Understanding the concept of ‘demand’ in policing: a scoping review and resulting implications for demand management

References

• Abold, J., 2012. Policing: high versus low. In: M.E. Beare, ed. Encyclopedia of transnational crime & justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 310–311.
   Google Scholar
• Abrami, P.C., et al., 2010. Issues in conducting and disseminating brief reviews of evidence. Evidence & policy: a journal of research, debate and practice, 6, 371–389.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, A., et al., 2009. Glendale police department’s strategic approach to staffing. Alliance for innovation management interns, October 1.
   Google Scholar
• Adler, N., et al., 2014. Location-allocation models for traffic police patrol vehicles on an interurban network. Annals of operations research, 221, 9–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, R., 2017. Dire forecast: a theoretical model of the impact of climate change on crime. Theoretical Criminology, 16 (1), 21–42. doi:10.1177/1362480611416843.
   Google Scholar
• Aly, A.A. and Litwhiler, D.W., Jr., 1979. Police briefing stations: a location problem. AIIE transactions, 11, 12–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo, A., et al. 2017. "A predictive policing application to support patrol planning in smart cities." 2017 International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Wuxi, 2017, pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/ISC2.2017.8090817.
   Google Scholar
• Aringhieri, R., Carello, G., and Morale, D., 2016. Supporting decision making to improve the performance of an Italian emergency medical service. Annals of operations research, 236, 131–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey, H. and O’malley, L., 2005. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology, 8, 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Ballesteros, J., et al., 2012. Safe cities. A participatory sensing approached. In: 37th annual IEEE conference on local computer networks, Clearwater, FL, pp. 626–634. doi:10.1109/LCN.2012.6423684.
   Google Scholar
• Bernasco, W., Ruiter, S., and Block, R., 2017. Do street robbery location choices vary over time of day or day of week? A test in Chicago. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 54, 244–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMG Research, 2014. Public attitude survey 2013–2014.
   Google Scholar
• Boland, T. and Fowler, A., 2000. A systems perspective of performance management in public sector organisations. International journal of public sector management, 13 (5), 417–446. doi:10.1108/09513550010350832.
   Google Scholar
• Bonkiewicz, L., 2016. Exploring how an area’s crime-to-cop ratios impact patrol officer productivity. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 39, 19–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulton, L., et al., 2017. Calls for police service: understanding the demand profile and the UK police response. The police journal: theory, practice and principles, 90, 70–85.
   Google Scholar
• Bove, V., Elia, L., and Ferraresi, M., 2019. Immigration, fear of crime and public spending on security. Centre for competitive advantage in the global economy (CAGE). Working paper series.
   Google Scholar
• Bracco, E., 2018. A fine collection: the political budget cycle of traffic enforcement. Economics letters, 164, 117–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, B., Jackson, J., and Stanko, E.A., 2009a. Contact and confidence: revisiting the impact of public encounters with the police. Policing & society, 19, 20–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, B., Stanko, E.A., and Jackson, J., 2009b. Using research to inform policy: the role of public attitude surveys in understanding public confidence and police contact. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 3, 139–148.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, D. and Fink, J.J., 2019. Immigration and preferences for greater law enforcement spending in rich democracies.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, J.P., et al., 2011. Simulating calls for service for an urban police department. Proceedings of the winter simulation conference winter simulation conference, Chicago. IEEE, 1775–1782.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R., 2017. Vehicle crime prevention and the co-evolutionary arms race: recent offender countermoves using immobiliser bypass technology. Security journal, 30, 60–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C.M., et al., 2018. A step towards improving workflow practices for volume crime investigations: outcomes of a 90-day trial in South Australia. Police practice and research, 19, 209–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, K. and Johnson, P., 2018. Police engagement with Muslim communities: breaking out, breaking in, and breaking through. Policing and society, 28, 879–897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho-Collados, M. and Liberatore, F., 2015. A decision support system for predictive police patrolling. Decision support systems, 75, 25–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho-Collados, M., Liberatore, F., and Angulo, J.M., 2015. A multi-criteria police districting problem for the efficient and effective design of patrol sector. European journal of operational research, 246, 674–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo, T., et al., 2018. Assessing what police officers do “on the job”: toward a “public values” approach. Policing: an international journal, 41, 70–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, J.M. and Laurin, P.G., 1981. Using simulation to assign police patrol zones. Simulation, 36, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken, J.M. and Dormont, P., 1978a. A patrol car allocation model: background. Management science, 24, 1280–1290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken, J.M. and Dormont, P., 1978b. A patrol car allocation model: capabilities and algorithms. Management science, 24, 1291–1300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, E.G. and Rotton, J., 2003. Even criminals take a holiday: instrumental and expressive crimes on major and minor holidays. Journal of criminal justice, 31, 351–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• College of Policing, 2019. Public order [online]. https://www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/public-order/ [Accessed 2019].
   Google Scholar
• Collier, P.M., 2006. Costing police services: the politicization of accounting. Critical perspectives on accounting, 17, 57–86.
   Google Scholar
• Cordner, G.W., 1989. Police agency size and investigative effectiveness. Journal of criminal justice, 17, 145–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, A. and Evans, K., 2017. Crime prevention and community safety. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Curtin, K.M., Hayslett-Mccall, K., and Qiu, F., 2010. Determining optimal police patrol areas with maximal covering and backup covering location models. Networks and spatial economics, 10, 125–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’amico, S.J., et al., 2002. A simulated annealing approach to police district design. Computers & operations research, 29, 667–684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, T. and Bowers, K., 2019. Patterns in the supply and demand of urban policing at the street segment level. Policing and society, 1–23. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1598997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decker, S.H., Varano, S.P., and Greene, J.R., 2007. Routine crime in exceptional times: the impact of the 2002 Winter Olympics on citizen demand for police services. Journal of criminal justice, 35, 89–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Cruz, J.H., 2014. Demand-based allocation of police patrols in a public safety emergency response system using discrete stochastic simulation. Engineering management reviews, 3, 77–80.
   Google Scholar
• De La Cruz, J.H., 2016. Performance as a constraint to determine optimum allocation of police patrols using stochastic simulation. International journal of management science and engineering research, 3, 19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Desmond, M., Papachristos, A.V., and Kirk, D.S., 2016. Police violence and citizen crime reporting in the black community. American sociological review, 81, 857–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza, R.M., et al., 2015. Incorporating priorities for waiting customers in the hypercube queuing model with application to an emergency medical service system in Brazil. European journal of operational research, 242, 274–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, R. and Ferreira, S., 2007. Crime, perceptions and touristic decisionmaking: some empirical evidence and prospects for the 2010 World Cup. Politikon, 34, 353–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, M.J., et al., 2015. Frequent callers to the ambulance service: patient profiling and impact of case management on patient utilisation of the ambulance service. Emergency medicine journal, 32, 392–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. and Skidmore, P., 2006. A force for change: policing 2020. Demos.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott-Davies, M., et al., 2016. ‘Getting a battering’ the perceived impact of demand and capacity imbalance within the police service of England and Wales: a qualitative review. The police journal: theory, practice and principles, 89, 93–116.
   Google Scholar
• Ericson, R.V., 2007. Rules in policing: five perspectives. Theoretical criminology, 11, 367–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericson, R.V. and Haggerty, K.D., 1997. Policing the risk society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez, L., 2008. Policing dissent: social control and the anti-globalization movement. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Field, S., 1992. The effect of temperature on crime. The British journal of criminology, 32, 340–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding, N. and Innes, M., 2006. Reassurance policing, community policing and measuring police performance. Policing & society, 16, 127–145.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, J. and Grabosky, P., 2009. Managing the demand for police services, or how to control an insatiable appetite. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 3, 281–291.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, B.D. and Albo, M.J., 2017. Punishing members of disadvantaged minority groups for calling 911. In J.D. Ward, ed. Policing and Race in America: Economic, Political, and Social Dynamics. New Brunswick: Lexington Books, 141–162
   Google Scholar
• Giacomantonio, C., 2014. A typology of police organizational boundaries. Policing and society, 24, 545–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Githens-Mazer, J. and Lambert, R., 2010. Islamophobia and anti-Muslim hate crime: a London case study.
   Google Scholar
• Goodison, S.E., et al., 2019. Law enforcement efforts to fight the opioid crisis: convening police leaders, multidisciplinary partners, and researchers to identify promising practices and to inform a research agenda.
   Google Scholar
• Gorringe, H. and Rosie, M., 2008. It’s a long way to Auchterarder! ‘negotiated management’ and mismanagement in the policing of G8 protests. The British journal of sociology, 59, 187–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorringe, H. and Rosie, M., 2013. ‘We will facilitate your protest’: experiments with liaison policing. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 7, 204–211.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, D.C., Wilson, D.B., and Najaka, S.S., 2002. School-based crime prevention. Evidence-based crime prevention, 56, 164.
   Google Scholar
• Gough, D., Oliver, S., and Thomas, J., 2017. An introduction to systematic reviews. Newbury Park: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Greasley, A. and Smith, C.M., 2017. Using activity-based costing and simulation to reduce cost at a police communications centre. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 40, 426–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, L., 1984. A multiple dispatch queueing model of police patrol operations. Management science, 30, 653–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, K.S. and Pakes, F., 2012. Establishing the cost of missing person investigations.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield, V.A. and Paoli, L., 2013. A framework to assess the harms of crimes. British journal of criminology, 53, 864–885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, T., et al., 2004. Diffusion of innovations in service organizations: systematic review and recommendations. The milbank quarterly, 82, 581–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, T., et al., 2005. Storylines of research in diffusion of innovation: a meta-narrative approach to systematic review. Social science & medicine, 61, 417–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groff, E.R., et al., 2015. Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment. Criminology, 53, 23–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerette, R.T. and Bowers, K.J., 2009. Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A review of situational crime prevention evaluations. Criminology, 47, 1331–1368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillamón, M.D., Bastida, F., and Benito, B., 2013. The electoral budget cycle on municipal police expenditure. European journal of law and economics, 36, 447–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haake, U., Rantatalo, O., and Lindberg, O., 2017. Police leaders make poor change agents: leadership practice in the face of a major organisational reform. Policing and society, 27, 764–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hails, J. and Borum, R., 2003. Police training and specialized approaches to respond to people with mental illnesses. Crime & delinquency, 49, 52–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, M. and Adlard, J., 2018. Intra-police communication in public order police management. Policing and society, 28, 328–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassell, K.D., 2006. Police organizational cultures and patrol practices. El Paso: LFB Scholarly Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, N.B. and Markland, R.E., 1970. A climatological model for forecasting the demand for police service. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 7, 167–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hera, G., 2017. The relationship between the Roma and the police: a Roma perspective. Policing and society, 27, 393–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heslin, M., et al., 2017. Costs of the police service and mental healthcare pathways experienced by individuals with enduring mental health needs. British journal of psychiatry, 210, 157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, B. and Paynich, R., 2013. Fundamentals of crime mapping. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Hills, A., 2016. Does police work need a police institution? The evidence from Mogadishu. Policing and society, 26, 393–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinde, S. and Spackman, E., 2015. Bidirectional citation searching to completion: an exploration of literature searching methods. Pharmacoeconomics, 33, 5–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HMIC, 2012. Taking time for crime: a study of how police officers prevent crime in the field. London: HMIC.
   Google Scholar
• HMIC, 2014. Core business – an inspection into crime prevention, police attendance and the use of police time.
   Google Scholar
• HMICFRS, 2019. Policing inspection programme and framework 2019/20.
   Google Scholar
• HMICFRS, 2020. Value for money profiles 2019 [online]. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/news/news-feed/value-for-money-profiles-2019/ [Accessed 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Holland, J.H., 2006. Studying complex adaptive systems. Journal of systems science and complexity, 19, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Home Office, 1995. Review of police core and ancillary tasks. London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons, 2018. Policing for the future – tenth report of session 2017–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ignatans, D. and Pease, K., 2015. Taking crime seriously: playing the weighting game. Policing: a Journal of policy and practice, 10, 184–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalali, S., and Wohlin, C., 2012. Systematic literature studies: database searches vs. backward snowballinged. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM-IEEE International symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement, Lund, 2012, pp. 29–38. doi:10.1145/2372251.2372257.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R.R. and Rhodes, T.N., 2009. Urban and small town comparison of citizen demand for police services. International journal of police science & management, 11, 27–38.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, E., et al., 2018a. Police interactions and interventions with suspects flagged as experiencing mental health problems. Criminal behaviour and mental health, 28, 424–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, E., Evans, E., and Shokraneh, F., 2018b. Effectiveness of current policing-related mental health interventions: a systematic review. Criminal behaviour and mental health, 28, 108–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearns, I. and Muir, R., 2019. Data-driven policing and public value.
   Google Scholar
• Koper, C.S., 1995. Just enough police presence: reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots. Justice quarterly, 12, 649–672.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, H.R., Weinberger, L.E., and Decuir, W.J., Jr., 2002. The police and mental health. Psychiatric services, 53, 1266–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufs, J., Borrion, H., and Bradford, B., 2020. Security and the smart city: a systematic review. Sustainable cities and society, 55, 102023. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm, A., et al., 2005. A 30 year analysis of police service delivery and costing. In: International Centre for urban research studies (ICURS) https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/policeservicedeliverycosting.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 2004. Policing contingencies. Journal of criminal justice and popular culture, 11, 32–34.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, P.K., 2010. Policing contingencies. Journal of criminal justice and popular culture, 11 (1), 32–34.
   Google Scholar
• Maxfield, M.G., 1982. Service time, dispatch time, and demand for police services: helping more by serving less. Public administration review, 42 (3), 252–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, L., et al., 2002. Managing citizen calls to the police: the impact of Baltimore’s 3-1-1 call system. Criminology & public policy, 2, 97–124.
   Google Scholar
• Mcdowall, D., Loftin, C., and Pate, M., 2012. Seasonal cycles in crime, and their variability. Journal of quantitative criminology, 28, 389–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mclean, N. and Marshall, L.A., 2010. A front line police perspective of mental health issues and services. Criminal behaviour and mental health, 20, 62–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcmillan, L., 2015. The role of the specially trained officer in rape and sexual offence cases. Policing and society, 25, 622–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça, F. and Morabito, R., 2001. Analysing emergency medical service ambulance deployment on a Brazilian highway using the hypercube model. Journal of the operational research society, 52, 261–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P.S., 1972. Optimal selection of police patrol beats. The journal of criminal law, criminology, and police science, 63, 577.
   Google Scholar
• Mlinarić, A., Horvat, M., and Šupak Smolčić, V., 2017. Dealing with the positive publication bias: why you should really publish your negative results. Biochemia medica, 27, 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongia, A., Gunturi, V.M., and Naik, V., 2018. Detecting activities at metro stations using smartphone sensorsed. 10th International Conference on Communication Systems & Networks (COMSNETS), Bengaluru, 2018, 57–65. doi:10.1109/COMSNETS.2018.8328180.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M.H. and Braga, A.A., 2003. Measuring and improving police performance: the lessons of Compstat and its progeny. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 26, 439–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munn, Z., et al., 2018. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC medical research methodology, 18, 143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Police Chief’s Council, 2017. Better understanding demand – policing the future.
   Google Scholar
• NPCC Performance Management Coordination Committee, 2017. Better understanding demand – policing the future.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics, 2020. Crime survey for England and Wales.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, R.B., et al., 1999. How officers spend their time with the community. Justice quarterly, 16, 483–518.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, R., et al., 2016. Clinical outcomes and mortality associated with weekend admission to psychiatric hospital. British journal of psychiatry, 209, 29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, B., et al., 2003. Meta-study of qualitative health research: a practical guide to meta-analysis and meta-synthesis. Nursing in critical care, 8, 184–184.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, B., 2014. Gendered Islamophobia: hate crime against Muslim women. Social Identities, 20, 74–89.
   Google Scholar
• Pickles, J., 2019. Policing hate and bridging communities: a qualitative evaluation of relations between LGBT+ people and the police within the North East of England. Policing and society, 1–19. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1588269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C., Mays, N., and Popay, J., 2007. Synthesising qualitative and quantitative health evidence: a guide to methods. London: McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
   Google Scholar
• Ransley, J. and Mazerolle, L., 2009. Policing in an era of uncertainty. Police practice and research: an international journal, 10, 365–381.
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, J.H., 2015. Towards an index for harm-focused policing. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 9, 164–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock, J., 2019. One call away: 911 abuse as a weapon against minorities. FAU undergraduate law journal, 1, 160.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, R., Fornango, R., and Rengifo, A.F., 2007. The impact of order-maintenance policing on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988–2001. Criminology, 45, 355–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothberg, R.L. and Stith, K., 2018. The opioid crisis and federal criminal prosecution. The journal of law, medicine & ethics, 46, 292–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, S., 2003. Evaluation of police patrol patterns.
   Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M., et al., 2012. Mapping the mixed methods–mixed research synthesis terrain. Journal of mixed methods research, 6, 317–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M., Voils, C.I., and Barroso, J., 2007. Comparability work and the management of difference in research synthesis studies. Social science & medicine, 64, 236–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarac, A., et al., 1999. Reconfiguring police reporting districts in the city of Buffalo. Or insight, 12, 16–24.
   Google Scholar
• Sarre, R., Lau, L.Y.-C., and Chang, L.Y., 2018. Responding to cybercrime: current trends. Police practice and research, 19 (6), 515–518. doi:10.1080/15614263.2018.1507888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon, J., 2008. Systems thinking in the public sector. Charmouth: Triarchy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seddon, J. and Brand, C., 2008. Debate: systems thinking and public sector performance.
   Google Scholar
• Seddon, J., O’donovan, B., and Zokaei, K., 2011. Rethinking lean service. In: M. Macintyre, G. Parry, J. Angelis, eds. Service design and delivery. Boston, MA: Springer, 41–60. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8321-3_4.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, J.M., 2010a. Organizational stressors and police performance. Journal of criminal justice, 38, 807–818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane, J.M., 2010b. Performance management in police agencies: a conceptual framework. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 33, 6–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, L.W., et al., 2002. Evidence-based crime prevention. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, L.W., 2013. The rise of evidence-based policing: targeting, testing, and tracking. Crime and justice, 42, 377–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, L., Neyroud, P.W., and Neyroud, E., 2016. The Cambridge crime harm index: measuring total harm from crime based on sentencing guidelines. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 10, 171–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford, A.B., 2016. What matters to the public when they call the police? Insights from a call centre. Policing and society, 26, 375–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, H.J., et al., 2000. Comparing outcomes of major models of police responses to mental health emergencies. Psychiatric services, 51, 645–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, H.J., Morris, S.M., and Dennis, D.L., 1995. The diversion of mentally ill persons from jails to community-based services: a profile of programs. American journal of public health, 85, 1630–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, C. and Su-Wuen, O. 2016. Justice sector serioursness score: FAQs.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, S., 2002. Measuring the relative efficiency of police precincts using data envelopment analysis. Socio-economic planning sciences, 36, 51–71.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P.E., and Huxley, S.J., 1989. A break from tradition for the San Francisco police: patrol officer scheduling using an optimization-based decision support system. Interfaces, 19, 4–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor Griffiths, C., Pollard, N., and Stamatakis, T., 2015. Assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of a police service: the analytics of operational reviews. Police practice and research, 16, 175–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A. and Forrester-Jones, R., 2018. Understanding the changing patterns of behaviour leading to increased detentions by the police under section 136 of the mental health act 1983. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 13 (2), 134–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, J., Newman, M., and Oliver, S., 2013. Rapid evidence assessments of research to inform social policy: taking stock and moving forward. Evidence & policy: a journal of research, debate and practice, 9, 5–27.
   Google Scholar
• Van Sleeuwen, S.E., Ruiter, S., and Menting, B., 2018. A time for a crime: temporal aspects of repeat offenders’ crime location choices. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 55, 538–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voils, C.I., et al., 2008. Making sense of qualitative and quantitative findings in mixed research synthesis studies. Field methods, 20, 3–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, N., 1996. Defining core police tasks: the neglect of the symbolic dimension? Policing and society: an international journal, 6, 53–71.
   Google Scholar
• Walley, P., 2013. Does the public sector need a more demand-driven approach to capacity management? Production planning & control, 24, 877–890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walley, P. and Adams, M.M. 2019. An evaluation of demand management practices in UK police forces.
   Google Scholar
• Walley, P. and Jennison-Phillips, A., 2018. A study of non-urgent demand to identify opportunities for demand reduction. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 14 (2), 542–554. doi:10.1093/police/pay034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, W.F., 2001. Compstat: an analysis of an emerging police managerial paradigm. Policing: an international journal of police strategies & management, 24, 347–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, J.A., 1970. Police task and time study. The journal of criminal law, criminology, and police science, 61, 94.
   Google Scholar
• Weinborn, C., et al., 2017. Hotspots vs. harmspots: shifting the focus from counts to harm in the criminology of place. Applied geography, 86, 226–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburd, D., et al., 2015. The Dallas patrol management experiment: can AVL technologies be used to harness unallocated patrol time for crime prevention? Journal of experimental criminology, 11, 367–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh, D. and Roy, N., 2017. Smartphone-based mobile gunshot detectioned. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops (PerCom workshops), Kona, HI, 244–249. doi:10.1109/PERCOMW.2017.7917566.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, C.A., 2016. Barriers to community development in distressed cities: a case study of Camden, New Jersey. Community development, 47, 496–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, A.P., 2018. The effect of 311 calls for service on crime in DC at microplaces. Crime & delinquency, 64, 1882–1903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan, C. and Molnar, A., 2019. Policing political mega-events through ‘hard’and ‘soft’tactics: reflections on local and organisational tensions in public order policing. Policing and society, 29, 85–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D.B., 2009. Missing a critical piece of the pie: simple document search strategies inadequate for systematic reviews. Journal of experimental criminology, 5, 429–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J.M. and Weiss, A., 2014. Police staffing allocation and managing workload demand: a critical assessment of existing practices. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 8, 96–108.
   Google Scholar
• Zahnow, R., et al., 2017. Disasters and crime: the effect of flooding on property crime in Brisbane neighborhoods. Journal of urban affairs, 39, 857–877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, A.S., Cheng, H.K., and Parker, B.R., 1997. A simulation model for the analysis and management of an emergency service system. Socio-economic planning sciences, 31, 173–189.
   Google Scholar
• Zeinali, F., Mahootchi, M., and Sepehri, M.M., 2015. Resource planning in the emergency departments: a simulation-based metamodeling approach. Simulation modelling practice and theory, 53, 123–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and Brown, D.E., 2013. Police patrol districting method and simulation evaluation using agent-based model & GIS. Security informatics, 2, 7.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. and Brown, D., 2014. Simulation optimization of police patrol districting plans using response surfaces. Simulation, 90, 687–705.
   Google Scholar