.
   Google Scholar
• Lai, Y.-L., Cao, L., and Zhao, J.S., 2010. The impact of political regime on confidence in legal authorities: a comparison between China and Taiwan. Journal of criminal justice, 38 (5), 934–941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., 2004. Political trust in rural China. Modern China, 30 (2), 228–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., 2013. Household registration and cohort on confidence in the police based on data from shanghai. Sociological reviewer of Chinese (in Chinese, 1 (6), 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L., 2016. Reassessing trust in the central government. The China quarterly, 225, 100–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, N., and Xie, W., 1988. Occupational prestige in urban China. American journal of sociology, 93, 793–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, F., 2010. An analysis of entrapment in China. West Law and politics series (in Chinese), 12, 39–41.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Y., 2014. The police system in China. In: L. Cao, I. Sun, and B. Hebenton, ed. The Routledge handbook of Chinese criminology. London: Routledge, 64–75.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J., 2014. The Confucian ethic and the spirit of East Asian police. Crime, Law and social change, 61 (4), 461–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A. and Listhaug, O., 1990. Political parties and confidence in government. British journal of political science, 20 (3), 357–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, K., 2002. Collective action in the Chinese countryside. The China journal, 48, 139–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, R., et al., 1998. Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36 (4), 859–866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, S. and Oberwittler, D., 2009. On the road to the rule of law: crime, crime control, and public opinion in China. European journal on criminal policy and research, 15, 137–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, L., et al., 2005. Linking confidence in the police with the performance of the police: community policing can make a difference. Journal of criminal justice, 33 (1), 55–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, T., 2001. Cultural values and political trust: a comparison of the people’s Republic of China and Taiwan. Comparative politics, 33 (4), 401–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, X., 2016. The effect of life satisfaction on confidence in the police. The newspaper of Kaifeng education college (in Chinese, 36 (2), 291–294.
   Google Scholar
• Stack, S.J. and Cao, L., 1998. Political conservatism and confidence in the police: a comparative analysis. Journal of crime and justice, 21 (1), 71–76.
   Google Scholar
• Steinhardt, H.C., 2017. Discursive accommodation: popular protest and strategic elite communication in China. European political science review, 9 (4), 539–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, I.Y., et al., 2013. One country, three populations: trust in police among migrants, villagers, and urbanites in China. Social science research, 42 (6), 1737–1749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, I., et al., 2014. Public trust in the police in Taiwan: a test of instrumental and expressive models. Australian and New Zealand journal of criminology, 47, 123–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, I., Hu, R., and Wu, Y., 2012. Social capital, political participation, and trust in the police in urban China. Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology, 45 (1), 87–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, I., Wu, Y., and Hu, R., 2013. Public assessments of the police in rural and urban China. British journal of criminology, 53, 643–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunshine, J. and Tyler, T.R., 2003. The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & society review, 37, 513–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, M.S. and Green, E., 2007. Principals and secret agents: central versus local control over policing and obstacles to “rule of law” in China. The China journal, 191, 644–670.
   Google Scholar
• Tao, R., et al., 2014. How does political trust affect social trust? An analysis of survey data from rural China using an instrumental variables approach. International political science review, 35 (2), 237–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Craen, M., 2013. Explaining majority and minority trust in the police. Justice quarterly, 30 (6), 1042–1067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., 2014. Empowering the police: how the Chinese communist party manages its coercive leaders. The China quarterly, 219, 625–648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. and Minzner, C., 2015. The rise of the Chinese security state. The China quarterly, 222, 339–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, M., 1968. The religion of China. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, K.C., 2002. Policing in the people’s Republic of China: the road to reform in the 1990s. British journal of criminology, 42 (2), 281–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., 2014. The impact of media on public trust in legal authorities in China and Taiwan. Asian journal of criminology, 9 (2), 85–101.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, L., 2016. The impact of law consciousness on confidence in the police. The newspaper of kaifeng education college (in Chinese), 36 (4), 254–256.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Poteyeva, M., and Sun, I.Y., 2012. Trust in police: a comparison of China and Taiwan. International journal of comparative and applied criminal justice, 36 (3), 189–210.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, Y. and Sun, I.Y., 2009. Citizen trust in police: the case of China. Police quarterly, 12 (2), 170–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Sun, I.Y., and Hu, R., 2016. Public trust in the Chinese police: the impact of ethnicity, class, and hukou. Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology, 49 (2), 179–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C. and Wilkes, R., 2017. Local–national political trust patterns: why China is an exception? Online first. International political science review, Online first.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., 2013. Trust in Chinese state media: the influence of education, internet, and government. Journal of international communication, 19, 69–84.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, Q. and Tang, W., 2010. Exploring the sources of institutional trust in China: culture, mobilization, or performance. Asian politics & policy, 2 (3), 415–436.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., et al., 2014. Social bonds, traditional models and juvenile attitudes toward the police in China. Policing: An international journal of police strategies & management, 37 (3), 596–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J., 1996. Why police organizations change? Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Zhuo, Y. and Cao, L., 2016. Civil disputes resolution in contemporary China: action vs. intention. Crime, Law and social change, 66 (5), 507–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar