Exploring police response and interaction with people with mental illness in Guyana

References

• Adebowale, V., 2013. Independent commission on mental health and policing report.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bartkowiak-Théron, I. and Asquith, N.L., 2016. Conceptual divides and practice synergies in law enforcement and public health: some lessons from policing vulnerability in Australia. Policing and society, 26 (9), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Bather, P., Fitzpatrick, R., and Rutherford, M., 2008. The police and mental health. Briefing Paper 36. The Police and Mental Health. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• Bendelow, G., et al., 2019. Police detentions of ‘mentally disordered persons’: a multi-method investigation of section 136 use in Sussex. Medicine, science and the law, 59 (2), 95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, M., 2017. Guyana’s mental health care shortage. Available from: https://www.globalhealthnow.org/2017-12/guyanas-mental-health-care-shortage.
   Google Scholar
• Bittner, E., 1967. The police on skid-row: a study of peace keeping. American sociological review, 32, 699–715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A.M., et al., 2017. Mental health training programmes for non-mental health trained professionals coming into contact with people with mental ill health: a systematic review of effectiveness. BMC psychiatry, 17 (196), 1–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borschmann, R.D., et al., 2010. Section 136 of the Mental Health Act: a new literature review. Medicine, science and the law, 50 (1), 34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borum, R., et al., 1998. Police perspectives on responding to mentally ill people in crisis: perceptions of program effectiveness. Behavioural sciences and the law, 16, 393–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, L., 2016. Transforming Guyana’s Mental Health System 2016. Available from: https://fundrazr.com/8170Jc?ref=ab_6VVTxHPWxRN6VVTxHPWxRN.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J., 1987. History of policing in Guyana. Georgetown: Guyana Police Force.
   Google Scholar
• Cappellazzo, T.M., 2016. Police interactions with mentally ill individuals. Sociological imagination: western’s undergraduate sociology student journal, 5 (1), Article 2, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Chappell, D., ed., 2012. Police responses to people with mental illnesses. Global challenges. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Clayfield, J.C., Fletcher, E.K., and Grudzinskas, A.J., Jr., 2011. Development and validation of the mental health attitude survey for police. Community mental health journal, 47 (6), 742–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford, K., 2010. The thin blue line of mental health in Australia. Police practice and research, 11 (4), 355–370.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, T.G. and Cotton, D., 2010. Police interactions with persons with a mental illness: police learning in the environment of contemporary policing. Ottawa: Mental Health Commission of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• College of Policing, 2015. College of policing analysis: estimating demand on the police service. London: College of Policing.
   Google Scholar
• Cordner, G.W., 2006. The problem of people with mental illness. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, Guide No. 40. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, I.D., 2016. Mental health and the criminal justice system: a social work perspective. Northwich: Critical Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, I. and Jones, S., 2010. Blue remembered skills: mental health awareness training for police officers. The journal of adult protection, 12 (3), 14–19.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, I.D., 2013. Policing and mental illness in the era of deinstitutionalisation and mass incarceration: a UK perspective. International journal of criminology and sociological theory, 6 (4), 92–104.
   Google Scholar
• Danns, G., 1982. Domination and power in Guyana: a study of the police in a third world context. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
   Google Scholar
• Deane, M., et al., 1999. Emerging partnerships between mental health and law enforcement. Psychiatric services, 50 (1), 99–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, R.S. and Silver, E., 2001. Policing mentally disordered suspects: a re-examination of the criminalization hypothesis. Criminology, 39 (2), 225–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, K., Molodynski, A., and Emmanuel, G., 2018. Mental healthcare in Saint Lucia. BJPsych international, 15 (1), 14–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraser, Z., 2015. Deaths of mentally ill in police confrontations raise questions. Stabroek News. Available from: https://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/10/25/news/guyana/deaths-of-mentally-ill-in-police-confrontations-raise-questions/.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, A.J., O'Roirdan, D.P., and Geanellos, R., 2002. Social control agents or front line carers for people with mental health problems: police and mental health services in Sydney, Australia. Health and social care in the community, 10 (4), 277–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfredson, J.W., et al., 2011. Police perceptions of their encounters with individuals experiencing mental illness: a Victorian survey. Australian & New Zealand journal of criminology, 44 (2), 180–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyana 2018 Human Rights Report, 2018. Country reports on human rights practices for 2018. United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
   Google Scholar
• Guyana Chronicle, September 21, 2013. Mentally unstable man shot by police to face charge. Available from: https://guyanachronicle.com/2013/09/21/mentally-unstable-man-shot-by-police-to-face-charges.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, S., 2003. Mental illness and the criminal justice system mental health co-ordinating council. Available from: http://www.mhcc.org.au/projects/Criminal_Justice/contents.html.
   Google Scholar
• Herrington, V., 2012. Inter-agency cooperation and joined-up working in police responses to persons with a mental illness: lessons from New South Wales. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 6 (4), 388–397.
   Google Scholar
• Herrington, V. and Clifford, K., 2012. Policing mental illness: examining the police role in addressing mental ill-health. In: I. Bartkowiak-Theron and N. Asquith, eds. Policing vulnerability. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press, 117–131.
   Google Scholar
• Herrington, V. and Pope, R., 2014. The impact of police training in mental health: an example from Australia. Policing and society, 24 (5), 501–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, 2015. Policing and mental health: eleventh report of session 2014–2015. London: The Stationary Office Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Independent Commission on Mental Health and Policing, 2013. Independent commission on mental health and policing report. London: Independent Commission on Mental Health and Policing.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, S.L. and Mason, T., 2002. Quality of treatment following police detention of mentally disordered offenders. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 9 (1), 73–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaieteur News, January 15, 2018. Mentally ill escaped prisoner shot dead outside constabulary outpost. Available from: https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2018/01/15/mentally-ill-escaped-prisoner-shot-dead-outside-constabulary-outpost/.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, T.A., 2002. A policymaker’s guide to mental illness. The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder 1522, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, A.N., Morabito, M., and Watson, A.C., 2010. Police encounters, mental illness and injury: an exploratory investigation. Journal of police crisis negotiations: an international journal, 10, 116–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kisely, S., et al., 2010. A controlled before-and-after evaluation of a mobile crisis partnership between mental health and police services in Nova Scotia. The Canadian journal of psychiatry, 55 (10), 662–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn, R., et al., 2000. Attitudes towards mental illness in the Commonwealth of Dominica. Revista Panamericana de Salud pública, 7 (3), 148–154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krameddine, Y.I., 2014. Developing, implementing and evaluating a mental health training program for police officers. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Krameddine, Y.I., et al., 2013. A novel training program for police officers that improves interactions with mentally ill individuals and is cost-effective. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4 (9), 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacey, K.K., et al., 2016. Relationship of social and economic factors to mental disorders among population-based samples of Jamaicans and Guyanese. BMJ open, 6 (12), 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, H.R., Weinberger, L.E., and DeCuir, W.J., Jr., 2002. The police and mental health. Psychiatric services, 53 (10), 1266–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, H.R., Weinberger, L.E., and Gross, B.H., 2004. Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system: some perspectives. Psychiatric quarterly, 75 (2), 107–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson, G.S., Turner, J.T., and Kasper, R., 2010. A strategic approach to police interactions involving persons with mental illness. Journal of police crisis negotiations, 10 (1–2), 30–38.
   Google Scholar
• Mars, J.R., 1998. Deadly force and the rule of law: the Guyana example. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 21 (3), 465–478.
   Google Scholar
• Mars, J.R., 2002. Deadly force, colonialism, and the rule of law: police violence in Guyana. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mars, J.R., 2009. Ethnic diversity and police-community relations in Guyana. Commonwealth and comparative politics, 47 (4), 506–516.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, R.A. and Rowland, L.W., 1954. How to recognize and handle abnormal people: a manual for the police officer. New Orleans, LA: Louisiana Association for Mental Health.
   Google Scholar
• McKinnon, B., 2014. Police in Scotland and mental health: time for change. Scottish justice matters, 2 (2), 15–16.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, N. and Marshall, L., 2010. A front line police perspective of mental health issues and services. Criminal behaviour and mental health, 20 (1), 62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mind, 2014. Police and mental Health: how to get it right locally. Broadway, London. Available from: https://www.mind.org.uk/.
   Google Scholar
• Morabito, M.S. and Bennett, R.R., 2008. Policing people with mental illness in Trinidad and Tobago. Caribbean journal of criminology and public safety, 13 (1&2), 189–216.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, K.V. and Smith, A.P., 2016. Occupational stress, coping and mental health in Jamaican police officers. Occupational medicine, 66, 488–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Police Integrity, 2012. Policing people who appear to be mentally ill. Office of Police Integrity, Victoria, 1–57.
   Google Scholar
• Omoaregba, J.O., et al., 2015. The attitudes of the police towards persons with mental illness: a cross-sectional study from Benin City, Nigeria. American journal of applied psychology, 3 (3), 57–61.
   Google Scholar
• Orrett, W.A., 1951. The history of the British Guiana police. Georgetown: The Daily Chronicle.
   Google Scholar
• Pieters, S. and Slowe, P., n.d. Historical overview of the Guyana police force. Available from: http://www.oocities.org/pentagon/bunker/7036/history.html.
   Google Scholar
• Police Conduct Oversight Commission, 2016. Preliminary report: officer interactions with mental health issues: a policy study.
   Google Scholar
• Price, M., 2005. Commentary: the challenge of training police officers. Journal of the American academy of psychiatry and the law, 33, 50–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntis, S., et al., 2018. A systematic review of co-responder models of police mental health ‘street’ triage. BMC psychiatry, 18 (1), Article 256, 1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuland, M. and Margolis, G., 2003. Police approaches that improve the response to people with mental illnesses: a focus on victims. The police chief, 11, 35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Reuland, M., Schwarzfeld, M., and Draper, L., 2009. Law enforcement responses to people with mental illnesses: a guide to research-informed policy and practice. New York, NY: Council of State Governments Justice Center.
   Google Scholar
• Schizophrenia Society of Ontario (SSO), 2014. Interactions between police and individuals with mental illnesses – review. Schizophrenia Society of Ontario, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, R.L., 2000. Evaluation of a mobile crisis program: effectiveness, efficiency, and consumer satisfaction. Psychiatric services, 51 (9), 1153–1156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short, T.B.R., et al., 2014. The nature of police involvement in mental health transfers. Police practice and research, 15 (4), 336–348.
   Google Scholar
• Springvale Monash Legal Service Inc., 2005. Police training and mental illness – a time for change. Springvale Monash Legal Service Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart, H., 2017. Mental illness stigma expressed by police to police. Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 54 (1), 18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, J.W., et al., 2015. Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy. Annals of epidemiology, 25 (5), 366–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S.M. and Dear, M.J., 1981. Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophrenia bulletin, 7 (2), 225–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplin, L.A., July 2000. Keeping the peace: police discretion and mentally Ill persons. National institute of justice journal, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Teplin, L.A. and Pruett, N.S., 1992. Police as street corner psychiatrist: managing the mentally ill. International journal of law and psychiatry, 15, 139–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourangeau, R. and Yan, T., 2007. Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological bulletin, 133 (5), 859–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, A.S., et al., 2011. Responding to persons with mental illness. FBI law enforcement bulletin, 80 (10), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Vieira, C., 2016. Police officers and mental health. Guyana Chronicle. Available from: http://guyanachronicle.com/2019/05/26/police-officers-and-mental-health.
   Google Scholar
• Waldman, A., 2004. Police struggle with approach to the mentally ill: recent killings have led to calls for better tracking and treatment of the mentally ill and more training for officers. The Christian Science Monitor. Available from: https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0317/p11s02-usju.html.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, C., Mullen, P.E., and Burgess, P., 2004. Criminal offending in Schizophrenia over a 25-year period marked by deinstitutionalization and increasing prevalence of comorbid substance use disorders. The American journal of psychiatry, 161 (4), 716–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, A.C., Corrigan, P.W., and Ottati, V., 2004. Police officers’ attitudes toward and decisions about persons with mental illness. Psychiatric services, 55, 49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, A.C., et al., 2008. Improving police response to persons with mental illness: a multilevel conceptualization of CIT. International journal of law and psychiatry, 31 (4), 359–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, W. and Schafer, J.A., 2006. Officer perceptions of police responses to persons with a mental illness. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 29 (4), 578–601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO-AIMS, 2006. Report on mental health system in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. WHO and Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
   Google Scholar
• WHO-AIMS, 2008. Report on mental health system in Guyana. Georgetown, Guyana: WHO and Ministry of Health.
   Google Scholar
• WHO-AIMS, 2011. Report on mental health systems in the Caribbean region. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wondemaghen, M., 2014. Legal narratives as significant news sources about mental illness and violent crime. International journal of comparative and applied criminal justice, 38 (4), 343–372.
   Google Scholar
• Wondemaghen, M., n.d. Policing mental illness. (Police use of s136: perspectives from police and mental health nurses). Available from: https://www.academia.edu/36289073/Policing_mental_illness.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J., et al., 2014. Cops as treatment providers: realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and society: an international journal of research and policy, 24 (3), 362–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J.D., Watson, A.C., and Fulambarker, A.J., 2017. The “gray zone” of police work during mental health encounters: findings from an observational study in Chicago. Police quarterly, 20 (1), 81–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar